Alteration of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation in Mesenteric Vessel of Renovascular Hypertensive Rats and Its Significance

目的:观察大鼠肾血管性高血压发病过程中肠系膜血管内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)总蛋白表达及其Ser1179位点磷酸化水平的变化,探讨高血压时内皮功能紊乱的分子机制.方法:将72只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和高血压组,每组36只,用双肾双夹(2K2C)法狭窄双肾动脉复制肾血管性高血压(RHR)模型,用无创血压仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压,术后2、4、8周处死大鼠,留取肠系膜血管组织；Western blot法检测组织eNOS总蛋白、eNOS Ser1179磷酸化水平,及蛋白磷酸酶PP1、PP2A的表达；化学比色法检测组织一氧化氮(NO)的含量.结果:与假手术组相比,2K2C术后2周收缩压明显增高(P＜0.05),8周时可高达(170.1±11.5)mmHg；与同时间点假手术组相比,2K2C术后2周和4周时肠系膜血管组织eNOS Ser1179水平无明显变化,8周时明显降低(P＜0.05),各时间点假手术组和2K2C组之间eNOS总蛋白及PP1、PP2A的表达水平均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)；与同时间点相比,2K2C组的组织NO含量2周、4周无明显变化,8周发生降低(P＜0.05).结论:血管组织eNOS Serl179磷酸化降低、NO生成减少可能是肾血管性高血压发病中内皮细胞功能紊乱的原因之一,eNOS Serl179磷酸化水平下调与PP1、PP2A蛋白表达无关.     

基于MAPK/ERK通路研究芍药汤对溃疡性结肠炎黏膜损伤修复作用机制

[目的] 探讨芍药汤通过有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外信号调节激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,MAPK/ERK)通路对溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)结肠黏膜损伤的修复作用和机制。[方法] 经结肠缓慢推注5%三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid,TNBS)0.09 mL+无水乙醇0.06 mL,复制大鼠UC模型,将48只无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)SD大鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,芍药汤高、中、低剂量组与美沙拉嗪组。各组灌胃干预 ,评价疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI),观察组织病理变化并进行组织学活动指数(histological activity index,HAI)评分;以实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,Real-time qPCR)及免疫印迹法检测结肠组织中屏障保护相关指标的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。建立脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)小肠上皮细胞IEC-6损伤模型,以噻唑蓝比色法(dimethylthiahiazo,MTT)筛选药物最佳干预浓度,将细胞分为空白组、LPS组和芍药汤组,划痕实验观察细胞迁移率;免疫印迹法检测细胞闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)蛋白表达水平。 [结果] 体内实验显示,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肠黏膜结构缺失,黏膜下层和固有层可见明显的炎性细胞浸润;DAI、HAI评分显著升高(P＜0.01),紧密连接蛋白-2(claudin-2)、磷酸化p38MAPK(phosphorylated-p38MAPK,p-p38MAPK)、磷酸化ERK1/2(phosphorylated-ERK1/2,p-ERK1/2)蛋白表达显著下调(P＜0.001,P＜0.01,P＜0.001);肠三叶因子(intestinal trefoil factor,ITF)的mRNA表达显著降低(P＜0.05),缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)蛋白与mRNA表达显著升高(P＜0.01)。与模型组比较,芍药汤各组病理损伤明显改善,DAI、HAI评分明显降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),芍药汤各组claudin-2、p-p38 MAPK、p-ERK1/2蛋白表达水平显著上调(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001),ITF mRNA表达量显著上调(P＜0.01);HIF-1α蛋白与mRNA表达水平显著下调(P＜0.01)。体外实验显示,与空白组比较,LPS可明显抑制IEC-6细胞迁移(P＜0.01),下调ZO-1蛋白表达(P＜0.05)。与LPS组比较,芍药汤组细胞迁移率明显上升(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),ZO-1蛋白表达明显上调(P＜0.05)。[结论] 芍药汤对UC大鼠结肠黏膜损伤具有修复作用,其机制可能与激活MAPK/ERK通路,上调claudin-2、ZO-1,下调HIF-1α蛋白表达,促进肠黏膜上皮细胞迁移有关。     

纤维粘连蛋白EDA片段抑制P53核转位调控肠癌SW480细胞凋亡

目的 探讨P53在纤维粘连蛋白EDA片段(fibronectin extra domain A,FN-EDA)调控结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用及机制.方法 基因集富集分析法分析结直肠癌基因芯片EDA高表达组(EDA_high)与EDA低表达组(EDA_low)基因富集情况;干扰结肠癌SW480细胞FN-EDA表达,流式细胞术检测各组凋亡,RT-PCR检测各组凋亡相关基因RNA水平,Western blot检测各组凋亡相关蛋白表达及P53蛋白磷酸化修饰,免疫荧光检测P53亚细胞分布,蛋白质免疫共沉淀检测P53与FN-EDA相互作用.结果 结肠癌FN-EDA低表达组凋亡相关基因(KEGG_APOPTOSIS)富集上调(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,FN-EDA敲低组凋亡率增加(P＜0.05),P53、BAX、P21、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达上调,P53蛋白Ser15、Ser37、Ser392磷酸化水平上调,核内转位增加.FN-EDA敲低组细胞转染FN-EDA过表达慢病毒后,凋亡率降低(P＜0.05),P53蛋白Ser15、Ser37磷酸化水平下调,核内转位减少;蛋白质免疫共沉淀检测发现P53与FN-EDA具有相互作用.结论 纤维粘连蛋白EDA片段通过与P53相互作用抑制P53磷酸化和核转位,调控P53-BAX通路抑制结肠癌SW480细胞凋亡.     

肾血管性高血压大鼠肠系膜血管内皮型一氧化氮合酶磷酸化改变及意义

目的:观察大鼠肾血管性高血压发病过程中肠系膜血管内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)总蛋白表达及其Ser1179位点磷酸化水平的变化,探讨高血压时内皮功能紊乱的分子机制。方法:将72只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和高血压组,每组36只,用双肾双夹(2K2C)法狭窄双肾动脉复制肾血管性高血压(RHR)模型,用无创血压仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压,术后2、4、8周处死大鼠,留取肠系膜血管组织;Western blot法检测组织eNOS总蛋白、eNOS Ser1179磷酸化水平,及蛋白磷酸酶PP1、PP2A的表达;化学比色法检测组织一氧化氮(NO)的含量。结果:与假手术组相比,2K2C术后2周收缩压明显增高(P<0.05),8周时可高达(170.1±11.5)mmHg;与同时间点假手术组相比,2K2C术后2周和4周时肠系膜血管组织eNOS Ser1179水平无明显变化,8周时明显降低(P<0.05),各时间点假手术组和2K2C组之间eNOS总蛋白及PP1、PP2A的表达水平均无统计学差异(P>0.05);与同时间点相比,2K2C组的组织NO含量2周、4周无明显变化,8周发生降低(P<0.05)。结论:血管组织eNOS Ser1179磷酸化降低、NO生成减少可能是肾血管性高血压发病中内皮细胞功能紊乱的原因之一,eNOS Ser1179磷酸化水平下调与PP1、PP2A蛋白表达无关。     

胰岛素通过mTORC2/SGK1途径上调肺泡上皮钠通道α亚基的作用机制

目的: 研究mTORC2/SGK1在胰岛素上调肺泡上皮钠通道α亚基(α-ENaC)中的作用,阐明胰岛素促进小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)时肺水肿清除的机制。方法: C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组、脂多糖(LPS)组、胰岛素组、PP242(mTORC1/2抑制剂)组和雷帕霉素(特异性mTORC1抑制剂)组,每组10只。经相应处理后分别留取标本检测小鼠肺湿/干质量比(W/D)、肺泡液体清除率(AFC),HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,Western blotting法检测肺组织中α-ENaC表达水平及pSGK1(Ser422)磷酸化水平。结果: 与LPS组比较,胰岛素组小鼠肺组织病理评分、肺W/D明显降低(P<0.05),AFC明显增加(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,LPS组小鼠肺组织中α-ENaC蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,胰岛素组小鼠肺组织中α-ENaC蛋白表达水平和pSGK1(Ser422)磷酸化水平明显升高(P<0.05);与胰岛素组比较,PP242组小鼠肺组织中α-ENaC蛋白表达和pSGK1(Ser422)磷酸化水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论: 胰岛素通过mTORC2途径激活SGK1,上调α-ENaC表达,促进肺泡液体清除,对ALI/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的预后有一定的改善作用。     

抗心律失常肽对乳鼠心肌细胞急性缺氧时细胞间传导的影响

目的 研究抗心律失常肽(AAP10)对乳鼠心肌细胞急性缺氧时细胞间传导的影响.方法 原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞,随机分为正常组、缺氧2 h组和100 nmol/L AAP10干预组,每组n=9.采用划痕标记染料示踪技术测定细胞间通讯,Western blot技术检测缝隙连接蛋白43(Connexin 43,Cx43)磷酸化水平的改变.结果 划痕标记染料示踪技术结果显示缺氧组细胞间传导下降,而AAP10干预后能促进荧光黄的扩散.Western blot结果显示缺氧组总Cx43蛋白表达下降,与正常组比较P＜0.01,而去磷酸化的Cx43(NP-Cx43)蛋白表达不变;AAP10干预组能提高总Cx43蛋白表达,与缺氧组比较P＜0.01,但对NP-Cx43蛋白表达无影响.结论 急性缺氧时磷酸化的Cx43(p-Cx43)蛋白表达下降,而AAP10改善传导主要通过促进Cx43磷酸化.     

重庆地区汉族人群Fetuin-A基因rs2248690多态性与多囊卵巢综合征易感性的研究

目的：通过子宫内膜异位症在体模型,系统、完整地研究雌、孕激素对子宫内膜异位症异位内膜组织中间隙连接蛋白26（connexin26,CX26）、CX32和CX43表达的影响。方法：建立子宫内膜异位症裸鼠模型,随机分为3组,即雌激素组(A组),孕激素组（B组）、对照组（C组）。于建模后7 、14 、21、28 d取裸鼠异位病灶,RT-PCR及Western blot分别检测3组异位病灶中CX26、CX32和CX43的表达。结果：异位病灶中CX26在A组表达增高,在B组表达降低,该A、B组与C组相比其差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000）;A组CX43较B组及C组均降低,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）,B组及C组之间CX43表达差异无统计学意义（P=0.621）;A组、B组及C组异位病灶中均未能检测到CX32的表达。结论：①雌激素、孕激素对异位内膜组织中CX26的调节作用相反。②异位病灶中未能检测到CX32的表达,其对子宫内膜细胞间隙连接细胞间通讯(gap junction intercellular communication,GJIC)的影响及内膜的异位种植需待进一步研究。③雌激素可降低异位内膜组织中CX43的表达,孕激素对其无影响,推测雌激素可能通过降低CX43表达,降低内膜细胞GJIC功能,促进细胞异常增殖、分化,导致内膜异位种植能力提高。     

EMs异位及在位内膜间质细胞Cx43的表达及GJIC功能的体外研究

目的:研究子宫内膜异位症(EMs)的异位与在位内膜间质细胞中Cx43的表达及间隙连接细胞间通讯(GJIC)功能,探讨间质细胞GJIC功能异常对EMs发病的影响.方法:取24例卵巢处子宫内膜异位灶、41例EMs在位内膜以及30例正常子宫内膜,分离出间质细胞,加入雌、孕激素培养,建立体外间质细胞培养模型.利用激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)分别检测三组间质细胞的Cx43表达及GJIC功能.结果:间质细胞成功培养率分别为:异位内膜组45.8%(11/24)、EMs在位内膜组92.7%(38/41)、对照组93.3%(28/30),异位内膜间质细胞纯度为95%,在位内膜间质细胞纯度达98%.EMs异位内膜间质细胞中Cx43表达水平及GJIC功能明显比其他两组低,正常对照组的Cx43表达水平及GJIC功能最高,且差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:(1)同时建立EMs异位内膜、在位内膜及正常内膜间质细胞的体外模型,有助于研究EMs的发病机制;(2)间质细胞中Cx43蛋白表达下调及其GJIC功能异常与EMs发生有关,调节Cx43表达或GJIC功能可能是潜在的治疗策略.     

Tmub1沉默提高Akt蛋白活性促进肝细胞增殖

目的 探讨Tmub1沉默对Akt磷酸化和肝细胞增殖及生长能力的影响.方法 应用RNAi技术对BRL-3A细胞株Tmub1基因进行沉默,采用qRT-PCR和Western blot分别检测Tmub1、Akt、p-Akt、Cyclin D1、c-myc等基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;采用平板集落形成实验和CCK-8检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期.结果 与对照组相比,Tmub1基因沉默后,Cyclin D1和c-myc基因mRNA表达增强(P＜0.05),p-Akt磷酸化水平以及Cyclin D1和c-myc蛋白的表达增高(P＜0.05);BRL-3A细胞的增殖及生长能力增强(P＜0.05);且处于细胞周期S+G2/M期的细胞比例明显增加(P＜0.05).通过MK2206抑制Akt磷酸化后,可显著抑制上述基因的mRNA及蛋白的表达水平,细胞的增殖及生长能力明显降低(P＜0.05),且处于S+ G2/M期的细胞比例下降(P＜0.05).结论 Tmub1沉默通过增加Akt蛋白的磷酸化及Cyclin D1、c-myc的表达水平从而促进BRL-3A细胞的增殖和生长.     

人参皂苷Rg1对冈田酸所致大鼠脑片tau蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的：观察人参皂苷Rg1对阿尔茨海默病（Alzhei mer＇s disease,AD）样tau蛋白磷酸化大鼠脑片模型中磷酸化tau蛋白（phosphorylatedtau protein,P-tau）、蛋白磷酸酶2A（protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A）及tau蛋白表达的影响,以研究其对tau蛋白磷酸化的抑制作用机制。方法：将5周龄雄性Wistar大鼠脑片（含皮层和海马）随机分为空白对照组、模型组和低、中、高浓度人参皂苷Rg1组,每组10张脑片。脑片置于人工脑脊液中培养。人参皂苷Rg1组培养液中首先加入人参皂苷Rg1使其浓度分别为60、120和240μmol/L,作用2h。模型组和3个浓度人参皂苷Rg1组培养液中分别加入冈田酸（okadaic acid,OA）,使其浓度分别为1μmol/L,作用3h,空白对照组不加任何处理。采用免疫组织化学染色、图像分析技术等方法,检测皮层和海马P-tau、PP2A和tau蛋白的表达水平。结果：与空白对照组比较,模型组P-tau蛋白的表达增加（P〈0.01）,PP2A和tau蛋白的表达水平降低（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;3个浓度人参皂苷Rg1组与模型组比较,P-tau蛋白的表达减少（P〈0.01）,PP2A和tau蛋白的表达增加（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,其中以高浓度人参皂苷Rg1效果最佳。结论：人参皂苷Rg1可以上调AD样tau蛋白磷酸化大鼠脑片模型中PP2A的表达从而促进P-tau的去磷酸化,以此途径抑制tau蛋白磷酸化。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.