口内下颌骨升支垂直截骨倒置治疗颞下颌关节强直

目的：应用口内下颌骨升支垂直截骨倒置及耳前切口去除骨球关节窝成形术治疗颞下颌关节真性强直,评价其重建颞下颌关节的效果。方法：对5例颞下颌关节骨性强直患者切除病变区骨质,形成关节窝,采用口内下领骨升支垂直截骨倒置升支后部构造新的”髁突”,重建颞下颌关节。手术后常规随访,评价其疗效。结果：全部病例术后随访3～24个月,开口度3．1～4．1cm,平均开口度3．6cm,效果满意。结论：应用口内下颌骨升支垂直截骨倒置及耳前切口去除骨球关节窝成形术治疗颞下颌关节真性强直具有多方面优势,减少了并发症的发生,是治疗颞下颌关节真性强直的有效手术治疗方法。     

牵张成骨术治疗颞下颌关节强直后睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的 评估牵张成骨术(DO)治疗颞颌关节强直后睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的效果。方法 对8例患有颞颌关节强直后OSAS的患者采用DO技术进行治疗。手术在全麻下分两期进行。第一期行关节成形、下颌体部截骨,安置牵引器,前徙下颌矫正小颌畸形及OSAS;第二期在拆除第一期牵引器的同时,进行下颌升支后缘L型截骨,安置牵引器,通过牵引延长下颌升支。结果 8例患有颞颌关节强直后OSAS的患者的症状均有不同程度的改善。术后张口度可迭3cm～4cm,小颌畸形得以矫治,AHI指数由术前的20～40降至5以下,最低血氧饱和度由术前的68％提高至术后的96％,OSAS得以治愈。术后半年～两年随访,未见复发。结论 DO技术是治疗颞颌关节强直后OSAS理想方法。     

颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节强直

目的:应用带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节真性强直,评价其重建颞下颌关节的效果。方法:对6例颞下颌关节真性强直患者切除病变区骨质,形成骨间隙,采用带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣转移充填骨间隙和冠突切取植入构造新的“髁突”,重建颞下颌关节。手术后常规随访,评价其疗效。结果:全部病例术后随访4～28个月,开口度3.1～3.8cm,平均开口度3.5cm,效果满意。结论:带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节真性强直具有多方面优势,是防止颞下颌关节术后复发的有效手术治疗方法。     

治疗颅下颌关节强直的新观点

治疗颅下颌关节强直有多种方法,但任一治疗方式都不能令人完全满意。作者基于强直骨块的形成是病理性反应结果,它不是新生物,无持续生长的能力,解除关节强直不一定要去除强直骨块,而提出了治疗颅下颌关节强直的新观点。 材料和方法 采取向颞部延伸之耳前切口,沿整个升支的宽度,显露强直骨块的侧面及正下方,在强直骨块下正常骨块区行水平截骨。剥离附于下颌升支上的翼肌一嚼肌链,拉开截骨之断端形成间隙,使下颁活动自如,被动开口度不少于3cm。以颞肌     

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目的观察采用下颌升支垂直截骨上推术治疗真性颞颌关节强直的疗效。方法对2004年12月至2008年5月山西医科大学第一临床医院口腔颌面外科收治的19例真性颞颌关节强直患者采用下颌升支垂直截骨上推术治疗,并按期随诊,监测指标,观察其疗效。结果所有患者张口度均接近或达到正常,无关节疼痛及弹响症状,随访期内无一例复发。结论根据国内外文献及术后观察,下颌升支垂直截骨上推术是治疗真性颞颌关节强直的一种可选择的、有效的方法。     

牵引成骨术治疗儿童单侧颞下颌关节强直伴OSAHS 4例报道

目的:评价牵引成骨术治疗儿童单侧颞下颌关节强直伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的治疗效果。方法:4例儿童单侧颞下颌关节强直伴发OSAHS患者,男女各2例,年龄5～13岁(中位年龄6.5岁)。均采用颞下颌关节成形术以恢复开口功能,下颌体牵引成骨术治疗OSAHS;其中3例行同期手术,1例行分期手术;单侧和双侧下颌体牵引各2例。固定期约3个月时行呼吸监护仪监测(PSG)复查和牵引器拆除术。结果:4例患儿OSAHS症状均消失,平均AHI由术前的42.7降到4.9,平均最低血氧饱和度由术前的74.3%上升到89.8%;平均开口度由6.5mm增加至25.5mm;面部畸形得到满意矫正。经过平均38.1个月(13～58个月)的随访,无1例复发。结论:下颌骨牵引成骨术联合颞下颌关节成形术能够有效地治疗儿童单侧颞下颌关节强直及其伴发的OSAHS、面部不对称畸形,并且可以同期手术。     

人工颞下颌关节治疗关节强直的效果分析

目的 应用并评价Biomet标准型人工颞下颌关节假体治疗关节强直的效果。方法 回顾2013—2015年收治的颞下颌关节强直患者,采用计算机辅助设计和制作技术,设计并制作强直骨球切除和Biomet标准型人工颞下颌关节假体安放导板,术中应用下颌下切口取出的皮下游离脂肪移植于髁突假体周围,预防异位成骨。对于合并严重颌骨畸形的患者,采用人工关节假体延长前徙下颌支及Le Fort I型截骨术,数字化板辅助固定的方法同期矫正颌骨畸形。术后进行1年以上的临床和CT随访,评价开口度、咬合稳定性,以及假体周围有无异位成骨和假体与骨的结合情况。结果 11例患者15侧关节纳入研究,其中4例患者行下颌骨延长及颏后缩畸形纠正术。术后平均随访22.9个月（12~31个月）,无假体感染、断裂和松动。患者开口度显著改善（术前平均5.5 mm,术后31.5 mm,P<0.05）。4例患者气道显著增宽。CT显示假体固定螺钉周围无骨吸收,人工髁突头周围无异位成骨。结论 人工颞下颌关节假体是治疗关节强直,特别是复发性强直的可靠方法,可同时纠正颌骨畸形,效果稳定。     

双侧下颌骨矢状劈开截骨术矫正骨性Ⅲ类畸形对下颌支及颞下颌关节的影响

目的观察双侧下颌骨矢状劈开截骨术(BSSRO)后移下颌骨对下颌升支及颞下颌关节的影响.方法采用定位头颅后前位片及薛氏关节片,研究16例成人骨性Ⅲ类患者术前及术后下颌升支整体及关节间隙的变化.结果BSSRO术前与术后的下颌升支宽度减小,但无显著性差异.关节间隙在术后1月时有明显改变,6～12月后恢复为原位,且临床表现关节症状多有所缓解.结论 BSSRO矫治成人骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形对下颌升支及颞下颌关节无显著影响.     

双侧下颌骨矢状劈开截骨术矫正骨性Ш类畸形对下颌支及颞下颌关节的影响

目的观察双侧下颌骨矢状劈开截骨术(BSSRO)后移下颌骨对下颌升支及颞下颌关节的影响。方法采用定位头颅后前位片及薛氏关节片,研究16例成人骨性Ш类患者术前及术后下颌升支整体及关节间隙的变化。结果BSSRO术前与术后的下颌升支宽度减小,但无显著性差异。关节间隙在术后1月时有明显改变,6~12月后恢复为原位,且临床表现关节症状多有所缓解。结论BSSRO矫治成人骨性Ш类错畸形对下颌升支及颞下颌关节无显著影响。     

正颌外科技术治疗TMJ后OSAS(英文)

目的 评估正颌外科技术矫治14例颞颌关节强直所致OSAS的效果。方法 手术采用患侧关节成形,下颌升支、体部的“L”形半层截骨及健侧矢状截骨术,将患侧下颌升支加高固定,下颌前部整体前移。结果14例颞颌关节强直伴OSAS患者术后张口度达2.5～3.5cm,术后2年随访张口度仍维持在2.5～3.2cm之间。所有患者的AHI指数下降了20以上,12例患者的打鼾症状消失,持续血氧饱和度平均提高了18.45％（P<0.01）,达到了正常人的范围,持续血氧饱和度最低值由术前的58％提高至术后的95％以上,OSAS得以治愈。结论 颞颌关节强直伴OSAS患者通过正颌外科手术可以在关节成形的同时,解决患者下颌后缩的缺陷,解除上气道狭窄,从而缓解或纠正患者的低氧血症。     

Temporomandibular joint bony ankylosis: comparison of treatment with transport distraction osteogenesis or the matthews device arthroplasty

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bony ankylosis with micrognathia is a rare congenital condition that is difficult to treat and may result in recurrence. In a series of affected patients, we compared two new methods of treatment: transport distraction osteogenesis and Matthews Device arthroplasty. All patients had computed tomography scan documented bilateral TMJ bony ankylosis. Group I (transport distraction osteogenesis) underwent distraction advancement of the mandible (for micrognathia) followed by resection of the condyles, recontouring of the glenoid fossas with interposition temporoparietal-fascial flaps, and transport distraction osteogenesis of mandibular rami segments. Group II (Matthews Device arthroplasty) underwent all of the above procedures except for transport distraction osteogenesis. Instead, the Matthews Devices were anchored to the temporal bone and mandibular rami. Hinged arms allowed for motion at the reconstructed TMJ. In both groups, patients underwent extensive postoperative therapy. Preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up lateral cephalograms were obtained, and incisor opening distances were recorded. All patients but one had severe micrognathia (n = 9). For group I (transport distraction osteogenesis), mean age was 6.8 years. and mean advancement was 28.5 mm. For group II (Matthews Device arthroplasty) mean age was 8.2 years, and mean advancement was 23.5 mm. In group I (transport distraction osteogenesis), mean incisor opening was 1 mm preoperatively and 27.5 mm postoperatively; however, it relapsed to 14.3 mm by 12.5 months follow-up (48% relapse). Mean incisor opening in group II (Matthews Device arthroplasty) was 3.9 mm preoperatively and 33.4 mm postoperatively and remained at 30.6 mm after 11.1 months follow-up (8% relapse). One patient in group I (transport distraction osteogenesis) underwent surgical revision because of relapse. Our data showed that for congenital TMJ bony ankylosis both transport distraction osteogenesis and Matthews Device arthroplasty techniques were successful initially; however, the Matthews Device arthroplasty avoided long-term relapse.     

同期关节重建及下颌体牵张成骨治疗颞下颌关节强直3例报道

目的:对伴有严重牙颌面畸形的颞下颌关节强直患者,采用自体肋骨软骨移植重建关节,同期运用牵张成骨术行下颌骨牵张成骨延长下颌体长度,治疗下颌后缩和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS),评价治疗计划的可行性及短期效果。方法:3例颞下颌关节强直患者,平均年龄17.5岁,发生关节强直的平均年龄为3.6岁,病程平均为13.9a,开口度均为0,均伴有严重牙颌面畸形和OSAHS。根据头影测量结果,预先设计患侧下颌支下降的长度和下颌体延长长度;采用关节成形术加双侧冠突切除,术中取模制备板,进行同期自体肋骨软骨移植重建颞下颌关节和双侧下颌体牵张成骨术。术后第7天开始牵引,每天2次,牵引速率为0.8mm/d。结果:3例患者均顺利完成手术,术后未出现感染等严重并发症。顺利完成牵张成骨。下颌骨牵引长度平均为22.5mm(20.5～25mm)。术后3个月开口度平均为28mm(26～32mm),患者面形及OSAHS获得良好改善。结论:肋骨软骨移植关节重建同期进行下颌体牵张成骨具有良好的稳定性,该设计有利于缩短治疗周期和治疗费用,在短期内可同时解决开口、面形和OSAHS等问题,为后续矫正咬合关系奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of Functional and Esthetic Outcome After Correction of Mandibular Hypoplasia Secondary to Temporomandibular Ankylosis Treated by Distraction Osteogenesis

Patient with TMJ ankylosis are affected with mandibular hypoplasia which in turn causes functional and esthetic problems. Restoration of normal function and esthetics is the prime goal in treatment of such patients with distraction becoming an important treatment option. The present study also was conducted on patients with mandibular hypoplasia secondarily to TMJ ankylosis treated with distraction. Since function and esthetics improvement was the prime aim behind the treatment with distraction, evaluation of functional and esthetics outcome becomes an important aspect. Thus the study was indigenously designed and aimed at qualitative evaluation of the functional and esthetic outcome after correction of mandibular hypoplasia secondary to temporomandibular ankylosis with Distraction osteogenesis. Patients treated with distraction were evaluated on the basis of parameters for function and esthetics. Parameters for function were occlusion, airway, mouth opening and chewing-biting perception of patient pre and post distraction. Parameters for esthetics used were patient and panel perception. All parameters for function and occlusion improved with distraction in all the patients except one in whom occlusion and chewing- biting pattern worsened. It is concluded that distraction is a good option for improving patients functional and esthetic outcome in cases of mandibular hypoplasia secondary to temporomandibular ankylosis as the results achieved are stable with negligible chances of relapse.     

Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children: is it necessary to perform mandibular distraction simultaneously?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children disturbs not only mandibular growth, but also facial skeletal development. Costochondral graft was used to ensure growth, but it had proven to be unpredictable. The authors evaluate retrospectively 41 patients who underwent temporomandibular joint reconstruction during the last 10 years. Twenty were treated by costochondral graft, 15 by arthroplasty, and 6 by other surgical procedures, and they were excluded. The etiology was septic in 54% of the cases. Follow-up was at least 12 months in all cases. Arthroplasty was a quicker and easier procedure than the costochondral graft, reducing operating time, risk of blood transfusion, and hospital stays and costs. It also was associated with less risk of reankylosis, 13%vs 25%. Furthermore, it was associated with a minor morbidity and secondary complications. Seventy-five percent of the patients treated with bone graft required additional secondary surgery. Radiographically, the authors observed a remodeled neocondyle at the level of proximal mandibular end in cases treated by arthroplasty. On clinical examination, patients showed variable degrees of facial deformity and an unknown potential of mandibular growth after TMJ arthroplasty. The authors also observed improved clinical and radiologic appearance after ankylosis correction. Is it reasonable to perform ankylosis release and mandibular distraction simultaneously without knowing which patients will be able to experience growth with time? In that case it would be necessary a predict growth to apply the exact amount of mandibular distraction for obtaining stable results. Timing of mandibular distraction, after TMJ arthroplasty is performed and mandibular function restored, must be specific to each patient's needs, assuring the best distraction conditions and planning. The authors present their treatment protocol, including TMJ joint arthroplasty with temporal muscle interposition, and mandibular distraction osteogenesis, as a second procedure, to correct residual asymmetry or retrognathism if necessary.     

Intraoral distraction osteogenesis for the correction of facial deformities following temporomandibular joint ankylosis: a modified technique

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of transoral bimaxillary distraction osteogenesis before releasing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis using intraoral mandibular distractors. Nine patients (5 males, 4 females) aged 14-35 (mean 19) years were included. A bilateral Le Fort I osteotomy was performed together with a mandibular osteotomy on the affected side(s). An intraoral distractor(s) was inserted in the lower jaw, followed by an intermaxillary fixation (IMF) to maintain preoperative dental occlusion. The distractor was activated, after a latency period of 5-7 days, 2 times daily by 0.5 mm. There followed a consolidation period of 6-8 weeks. TMJ ankylosis was then released via a peri-auricular incision, a gap arthroplasty was performed, and mandibular movement was established after removal of the IMF and distractor. Optimal results were achieved clinically and radiologically with minimal relapse and complications. Apart from minor complaints, the distraction process was smooth and tolerable in all cases. Total mandibular elongation ranged from 17 to 25 mm (20.7 mm). Occlusal canting decreased to 0 degrees in 7 patients and to 1 degree in 2 patients (mean 0.2 degrees). After a mean follow-up period of 17 months, a mean postoperative mouth opening of 34.7 mm was achieved (0.6 mm preoperatively) and no re-ankylosis was detected. Intraoral distraction of a deformed mandible and maxilla before releasing TMJ ankylosis is a feasible and perhaps advantageous technique.     

Transport distraction osteogenesis as a method of reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint following gap arthroplasty for post-traumatic ankylosis in children: a clinical and radiological prospective assessment of outcome

This clinical and radiographic study investigated the use of transport distraction osteogenesis in unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis patients. Six patients aged between 4 and 8 years were selected for the study; the mean preoperative maximal inter-incisal opening (MIO) was 3.5 mm without lateral and protrusive mandibular movements. The ankylotic mass along with the posterior border of the ascending ramus was exposed via ‘lazy-S’ incision. A gap arthroplasty was performed, followed by a ‘reverse L’ osteotomy on the posterior border of the ramus. In-house manufactured extraoral distraction devices were used for this prospective study. Follow-up clinical and radiographic evaluation was carried out for 13–27 months after completion of the activation period. After a mean follow-up of 19 months, the mean MIO was 29.1 mm and the lateral and protrusive movements changed from none to slight. Cone beam computed tomography images of all patients showed remodelled neocondyle created by transport distraction osteogenesis with no statistically significant differences observed for average cancellous bone density, trabecular number, and trabecular spacing between the neocondyle of the operated side (test) and the condyle of the non-operated side (control). Neocondyle formation by transport distraction osteogenesis using the in-house distraction device is a promising treatment option for TMJ reconstruction in ankylosis patients.     

The sequential treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis and arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sequential treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis and secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis and subsequent arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. This study included 40 patients treated at a stomatological hospital in China; they ranged in age from 9 to 53 years (mean age 24.5 years). Ten of these patients were diagnosed with unilateral TMJ ankylosis and 30 with bilateral TMJ ankylosis. Twenty-seven patients also presented obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS). All patients underwent distraction osteogenesis as the initial surgery, followed by arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. Some patients underwent orthognathic surgery to improve occlusion and face shape along with or after arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. The therapeutic effects were evaluated in terms of the improvements in maximum inter-incisal opening (MIO), appearance, and respiratory function. After the completion of treatment, all patients showed improvements in MIO and appearance, and the symptom of snoring disappeared. The airway space was significantly increased. Patient follow-up ranged from 6 to 85 months (mean 28.3 months), and four patients experienced relapse. This study suggests that treating TMJ ankylosis with secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis as the initial surgery and arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction as the second-stage treatment may achieve favourable outcomes, especially for patients with OSAHS; however, some patients may require orthognathic surgery.     

Two-stage treatment of TMJ ankylosis by early surgical approach and distraction osteogenesis

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is characterized by the formation of bone or fibrous adhesion of the anatomic joint components, which replaces the normal articulation and limitation of mouth opening. Early surgical intervention is considered as a treatment procedure to release the joint ankylosis and to maintain the function of the joint. Longstanding temporomandibular joint ankylosis which starts during the active growth period in early childhood resulting in facial asymmetry. Thus, the importance of the evaluation for the facial asymmetries and unfavorable remodeling of the mandible has to be considered during the initial treatment planning. Further operations, either osteotomies or distraction osteogenesis, are required for the treatment of maxillofacial deformities. The present study reports a case of unilateral TMJ ankylosis treated by interpositional arthroplasty prior to distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of mandibular secondary deformity. Various treatment procedures and timing protocols are reviewed and discussed.     

Gap arthroplasty combined with distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint and micrognathia

Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of simultaneous gap arthroplasty and distraction osteogenesis (DO) in the treatment of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with micrognathia. During the period January 2000-December 2006, 11 patients with unilateral ankylosis of the TMJ and micrognathia were treated with simultaneous gap arthroplasty, mandibular osteotomy, and implantation of a distractor. Mouth opening exercises were started on the first postoperative day and distraction on the fifth postoperative day. All patients had satisfactory mouth opening at follow-up, the mean (range) being 32.4 (28-37) mm in 13 to 58 months' follow-up. Mean length (range) of the mandibular body increased by DO was 12.4 (7-15) mm. Facial asymmetry was corrected and satisfactory occlusions achieved with the help of postoperative orthodontic treatment. We conclude that DO and gap arthroplasty can be used simultaneously in the treatment of patients with ankylosis of the TMJ and micrognathia.     

Modified bimaxillary distraction osteogenesis: a technique to correct facial asymmetry

AIM: To study the efficacy of modified simultaneous maxillary-mandibular distraction to correct facial asymmetry in patients with compensated occlusion and a canted occlusal plane. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the period January 1998-December 2003, 15 patients with facial asymmetry (8 male and 7 female, mean age 18 years) were treated using a modified technique of simultaneous maxillary-mandibular distraction. Their facial deformities were caused by hemicraniofacial microsomia (n=6) or ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (n=9). RESULTS: The mean (range) gain in mandibular height was 16 (13-22) mm, and increase in elongation 14 (11-18) mm achieved over 11-22 days. Predicted movement on cephalometric analysis correlated closely with the actual distraction (mean accuracy 0.4mm). CONCLUSION: Simultaneous bimaxillary distraction osteogenesis is a robust technique that provides the surgeon with the ability to correct facial asymmetry in patients with hemicraniofacial microsomia and those with facial deformity after ankylosis of the TMJ. A cephalometric prediction tracing made before distraction is a reliable guide to the actual distraction needed to correct the facial deformities in these patients.