脑分水岭梗死的临床特点及其发病机制研究

目的探讨脑分水岭梗死的临床特点及其发病机制。方法根据脑血管分布的影像学模板,回顾分析124例脑分水岭梗死患者的临床资料,确定并分析皮质分水岭梗死、皮质下型分水岭梗死和混合分水岭梗死3组患者的临床特征及病理生理机制。结果3组脑分水岭梗死患者的临床特征间差别无显著性意义(P＞0．05);皮质分水岭梗死的发病率与皮质下型分水岭梗死间差别有显著性意义(P＜0．001)。其中接受DSA检查的95例患者中,75．0%的皮质分水岭梗死有严重血管狭窄,60．7%皮质下型分水岭梗死有严重血管狭窄,9例混合分水岭梗死患者均有严重血管狭窄。结论分水岭梗死与脑动脉血管狭窄有密切的关系。     

脑分水岭梗死的影像诊断

目的探讨脑分水岭梗死的影像诊断价值。方法选择临床资料完整的36例脑分水岭梗死患者进行回顾性分析。结果单侧25例,双侧11例。CT平扫呈白质内低密度影,MRI上为长T1长T2信号。CT分型：皮质前型10例,皮质后型11例,皮质下型12例,小脑型3例。DSA显示单侧颈内动脉狭窄2例,闭塞1例,双侧颈内动脉狭窄1例,单侧大脑中动脉狭窄3例,闭塞1例,单侧大脑前动脉狭窄2例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄1例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄1例。结论脑分水岭梗死的CT和MRI表现有其特征性,MRI对准确判断梗死的位置与形状优于CT、DSA为判断颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞提供可靠依据。     

脑分水岭梗死的影像诊断

目的 探讨脑分水岭梗死的影像诊断价值.方法 选择临床资料完整的36例脑分水岭梗死患者进行回顾性分析.结果 单侧25例,双侧11例.CT平扫呈白质内低密度影,MRI上为长T1长T2信号.CT分型:皮质前型10例,皮质后型11例,皮质下型12例,小脑型3例.DSA显示单侧颈内动脉狭窄2例,闭塞1例,双侧颈内动脉狭窄1例,单侧大脑中动脉狭窄3例,闭塞1例,单侧大脑前动脉狭窄2例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄1例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄1例.结论 脑分水岭梗死的CT和MRI表现有其特征性,MRI对准确判断梗死的位置与形状优于CT、DSA为判断颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞提供可靠依据.     

缺血性脑卒中患者动脉粥样硬化分布的临床研究

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中不同亚型与颈动脉粥样硬化分布的相关性。方法通过经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)方法检测颅内、外动脉粥样硬化程度,并结合病史、生化指标及影像学提示的病变部位进行综合分析。结果411例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,颅内动脉狭窄率为38.93%(160/411),颈动脉颅外段狭窄率24.09%(99/411)。颈动脉颅外段狭窄者年龄大、吸烟比例高,与无狭窄者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.020,0.013);而颅内动脉狭窄者糖尿病发病率明显高于无狭窄者(P=0.005)。411例中皮质梗死49例、皮质下梗死108例、腔隙性梗死72例和短暂性脑缺血发作30例,颈动脉颅外段狭窄者以皮质梗死为主(P=0.001),并且动脉内-中膜层厚度明显增加(P=0.020);而颅内动脉狭窄者以腔隙性梗死更多见(P=0.016)。颅内、外动脉狭窄者的年龄、性别、血糖及血脂之间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论临床和影像学检查所确定的急性缺血性脑卒中亚型与颅内、外动脉粥样硬化的病变部位相关,提示发病的原因可能不同。糖尿病与吸烟是引起颅内、外动脉病变的重要原因。     

110例脑梗死患者的全脑数字减影血管造影的临床研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者与颅内-颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系及其临床意义。方法选择符合脑梗死诊断标准的110例患者行全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,对颈内动脉系统脑梗死(ICA-CI)和椎-基动脉系统脑梗死(VB-CI)患者的颅内-颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞进行分析比较。结果 110例脑梗死患者中85例(77.27%)有动脉狭窄或闭塞。其中25例(22.73%)为单纯颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞,41例(37.27%)为单纯颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞,19例(17.27%)为颅内-颅外段动脉多发性狭窄或闭塞。DSA共检出动脉狭窄或闭塞173支,颅外动脉段狭窄或闭塞65支(37.57%),颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞108支(62.43%)。颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞发生率(62.43%)明显高于颅外段动脉(37.57%)。颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞的好发部位依次为:颈内动脉颅外段26支(15.03%),椎动脉颅外段19支(10.98%),颈总动脉14支(8.09%),锁骨下动脉6支(3.47%)。颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞的好发部位依次为:大脑中动脉37支(21.39%),颈内动脉颅内段25支(14.45%),椎动脉颅内段18支(10.40%),大脑后动脉11支(6.36%),大脑前动脉9支(5.20%),基底动脉8支(4.62%)。ICA-CI组单纯颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞高于VB-CI组(P<0.05),ICA-CI组单纯颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞高于VB-CI组(P<0.01),ICA-CI组颅内-颅外段动脉多发狭窄或闭塞低于VB-CI组(P<0.05)。ICA-CI组单纯颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞高于单纯颅外段动脉窄或闭塞,VB-CI组单纯颅内动脉段狭窄或闭塞高于单纯颅外动脉段狭窄或闭塞(P<0.05)。动脉狭窄及粥样硬化斑块与年龄、高血压、低血压、糖尿病、高甘油三酯(TG)、高总胆固醇(TC)、高低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、冠心病、肥胖、吸烟、酗洒有密切关系(均P<0.05)。结论 DSA检查有助于脑梗死患者的颅内-颅外段主要供血动脉狭窄与闭塞诊断,对脑梗死的治疗有重要指导作用。     

颈动脉重度狭窄或闭塞导致脑梗死发病机制的研究

目的探讨重度颈动脉颅外段(ICA)狭窄或闭塞患者急性脑梗死的发病机制。方法采用CDFI或TCD筛选75例颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞导致的急性脑梗死患者,利用TCD检测脑梗死患者颅内血液动力学变化,采用乳胶增强免疫比浊法测量hs-CRP水平,根据MRI定位对脑梗死模式进行分类,分析颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞与脑梗死模式的关系;分析血清hs-CRP水平与颈动脉不稳定斑块及脑梗死模式之间的相关性。结果 (1)区域梗死(Ⅰ型)和分水岭梗死(Ⅴ型)发生率较高,颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞与脑梗死模式有关(P0.01)。(2)不稳定斑块组hs-CRP水平明显高于稳定斑块组(P0.01),hs-CRP水平与脑梗死模式之间无相关性(P0.05)。结论 (1)重度颈动脉颅外段狭窄的程度能影响脑梗死的模式,是急性脑梗死主要病因之一。(2)血清hs-CRP升高与脑梗死关系密切,是脑梗死的致病因子。     

颈部血管彩色超声和经颅多普勒超声联合检查评价前循环脑动脉粥样硬化

目的应用颈部血管彩色超声和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)联合检查方法,对急性缺血性脑卒中患者前循环脑动脉粥样硬化的程度进行评价,并讨论其临床意义。方法107例50～85岁急性前循环缺血性脑卒中患者,于发病后2周内完成颈部血管彩色超声及TCD检查。分别记录颈动脉颅外段狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段(CCA/EICA)不同回声斑块、斑块大小以及动脉狭窄程度;前循环颅内血管狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈内动脉虹吸段(SCA)、颈内动脉末段(TICA)、大脑中动脉M1段(MCA-M1)、大脑前动脉A1段(ACA-A1)狭窄程度及双侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段不同回声斑块检出率;前循环颅内外动脉联合狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段、大脑中动脉M1段及大脑前动脉A1段狭窄程度。结果颈动脉颅外段狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段和阴性侧比较,不同回声斑块大小及阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);狭窄程度为40%～50%、>50%～70%的颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段,两侧狭窄血管阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);当狭窄程度达>70%～90%和>90%时,CT/MRI阳性侧检出率均大于阴性侧(P<0.05)。前循环颅内血管狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段与阴性侧之间不同回声斑块大小及阳性检出率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈内动脉虹吸段或颈内动脉末段和大脑中动脉M1段狭窄发生率,CT/MRI阳性侧大于阴性侧(P<0.05);大脑前动脉A1段狭窄发生率两侧差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。前循环颅内外动脉联合狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段狭窄程度>70%和大脑中动脉M1段狭窄阳性检出率均大于阴性侧(P<0.05);大脑前动脉A1段狭窄血管两侧阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论同一组脑动脉粥样硬化患者颈动脉粥样硬化进展程度基本相同,根据斑块回声和溃疡形成与否不能确定动脉-动脉栓塞的"责任斑块";颈部血管彩色超声检查提示颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段狭窄程度>70%,以及TCD提示颈内动脉虹吸段、颈内动脉末段、大脑中动脉M1段狭窄≥50%者,与同侧脑卒中的发生明显相关,二者联合应用有助于确定急性缺血性脑卒中的"责任动脉"。     

76例短暂性脑缺血发作DSA分析

目的:通过数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,研究短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与供血脑动脉病变的关系,探讨TIA发病机制。方法:选择TIA患者76例行DSA全脑血管造影,观察患者颈总动脉,颈内动脉和椎-基底动脉颅内、外段血管有无粥样硬化斑块、性质及狭窄程度。结果:76例中67例(88.2%)有粥样硬化斑块,其中狭窄≥50%59例(88.1%),颅外段狭窄50例(74.6%),颅内段狭窄17例(25.4%),46例(68.6%)发现有不稳定性斑块。结论:DSA可以明确TIA患者血管粥样硬化斑块的性质、狭窄程度,对指导有效治疗起重要作用。     

CTA评估分水岭脑梗死患者侧枝循环的初步研究

目的初步探讨侧枝代偿在分水岭脑梗死(CWI)发病中的作用。方法应用CT血管成像(CTA)技术,回顾性分析于我院住院治疗的139例分水岭脑梗死(包括皮质型、内侧型及混合型)患者的颅内动脉,比较各组患者相关血管病变及侧枝代偿情况。结果 (1)CTA显示110例患者存在颈动脉系统病变,其中49例为颈内动脉(ICA)狭窄/闭塞,61例为大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄/闭塞;(2)在内侧型分水岭梗死(IWI)患者中,存在MCA狭窄/闭塞者(46例)高于ICA狭窄/闭塞(31例)和无明显狭窄(16例),差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);(3)ICA狭窄/闭塞时,前交通动脉(ACOA)未开放者在IWI患者所占比例(25/31例)明显多于皮质型分水岭梗死患者(5/11例)和混合型分水岭梗死患者(3/7例),差别有统计学意义(P=0.033);(4)MCA狭窄/闭塞时,软脑膜侧枝代偿较差者在皮质型分水岭梗死患者所占比例(6/9例)明显多于IWI患者(11/46例)和混合型分水岭梗死患者(1/6例),差别有统计学意义(P=0.028)。结论颈动脉系统病变所致的IWI受MCA的狭窄/闭塞影响程度更大;ICA狭窄/闭塞所致IWI梗死与ACOA缺乏或发育不良有关,ACOA的存在可以明显减少IWI发生;MCA病变时软脑膜代偿的出现可增加受累皮质的血供,软脑膜侧枝代偿较差可促进皮质型分水岭脑梗死的发生。     

急性分水岭区脑梗死-凸面蛛网膜下腔出血三例

目的探讨颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致后分水岭区凸面蛛网膜下腔出血(cSAH)与前循环急性脑梗死(ACI)的发病机制、影像学特征及治疗,以提高对该类型卒中的认识。方法报道3例颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致cSAH患者的临床表现、CT和MRI所见及治疗。结果 3例患者临床表现以局灶性神经功能损害为主,且均存在动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,头颅CT显示病变对侧大脑皮质沟高密度影,并出现新发梗死灶。MRA证实例1病变侧颈动脉颅内及颅外段狭窄,例2病变侧大脑中动脉闭塞,例3病变侧颈动脉颅内段狭窄。结论颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致的急性分水岭区ACI可以cSAH为首发表现。     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Role of glutathione in repair of free radical damage in hippocampus in vitro.

Depletion of glutathione (GSH), an intrinsic antioxidant, increases vulnerability to free radical damage in a number of cell systems. This study investigates the role of GSH in limiting electrophysiological damage and/or recovery from free radical exposure in slices of guinea pig hippocampus. Synaptic potentials (PSPs) and population spikes (PSs) were recorded from field CA1. Free radicals were generated from 0.006% peroxide through the Fenton reaction. Analysis of the input-output curves showed that peroxide treatment decreased PSPs and impaired ability of the PSPs to generate PSs as previously reported. Recovery was nearly total within a half hour. Treatment with 5 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) for 2 h depleted hippocampal GSH to 79.2% of control values. The extent of free radical damage was not increased. Recovery, however, was only partial. GSH was further depleted by oxidation with diamide or covalent bonding with dimethyl fumarate (DMF) immediately before and during the peroxide treatment. Neither diamide nor DMF treatment in BSO-incubated tissue enhanced peroxide-induced electrophysiological deficits. Following these treatments, however, tissue showed little recovery from free radical damage. We conclude that glutathione is essential for repair processes in hippocampal neurons exposed to oxidative damage.     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

Knowledge of management of epilepsy in young adults in Jordan

PURPOSE: Nationwide studies on public knowledge of epilepsy have been undertaken in several countries, but not in Jordan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge of the management of epilepsy in Jordan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed during the period February-June 2005 on 16,044 individuals selected randomly to represent all regions of Jordan. Respondents were interviewed and asked to complete a five-item questionnaire testing their knowledge of the management of epilepsy. RESULTS: Most of the individuals (77.9%) agreed that patients with epilepsy are best treated in a specialized hospital for neurological diseases. Although the largest percentage of the sample (86.7%) agreed that the best person to treat epilepsy is a neurologist, others believed that a hypnotherapist (25.4%) or a religious healer (22.6%) is. As an immediate measure during an attack of epilepsy, most respondents (82.6%) agreed that protecting the patient's head is most important. During the postseizure period, 45.8% of respondents believed that offering the patient water or a cold or hot drink is appropriate. Two-thirds of the respondents (66.2%) agreed that epilepsy can be treated with drugs. Responses of the participants to the five items significantly differed with respect to age, gender, level of education, and occupation. CONCLUSION: Jordanians are reasonably well informed about most aspects of the management of epilepsy, but there is still a need for public education about this disorder.