The effect of different types of flowable restorative resins on microleakage of Class V cavities

This study evaluated the microleakage of Class V cavities restored with three different types of flowable resin restorative material and compared the effects of using their respective manufacturer's dentin adhesive or a different brand. Class V cavities with the occlusal margin in enamel and the gingival margin in dentin were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 48 non-carious human molars. The teeth were randomly assigned to three equal groups of 16. The first eight teeth in each group were restored with one of the flowable restorative materials (Filtek Flow, Dyract Flow, Admira Flow) using the manufacturer's recommended dentin adhesive (Single Bond, Prime & Bond NT, Admira Bond), and the remaining eight molars were restored using a different brand of dentin adhesive (Gluma Comfort Bond). The samples were thermocycled 200 times (5 degrees C-55 degrees C) with a one-minute dwell time. They were then immersed in a 2% basic fuchsin solution for 24 hours, sectioned and analyzed by stereomicroscopy. There was no statistically significant difference at the occlusal margins for either restoration used with its respective dentin adhesive. At the gingival margins, there was a significant difference among all groups. Flowable ormocer (Admira Flow/Admira Bond) displayed the least leakage at the gingival margins. When these flowable restoratives were used with a different brand of dentin adhesive, statistically significant differences were observed both on enamel and dentin. None of the restoratives tested fully prevented leakage at the gingival margins. No significant differences in microleakage were observed among the restorative materials used with respect to the manufacturer's dentin adhesive or a different brand except for Admira Flow restorative at the gingival margins. The gingival margins had significantly more microleakage than the occlusal margins (p < 0.05) except in the Admira Flow group, where microleakage at the occlusal and gingival margins was almost equal.     

3种自酸蚀粘结剂与3种树脂对V类洞的微渗漏影响

目的:比较3种自酸蚀粘结剂与3种树脂对牙齿V类洞的微渗漏的影响。方法:在45颗新鲜拔除的第三磨牙的颊舌侧颈部制备箱状(3 mm×2 mm×2 mm)V类洞。按随机数字法分为9组,每组有5颗牙齿,10个洞。有如下组合:A+D组(Easy one+Z350)、A+E组(Easy one+AP-X)、A+F组(Easy one+TPH)、B+D组(S3+Z350)、B+E组(S3+AP-X)、B+F组(S3+TPH)、C+D组(XV+Z350)、C+E组(XV+AP-X)、C+F组(XV+TPH)。按各粘结剂与复合树脂说明书方法,对每组洞进行相应的粘结剂和树脂充填。将牙放在37 ℃恒温水浴箱24 h后,室温下浸泡于1%的亚甲基蓝24 h,然后用金刚砂片将牙齿颊舌向切开为两半,在体式显微镜下观察微漏程度。结果:粘结剂S3 bond与不同树脂配伍使用时,其微渗漏存在显著性差异(P<0.05);粘结剂Easy one、Xeno V与不同树脂配伍使用时,其微渗漏不存在显著性差异;树脂Z350、可乐丽菲露AP-X与不同粘结剂配伍使用时,其结果存在显著性差异(P<0.05);树脂TPH与不同粘结剂使用时,其结果不存在显著性差异。结论:微渗漏的发生是粘结剂与树脂共同作用的结果。在临床用粘结剂与复合树脂修复V类洞时,应考虑其配伍性。     

Effect of pulp pressure on the micropermeability and sealing ability of etch & rinse and self-etching adhesives

This research evaluated the effect of pulp pressure on the micropermeability and sealing ability of etch & rinse and self-etching adhesives. Two etch & rinse adhesives (Prime&Bond NT and Admira Bond) and one self-etching adhesive (Xeno III) were used. Adhesive layer micropermeability was evaluated by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Eighteen molars were connected to a pulp pressure device and divided into two groups. One group was restored with pulp pressure and the other group without. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the adhesive used. The adhesives were rhodamine-labeled and Class V cavities were restored. After restoration, all specimens were kept under pulp pressure conditions for 24 hours with fluorescein-labeled pulp fluid. The specimens were sectioned and the axial wall was observed under CLSM. A microleakage test was performed to evaluate the sealing. Thirty molars were divided into two groups. One group was prepared with a pulp pressure device and the other group without. Each group was divided into three subgroups as a function of the adhesive used. Class V cavities were restored and the specimens were immersed in fuchsin and sectioned. Microleakage and dentin penetration were recorded in the occlusal and gingival walls. A CLSM study showed that the etch & rinse adhesives had higher micropermeability compared to the self-etching adhesives and pulp pressure made all the adhesives more permeable. In the occlusal wall, the best sealing (hermetic) was obtained when etch & rinse adhesives were used. Xeno obtained the lowest occlusal sealing values. In the gingival wall, Xeno obtained the best sealing, followed by Admira and Prime&Bond. Pulp fluid decreased gingival wall sealing when etch & rinse adhesives were used but not when self-etching adhesive was used.     

Effect of a plant-based hemostatic agent on microleakage of self-etching adhesives

Objective: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) contamination on the microleakage of one-step and two-step self-etching adhesives. Study design: Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 freshly extracted human molars. Teeth were randomly assigned into three groups according to contamination material applied (Group I, no contamination; Group II, blood contamination; Group III, ABS contamination). In contaminated groups, one drop of blood and ABS solution was applied directly to the dentin surface and air-dried. Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to bonding agent used [Group A, Clearfil SE Bond (two-step self-etching adhesive); Group B, Adper Easy One (one-step self-etching adhesive)]. Adhesive materials were applied according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The specimens were restored using a universal microhybrid composite (Arabesk). After thermocycling (5000x, 5°C – 55°C) and immersion in a 0.5% basic fuchsin, dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at p < 0.05. Results: Significantly higher microleakage scores were observed when one-step self-etching adhesive was applied to blood- and ABS-contaminated dentin. However, when a two-step self etching adhesive was used, microleakage was observed only following blood contamination, not following ABS contamination. Conclusions: Although, blood contamination before adhesive application resulted in increased microleakage with both one-step and two-step self-etching adhesive systems, ABS contamination did not affect microleakage when a two-step self-ething adhesive system was used. Key words:Ankaferd Blood Stopper, blood, microleakage, self-etching adhesive.     

Evaluation of microleakage using different bonding agents

This study evaluated microleakage in vitro using different bonding agents. Forty-two freshly extracted caries-free human teeth were randomly divided into seven groups of six teeth and restored with different adhesive systems: Single Bond, Prime&Bond NT, Excite, Durafill Bond, Etch&Prime 3.0, Prompt L-Pop and Vitremer as the control group. All groups were treated according to manufacturers' instructions. Class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces (3 x 2.5 x 1.5 mm) of each tooth (12 restorations per group), with gingival margins in dentin. The teeth were restored with Charisma resin composite. After finishing and polishing with Denco-Flex disks, the teeth were thermocycled for 200 cycles (5 degrees C-55 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C, 60-second dwell time). Apical foramina and surfaces around restorations were coated with nail varnish, stained in 50% AgNO3 solution for 12 hours and longitudinally sectioned. Microleakage was evaluated with a stereomicroscope. Marginal penetration was scored on a 0-4 scale. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant (p < or = 0.05) leakage at dentin margins for all adhesive systems when compared to the control. Except for Durafill Bond, no significant difference was found between the self-etching adhesives and one-bottle adhesives.     

The effect of pulse activation on microleakage of a 'packable' composite resin and two 'ormocers'

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of pulse polymerization on microleakage of one packable composite resin and two organically modified ceramics (ormocers), within a high C-factor preparation. Class-V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on 60 freshly extracted premolars or molars. Teeth were randomly assigned to 12 experimental groups (five teeth each) representing the different restorative systems, mode of polymerization and thermal cycling test. Three groups of 20 teeth each were restored with one of the following restorative systems: Scotch bond 1/Filtek P 60, Admira bond/Admira, Etch&Prime 3.0/Definite. 10 restorations of each restorative system (two experimental groups) were conventionally polymerized, whereas the other 10 restorations were polymerized with a pulse program. The specimens were stored in double-distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Ten restorations from each restorative system (30 restorations, half of the specimens) were thermocycled, the other 30 restorations were kept in double-distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Then all 60 restorations stained with dye, sectioned and scored for microleakage. Results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the materials with respect to microleakage scores. The experimental groups that were conventionally polymerized revealed significantly more microleakage (P < 0.05) after thermal cycling than all the other groups. The gingival microleakage was significantly more (P < 0.05) than occlusal in conventionally polymerized, thermocycled experimental groups.     

Does bonding to dentin reduce microleakage of composite restorations?

This study evaluated the effect of adhesive application only to enamel on the marginal microleakage of composite resin restorations performed with different adhesive systems. Standardized cylinder-shaped cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of eighty bovine incisors. Two etch-and-rinse (Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose [3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN USA] and Adper Single Bond 2 [3M ESPE]) and two self-etching (Clearfil SE Bond [Kuraray, Osaka, Japan] and Adper Prompt [3M ESPE]) adhesive systems were evaluated. The adhesives were applied only to enamel or to both dentin and enamel. After adhesive light-activation, the cavities were restored with composite resin. The samples were coated with two layers of nail polish, except an area of 1-mm wide around of the restoration, and immersed in a methylene blue solution. Afterwards, the specimens were ground in order to obtain powder which was immersed in absolute alcohol. The solutions were centrifuged and the supernatant was analyzed using an absorbance spectrophotometer. Linear regression was used to estimate the dye concentration. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). The etch-and-rinse adhesives showed lower microleakage means compared to those of the self-etching adhesives. Adper Prompt presented higher microleakage means. There was no difference between the modes of application of the adhesive on the cavity for all adhesive systems, except for Clearfil SE Bond. This showed lower microleakage when applied to the whole cavity. Bonding to dentin may not reduce microleakage of composite restorations.     

粘接剂与复合树脂的配伍性对微渗漏影响的探讨

目的通过对几种临床常用的粘接剂和复合树脂两两配伍使用,评价修复体的微渗漏情况,并初步探讨粘接剂和复合树脂粘接修复的配伍性。方法按照ISO/TS 11405标准要求,选择近期拔除的人第三磨牙45颗,在颊舌侧牙颈部分别制备直径3mm的Ⅴ类洞,随机分为9组,每组5颗牙,10个洞。分别采用三种粘接剂和各厂家要求的三种配套复合树脂两两配伍进行充填,材料固化后,浸入2%的亚甲基蓝溶液中染色24小时。沿牙体长轴在窝洞中心处纵切为两半,立体显微镜下观察亚甲基蓝染料渗入情况,并按ISO/TS 11405标准要求记分。结果同一复合树脂与不同的粘接剂配伍组间存在显著差异;对于三种粘接与不同的复合树脂配伍,除XP bond与不同的复合树脂配伍组之间均具有显著差异外,其余两种粘接剂未见明显差异。结论在临床选择粘接剂和复合树脂及在实验室条件下评价修复体边缘微渗漏时,应考虑粘接剂与复合树脂的配伍性。     

Microleakage study of different adhesive systems in Class V cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser and bur preparation

This study sought to compare the microleakage of composite resin restorations using two different dentin adhesive systems and two different modes of cavity preparation: a high-speed handpiece and an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Twenty-five caries-free permanent human premolars were assigned randomly into five groups of five. A high-speed handpiece was used to prepare Class V cavities on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 10 randomly selected teeth. Class V cavities were cut on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the remaining 15 teeth using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser system. Fifty cavities were prepared with enamel and dentin margins 1.0 mm below the cemento-enamel junction and assigned into five groups: I, II, and III by the Er,Cr:YSGG laser and IV and V by the high-speed handpiece. In all groups, the differences between gingival and occlusal leakage scores were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The occlusal and gingival scores of groups I and IV demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The lased group with additional acid etching revealed less microleakage than groups III and IV (p < 0.05). Both self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems demonstrated acceptable microleakage scores when used on Er,Cr:YSGG laser-prepared cavities; however, additional acid etching after Er,Cr:YSGG laser preparation is recommended.     

Comparison of bonding efficacy of an all-in-one adhesive with a self-etching primer system

The aim of this study was to compare the bonding efficacy of an all-in-one adhesive with that of a self-etching primer system by measuring microleakage after thermocycling and the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) to enamel and dentin. Circular class V cavities along cement-enamel junctions were prepared in 20 extracted human premolars. Each 10 teeth were bonded with either AD Bond (AD) or Clearfil SE Bond (SE), and filled with a resin composite (Charisma). After thermocycling and staining with 0.5% basic fuchsin, the microleakage at the coronal and apical walls was evaluated using longitudinal sections. In addition 20 premolars were used to measure microTBS at 24 h after bonding for these adhesives to enamel and dentin that corresponded to the coronal and apical walls of the class V cavities. AD showed more microleakage than SE in the coronal walls, but there was less microleakage in the apical walls and no difference in apical leakage between the two adhesives. microTBS (SD) in MPa to enamel and dentin were 25.2 (7.3) and 68.3 (9.4) for AD, and 35.8 (7.4) and 76.4 (7.8) for SE, respectively. AD gave a lower microTBS to enamel than did SE. The results suggested that the poor adaptation at the coronal wall in AD might be caused by the lower bond strength to enamel.     

Influence of operator skill on microleakege of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of operator skill on microleakage in class V restorations using simplified bonding systems. METHODS: Two cavities were carried out on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 human bicuspid teeth. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups according to the operator's skill: student group and expert group. The two cavities of each tooth were randomly treated with Adper Scotchbond 1 XT (total-etch adhesive) and Adper Prompt L-Pop (self-etch adhesive). All cavities were restored with a 0.2mm thick layer of flowable composite (Filtek flow) followed by one bulk increment of resin composite (Filtek Supreme XT). Specimens were thermocycled, immersed in 2% methylene blue and sectioned in a bucco-lingual plane. They were then examined under a stereomicroscope and scored according to microleakage. The data was subjected to a multilevel statistical model. RESULTS: At the dentine margin the microleakage resulting from both the self-etch adhesive and the total-etch one was similar in the student and in the expert groups. The interaction term skill x adhesive was not statistically significant (p=0.4156). At the enamel margin the self-etch adhesive microleakage within the student group resulted lower than that within the expert group. On the other hand, the total-etch adhesive microleakage within the expert group resulted lower than that within the student group. The interaction term skill x adhesive was statistically significant (p=0.0037). CONCLUSIONS: Both the adhesives used were sensitive to operator skill in obtaining a reliable seal with the enamel. On the dentine, both adhesives demonstrated little sensitivity to operator skill.     

Microleakage of self-etch primer/adhesives in endodontically treated teeth

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the coronal marginal leakage of endodontically treated teeth bonded with four self-etching adhesives and one total-etch adhesive system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigators prepared Class II cavities in 60 extracted human premolars. They performed conventional endodontic therapy using a resin-based sealer and gutta-percha points. They randomly assigned each tooth to a group receiving one of the following adhesives: Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan), FL Bond (Shofu, Kyoto, Japan), Single Bond (3M ESPE) or Xeno III (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany). They restored all teeth with resin-based composite material (Z250, 3M ESPE). Specimens underwent thermocycling and dye penetration and were sectioned longitudinally. The authors photographed the sections under a stereomicroscope. They transferred the images to an IBM-compatible personal computer for quantitative assessment of dye penetration using image analysis software. They analyzed data by means of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (P = .05) and evaluated two specimens from each group under scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: None of the tested self-etch adhesives completely eliminated microleakage. Dye leakage was restricted to the coronal cavity walls; it did not migrate toward the pulp chamber or toward the root canal. Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond showed significantly lower dye penetration values at occlusal and gingival margins. CONCLUSIONS: The coronal sealing performance of the tested self-etch adhesive systems in endodontically treated teeth was material-dependent. The use of Clearfil SE Bond in such teeth can help achieve a marginal seal comparable to that achieved with Single Bond.     

Microleakage study of three adhesive systems

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of three hydrophilic dentin adhesive systems to reduce class II restoration microleakage. A total of 60 human molar teeth were used in which two box cavities were made on the distal and mesial surfaces, with a cervical margin in dentin. These cavities were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 40 each), according to adhesive system tested: G1: OptiBond SOLO(R); G2: Amalgambond Plus(R); G3: Etch & Prime 3.0(R). The cavities were restored with the composite resin Z-100(R). The groups were thermocycled 2000 times (5 +/- 1 masculineC and 55 +/- 1 masculineC) with a dwell time of 1 min. The teeth were then immersed in 2% methylene blue, pH 7.0, for 4 h, sectioned and observed with a stereomicroscope MEIJI 2000 (35X). The evaluation was made using scores (0-4) and the results were expressed through the sum of the ranks. G1 = 1994.00; G2 = 2294.00; G3 = 2972.00. The three groups were significantly different. The self-etching adhesive system Etch & Prime 3.0 was less effective in preventing microleakage. The OptiBond SOLO adhesive was the most effective in reducing microleakage in dentin margins when compared with Amalgambond Plus and Etch & Prime 3.0.     

Influence of two self-etching primer systems on enamel adhesion

The aim of this study was to compare two self-etching and a total-etch adhesive systems by assessing their shear bond strength to bovine enamel and the microleakage on class V composite restorations prepared on bovine enamel. Bovine teeth selected and allocated in three groups: Group 1: Scothbond Multi-Purpose; Group 2: Clearfil Liner Bond 2V; Group 3: Etch & Prime 3.0. For the microleakage test, each group was composed of ten class V restorations on the buccal surface. Two examiners attributed scores ranging from 0 (without leakage) to 3 (maximum leakage) to determine silver nitrate penetration at enamel-composite interface. Microleakage data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at 5% significance level. For the bond strength test, ten teeth of each group were included, had their buccal surfaces flattened in order to obtain a 3-mm-diameter area to which a resin cylinder was bonded. After one week, the specimens were tested in shear strength at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Bond strength data were treated by ANOVA and LSD tests at 5% significance level. The debonded interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy. No leakage was observed along enamel margins. Means (+/- SD) in MPa were: 18.75 (+/-5.83), 22.17 (+/-4.95) and 14.93 (+/-6.7) for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. According to the results of this study, the self-etching primer systems presented statistically similar behavior (p>0.05) to that of the total-etch adhesive system (used as a control), not only regarding marginal leakage at bovine enamel-composite resin interface, but also regarding the shear bond strength of the bovine enamel. However, the self-etching primer systems differed significantly (p>0.05) to each other, with better results for Clearfil Liner Bond 2V. In conclusion, the self-etching primer systems had a performance comparable to that of the total-etch adhesive system.     

Effect of insertion technique and adhesive system on microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different insertion techniques and adhesive systems on microleakage of Class V composite resin restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight human molars were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 12). Standardized mixed Class V cavities (enamel and dentin margins) were prepared at the CEJ. A total-etch (Adper Scotchbond MultiPurpose) and a self-etching (iBond) adhesive system were evaluated using either an incremental or single-step (bulk) insertion technique. The preparations were restored with Esthet*X micromatrix hybrid composite. The teeth were thermocycled 1000 cycles, immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 h, and invested in acrylic resin. The specimen blocks were then sectioned longitudinally, with dye penetration (microleakage) examined with a 20X binocular microscope. Enamel and dentin margins were scored separately for microleakage using an ordinal ranking system. Results were analyzed using non-parametric tests at a p < 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: Significance was exhibited between the groups (adhesive material/insertion technique) at the coronal and apical margins. At the coronal margin, the total-etch adhesive/incremental insertion group exhibited significantly less leakage than the other groups, while at the apical margin, the total-etch adhesive/incremental insertion group showed significantly less leakage than the self-etching adhesive/bulk insertion group. Significantly less leakage was found at the coronal margins compared to the apical margins of the material/technique groups. CONCLUSION: The use of a total-etch adhesive system and incremental insertion of composite significantly reduced microleakage at the coronal and apical margins of Class V composite restorations.     

Microtensile bond strength of total-etch and self-etch adhesives to the enamel walls of Class V cavities

PURPOSE: To determine the difference in microtensile bond strengths (MTBS) of resin-based composite bonded to the enamel of cavity preparations using a conventional or a self-etching adhesive. METHODS: Buccal and lingual Class V cavities were prepared in each of 12 caries-free human molars. Six teeth were randomly selected to be restored with Spectrum TPH resin-based composite and Prime & Bond NT adhesive. The remaining six teeth were restored with the same composite and Prompt L-Pop self-etching adhesive. Enamel/composite sticks were cut from each specimen and subjected to microtensile bond testing. Each debonded specimen was evaluated by SEM to determine the mode of failure. RESULTS: The mean MTBS for Prime & Bond NT specimens was 15.2+/-13.1 MPa. The mean MTBS for Prompt L-Pop self-etching adhesive samples was 18.2+/-14.3 MPa. ANOVA demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the mean MTBS associated with the two adhesives (P> 0.05). The results of SEM analysis revealed that the bonding failures occurred primarily at the interface between the adhesive and the enamel, suggesting a primarily adhesive failure.     

Morphological characterization of the interface between self-etching adhesives and vital dentin

PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vivo interface between one total-etch and two self-etching adhesives to dentin. METHODS: Two self-etching primers, SE Bond and Hybrid Bond and one total-etch adhesive, Admira Bond, were applied in vivo to flat dentin surfaces on human teeth scheduled for extraction. After adhesive application and curing, a thin layer of resin composite was applied and cured. The teeth were extracted immediately after adhesive application. All samples were split fractured along their long axes. Half of the samples were decalcified and deproteinized to permit visualization of the hybrid layer. The other halves were completely dissolved to observe the morphology of resin tags. RESULTS: The total-etch system Admira Bond showed a thick hybrid layer and long resin tags, while SE Bond showed very thin hybrid layer with short resin tags. The findings of Hybrid Bond were similar to that of Admira Bond.     

Microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations placed with self-etching adhesives

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although they are widely available, there is insufficient information about the capability of self-etching adhesives in sealing the margins of resin composite restorations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations placed using a strong pH self-etching adhesive, an intermediate pH self-etching adhesive, and an adhesive with a separate etchant and primer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Class V resin composite restorations (n = 8) were placed in prepared cavities in extracted human third molars using 2 self-etching dentin adhesives, Prompt L-Pop (Strong pH) or One-Up Bond F (Intermediate pH), and an adhesive with a separate etchant and primer, ScotchBond Multi-Purpose. The restored teeth received 1000 thermal cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C water baths with a 1-minute dwell time and were subsequently subjected to a methylene blue dye challenge and sectioned. The sectioned specimens were scored as demonstrating none, slight, or severe leakage (n=16). Ranked data were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance at a 5% confidence level. RESULTS: The only leakage observed was along gingival margins, with an incidence of 31% for Prompt L-Pop and One-Up Bond F, and 50% for ScotchBond Multi-Purpose. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in marginal leakage were found among the adhesives tested.     

An in-vitro study of microleakage around class V cavities bonded with a self-etching material versus a conventional two-bottle system.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microleakage around class V restorations restored with either a self-etching adhesive system or a conventional two-bottle adhesive system used with "total etch" technique, and their recommended resin-based composites (RBC).METHODS: Two types of adhesive systems were used. A self-etching adhesive, Etch and Prime 3.0 (Degussa AG, Hanau, Germany), and a conventional two-bottle adhesive, Gluma Solid Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). The bonding systems were used in strict accordance with the manufacturers' instructions, except that, with the two-bottle adhesive system, the cavities were filled with either a "wet" or a "dry" bonding technique, subsequent to acid-etching with 20% phosphoric acid. Etch & Prime 3.0 was used in conjunction with Degufill Mineral (Degussa, Hanau, Germany) RBC and Gluma Solid Bond with Flow Line RBC (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). Standardised bucco-cervical cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 15 extracted maxillary first premolar teeth; all cavity margins were in enamel. Ten of the resulting cavities (Group A) were restored using Etch & Prime 3.0 and Degufill Mineral, ten (Group B) using Gluma Solid Bond (Wet Bond), and ten (Group C) using Gluma Solid Bond (Dry Bond). Leakage scores at occlusal and gingival margins were calculated after thermocycling 500 times between baths, held at 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively, with 30 seconds dwell time in both. Data were analysed by the Fisher Exact Test.RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the self-etching adhesive and conventional two-bottle adhesive systems at either the occlusal or the gingival margins. With the self-etching adhesive, there was no statistically significant difference in leakage scores between occlusal and gingival margins. There was a statistically significant difference between the occlusal and the gingival margins when a "wet" or "dry" bonding technique was used with the conventional two-bottle adhesive system.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the application of a conventional two-bottle bonding system used with a "total etch" technique is better than that of a self-etching adhesive system. With the former, the use of a "wet" bonding does not give better results than a "dry" bonding technique.     

Microleakage of cervical cavities restored with flowable composites

PURPOSE: To investigate the microleakage of cervical cavities restored with flowable composites in conjunction with an all-in-one adhesive system (AQ Bond) and an experimental two-step self-etching primer system (ABF) after thermocycling or flexural load cycling. METHODS: 180 wedge-shaped cervical cavities on the labial surfaces of bovine incisors were treated with AQ Bond or ABF according to the manufacturers' instructions. The treated cavities were filled with one of three flowable composites (AElite Flo, Metafil Flo or Protect Liner F). Ten of 30 specimens for each group were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution immediately after finishing of the restorations. Specimens to be subjected to thermocycling (5-60 degrees C, 15 seconds dwell time, 5000 cycles) or to flexural load cycling (approximately 0.5 mm labio-lingual displacement at the incisal edge, 10,000 cycles, 1 Hz) prior to immersion in the dye were also prepared. After 24-hour storage in the dye solution, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally through the center of the restorations, and the degrees of dye penetration scored. The microleakage scores of a hybrid composite (Clearfil AP-X) obtained from our previous study were used for comparison. The data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: No significant differences in the microleakage patterns and scores were found among the flowable composites. On the other hand, significant differences in the microleakage patterns and scores were observed between the flowable and the hybrid composites. Thermocycling caused deterioration of marginal integrity, and the flowable composites showed more microleakage than the hybrid composite. In contrast, flexural load cycling did not cause deterioration of the marginal integrity when the cavities were filled with the flowable composites. Statistical analysis also revealed that the adhesive systems played a large role in the microleakage patterns.