高效液相色谱法同时测定注射用丹红（粉针剂）中4种有效成分

目的:同时测定注射用丹红(粉针剂)中丹参素、原儿茶醛、羟基红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Luna C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:0.05%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱程序为:0～80min,A:100%→67%,B:0%→33%;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长:280 nm。结果:建立了同时测定注射用丹红(粉针剂)中4种成分含量的方法。丹参素、原儿茶醛、羟基红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 的线性范围分别为56.3～338μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),7.92～47.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996),16.4～98.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),32.0～193μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=9)分别为99.7%,99.3%,99.2%,98.8%。结论:该方法简便、准确,重复性好,为注射用丹红(粉针剂)的质量控制提供了定量方法。     

RP—HPLC法同时测定丹红粉针中丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素A和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立 RP-HPLC 法测定丹红粉针中丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 等4种有效成分的含量。方法:采用 Apollo-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以1%冰醋酸-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温25℃;检测波长280 nm。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 浓度分别在1.12～11.2,0.256～2.56,3.46～34.6,36.2～362μg·mL~(-1)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r≥0.9995),方法平均回收率分别为99.5%、101.0%、98.8%和100.8%(RSD<3.0%,n=9)。结论:本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于同时测定丹红注射剂中丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 的含量。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定脑血栓片中丹参素、原儿茶醛、芍药苷、阿魏酸和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立同时测定脑血栓片中丹参素、原儿茶醛、芍药苷、阿魏酸和丹酚酸 B 含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Zorbax Extend-C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),流动相:1%甲酸甲醇溶液(A)-1%甲酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱[0～8 min,A-B(8:92);8～23 min,A-B(8:92)→A-B(40:60)],流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃,检测器:DAD 检测器,检测波长为280 nm。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、芍药苷、阿魏酸和丹酚酸 B 的线性范围分别为0.072～0.72μg(r=0.9999),0.04～0.4μg(r=0.9999),0.032～0.32μg(r=0.9999),0.002～0.02μg(r=0.9993),0.08～0.8μg(r=0.9997);平均加样回收率(n=3)分别为97.2%,97.7%,98.3%,98.3%,96.7%。结论:本方法简便快速,结果准确可靠,适用于脑血栓片的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC同时测定冠心宁注射液中丹参素、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定冠心宁注射液中丹参素、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B的含量。方法:采用Kromasil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(A)-0.05%三氟乙酸(B),梯度洗脱(0～65 min,2%A→30%A),流速0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长288 nm,柱温40℃。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B进样量分别在0.352～7.032μg(r=0.9999),0.080～1.594μg(r=0.9999),0.016～0.322μg(r=0.9999),0.057～1.133μg(r=0.9999),0.122～2.446μg(r=0.9999)范围内呈现良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为100.9%(RSD=1.5%),102.4%(RSD=0.9%),103.6%(RSD=0.9%),102.6%(RSD=2.0%),102.0%(RSD=2.1%);重复性试验,5个成分含量的RSD(n=6)均小于2.5%。结论:所建立的方法简便、准确,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于冠心宁注射液的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC—ECD测定通脉颗粒中3种化合物

目的:建立测定通脉颗粒中原儿茶醛、阿魏酸和黄芩苷的 RP-HPLC-ECD 分析方法。方法:采用 RP-HPLC-ECD 检测法,以 Zorbax SB—C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5.0 μm)为色谱柱,甲醇(A)、2%醋酸(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1);电化学检测器的工作电位为0.9 V;柱温为30℃。结果:原儿茶醛、阿魏酸和黄芩苷的线性范围分别为0.138～12.4μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),0.130～11.7μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9992)和0.192～240μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998);平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为97.4%(RSD=0.8%),98.7%(RSD=2.3%)和97.9%(RSD=2.9%)。结论:该法快速、灵敏、准确,可为通脉颗粒的质量控制提供科学依据。     

HPLC法测定肾衰宁胶囊中的4种成分

目的建立HPLC法同时测定肾衰宁胶囊中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B和大黄素的含量。方法采用Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈(A)-甲醇(B)-5 mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液(C),梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温:30℃;丹参素、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B的检测波长均为280 nm,大黄素的检测波长为254 nm。结果丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B和大黄素分别在66.79～1 068.64 (r_1=0.999 6),5.63～90.15 (r_2=0.999 9),748.80～11 980.80 (r_3=0.999 8)和500.00～8 067.68μg·mL~(-1)(r_4=0.999 9)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.24%(RSD=0.13%),98.55%(RSD=0.45%),98.37%(RSD=0.30%)和99.44%(RSD=0.41%)。结论该方法分离效果好、简便、重复性好,适用于肾衰宁胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定鼻敏感颗粒中的11种成分

目的建立同时测定鼻敏感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、甘草苷、肉桂酸、毛蕊异黄酮、甘草酸、6-姜辣素、五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子甲素、五味子乙素的方法。方法采用Hedera-C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长210 nm,柱温30℃。结果盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、甘草苷、肉桂酸、毛蕊异黄酮、甘草酸、6-姜辣素、五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子甲素、五味子乙素线性范围分别为0.6175~19.76μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.6494~20.78μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.2142~13.71μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.082 40~5.275μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.1558~9.970μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、1.888~60.42μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.1581~10.12μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.1616~10.34μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.077 80~4.980μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.080 00~5.120μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.082 90~5.305μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为101.7%(RSD=2.3%)、102.2%(RSD=1.7%)、98.9%(RSD=2.7%)、100.0%(RSD=2.4%)、98.9%(RSD=1.6%)、102.0%(RSD=2.7%)、100.0%(RSD=2.4%)、99.4%(RSD=2.6%)、100.3%(RSD=1.9%)、101.5%(RSD=1.3%)、101.3%(RSD=1.2%)。结论本试验建立的鼻敏感颗粒的多成分测定方法可靠,重复性好,可用于鼻敏感颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定丹香冠心注射液中3个成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定丹香冠心注射液中丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B 3个成分的含量。方法:采用AgilentZorbax SB-Cl8(3.0 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.5%醋酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速0.5 mL.min-1,检测波长288 nm。结果:丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B浓度分别在76.84～1921μg.mL-1(r=0.9996)、9.624～240.6μg.mL-1(r=0.9999)、10.08～252.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9994)范围内呈良好的线性关系;上述3个成分精密度试验的RSD<1%,48 h内稳定性试验的RSD<2%,加样回收率试验的RSD<2%。结论:本文方法简便可靠,能同时测定丹香冠心注射液中丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B 3个有效成分的含量,可用于丹香冠心注射液的质量控制。     

丹参注射剂中丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B的同时测定

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定丹参注射剂中丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B等4种有效成分的含量。方法:色谱柱为Hypersil C18(4.6 mm ×250 mm,5μm);流动相由甲醇(A)和5％冰醋酸(B)组成,进行梯度洗脱,在0～5 min,B体积分数为90％,5～10 min,B体积分数由90％线性改变至65％,10～20 min,维持B体积分数为65％,流速为1.0 mL·min-1;柱温30℃,检测波长为281 nm;对羟基苯甲酸作为内标物。结果:丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B浓度分别在3.95～47.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、4.47～53.6μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、5.14～61.7μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和8.40～117μg·mL-1(r=0.9994)范围内呈良好线性关系,丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的平均回收率分别为99.45％(RSD=3.6％,n=6),97.57％(RSD=2.8％,n=6),100.2％(RSD=3.9％,n=6)和100.2％(RSD=3.2％,n=6)。测定了6批丹参注射液样品。结论:方法简便,分离效果好,能同时测定丹参注射剂中丹酚酸B、丹参素、原儿茶醛、原儿茶酸等4种水溶性成分的含量,结果准确可靠。     

HPLC法同时测定心可宁胶囊中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定心可宁胶囊中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的含量,以更好地控制丹参的质量。方法:采用Alltech C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸梯度洗脱,流量1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长280 nm。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的线性范围分别为0.190 6～1.906 2μg(r=0.999 8)、0.021 3～0.213 1μg(r=1)、0.172 7～1.727 7μg(r=1);平均回收率(n=6)分别为97.6%(RSD=1.5%)、102.2%(RSD=1.2%)、99.5%(RSD=1.6%)。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.