肌皮神经肱肌肌支移位术的电生理研究

目的应用电生理技术研究肱肌肌支的神经根来源及探索肱肌肌支移位术的可行性和有效性。方法选择10名臂丛损伤作健侧C7移位术的患者,术中暴露正常的臂丛神经,用Reporter四道程肌电诱发电位仪,刺激C5~T1神经根,在肱肌记录诱发电位并计算其潜伏期及波幅。对1例肩外展、屈肘功能正常而手部无功能的C7脊髓损伤患者,在右侧上肢行肌皮神经肱肌肌支移位术,术中将肱肌肌支移至骨间前神经,以恢复手指屈曲功能。结果10名行健侧C7移位者术中刺激C5~C7均记录到复合肌肉动作电位(compoundmuscleactionpotential,CMAP),而刺激C8T1则无CMAP出现。C5~7CMAP的潜伏期为[(6.32±1.50)ms,x-±s,下同]、(6.51±1.36)ms和(6.99±1.33)ms,波幅为(2.81±3.17)mV、(3.01±3.20)mV和(1.55±1.99)mV。其中以C6的波幅最大,提示C6支配肱肌的纤维数可能最多,但经统计学处理,各神经根间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。1例患者术后第2天检查屈肘功能正常,电生理检测肱二头肌为单纯相。术后1年半随访,术侧拇示指出现屈曲动作。结论肱肌同时接受来自C5~7神经纤维的支配,该肌支移位至C8T1为主支配的正中神经是可行及有效的。     

上中下三干后股对指总伸肌及肱三头肌长头交叉支配的电生理研究

目的通过术中电生理检测,在臂丛神经中找到指总伸肌支配神经的相对集中区,为神经移位重建伸指功能新术式的设计提供理论依据。方法2008年2月-2009年10月,17例臂丛神经撕脱伤行健侧C7神经根移位术。应用Keypoint型肌电图仪,术中分别对上、中、下三干后股进行电刺激,在指总伸肌及肱三头肌长头记录复合肌肉动作电位（compound muscle action potential,CMAP）。结果指总伸肌记录到的CMAP最大波幅有76．5％（13／17）为电刺激下干后股,17．6％（3／17）为电刺激中干后股,5．9％（1／17）为电刺激上干后股。电刺激上、中、下三干后股在指总伸肌记录到的CMAP波幅平均值分别为：0．75±1．16mV,1．64±1．54mV,5．32±4．58mV。在肱三头肌长头记录到的最大CMAP波幅有53％（9／17）为电刺激中干后股,47％（8／17）为电刺激下干后股。电刺激中干及下干后股在肱三头肌长头记录到的CMAP平均波幅分别为4．57±3．84mV,5．98±8．43mV。结论支配指总伸肌的神经纤维来自下千后股比C7后股的多,而下干后股亦是肱三头肌长头的主要支配神经。     

大鼠肱肌肌支的脊髓神经根定位

目的 比较逆行示踪法及肌电图检测法在定位肱肌肌支及肱肌脊髓神经根起源中的价值,并探讨将肌电图检测法运用于定位人类肌皮神经肱肌肌支脊髓神经根起源的可能性.方法 在大鼠臂丛神经根切断-保留模型中运用神经元逆行示踪法定位肱肌肌支及肱肌的脊髓神经根起源;通过分析刺激大鼠各臂丛神经根时肱肌记录到的CMAP指标定位肱肌肌支及肱肌的脊髓神经根起源.结果 大鼠桡神经肱肌肌支的运动纤维主要来源于C7神经根,大鼠肌皮神经肱肌肌支的运动纤维主要来源于C5、6神经根;在定位大鼠肱肌的脊髓神经根起源时,肌电图法与逆行示踪法的检测结果基本一致.结论 通过分析逆行示踪和肌电图检测的结果,能够精确定位大鼠特定神经、肌肉的脊髓神经根来源;在临床研究中,肌电图检测法可以用于定位人类肌皮神经肱肌肌支的脊髓神经根起源.     

产瘫后主动肌与拮抗肌同步收缩模型的建立

目的 复制出产瘫在自然病程中较成年臂丛神经损伤更容易发生主动肌与拮抗肌同步收缩的动物模型。方法 取幼年和成年SD大鼠各12只,将右侧臂丛神经上干切断后,用硅胶管桥接使形成神经缺损3mm。1个月后显露并分别刺激C5、C6神经根做神经电图检查。结果 C5神经根刺激同时记录三角肌与大圆肌的诱发电位波幅峰值,在幼年两者的波幅比值为0.96±0.10,成年为4.54±2.70,两者差异有极显著性(秩和值T=202.0,P=0.0068)。C6神经根刺激同时记录肱二头肌与肱三头肌的诱发电位波幅峰值,幼年比值为0.99±0.11,成年为3.66±2.19,两者差异有极显著性(秩和值T=222.0,P=0.0004)。结论 臂丛神经上干损伤后在自然恢复过程中,幼年大鼠较成年容易发生主动肌与拮抗肌的同步收缩,因此大鼠是研究产瘫后同步收缩发生机制的适宜动物。     

肌电观察肱骨外上髁的神经支配

目的 了解肱骨外上髁的神经支配与颈神经根的关系。方法 对10例臂丛神经损伤患者，在作健侧C7神经根移位术中，用针电极刺激肱骨外上髁，在C5—T1神经根记录其动作电位的潜伏期和波幅。结果 除1例在T1神经根未记录到动作电位外，9例均记录到动作电位；其中以C7神经根的动作电位波幅最高。结论 肱骨外上髁的神经支配与臂丛神经的C7神经根密切相关。     

同侧C_7神经根移位后对其支配肌影响的初步观察

目的　观察C7神经移位后对C7神经根所支配肌肉功能的影响。方法　 1996年 2月至 2 0 0 0年 2月 ,对 7例臂丛上干或C5,6神经根损伤患者 ,均采用同侧C7神经根 (全部 )移位修复 ;并观察手术前、后背阔肌、肱三头肌及指总伸肌肌力及肌电的变化。术后 1周 7例 ,术后 4个月 6例 ,术后 1年 5例进行了肌力测定及肌电检查。结果　术后 1周背阔肌、肱三头肌及指总伸肌的肌力较术前均有所下降 ,下降幅度多在 1级以内。肌力的下降均呈可逆性 ,术后 4个月三块肌肉的肌力均已恢复正常。术后 3个时间组三块肌肉CMAP(复合肌肉动作电位 )的波幅、潜伏期和术前比无明显影响。结论　臂丛上干损伤采用同侧C7移位后 ,供区背阔肌肌力下降最明显 ,肱三头肌次之 ,指总伸肌最小。     

肱三头肌及指总伸肌电生理支配权重分析在同侧C7神经根移位术中的临床意义

目的 分析在健侧C7神经根移位术中得出的臂丛神经各干对肱三头肌/指总伸肌的电生理支配权重,推断其对于同侧C7神经根移位术的影响,为探讨其安全性和适应证提供电生理依据.方法 随机选择2007年8月-2007年10月15例全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤,行健侧C7神经根移位的患者.男13例,女2例:年龄18～49岁,平均28岁.致伤原因:坠落伤1例,压砸伤2例,余均为车祸伤.左侧8例,右侧7例.术中依次刺激健侧臂丛神经上、中、下干,于肱三头肌/指总伸肌记录复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP),比较各干的CMAP波幅所占百分比,确定臂丛神经各干对肱三头肌,指总伸肌的电生理支配权重.术后6个月内随访肱三头肌/指总伸肌肌力,并复查肌电图了解其自发电活动和主动募集反应情况.结果 15例患者均获随访6个月.肱三头肌的电生理支配权重:上中干型3例(20%),中下干型3例(20%),全干型7例(47%),中干型2例(13%);指总伸肌:中下干型3例(20%),全干型10例(67%),下干型2例(13%).肱三头肌:术后1个月,2例出现肱三头肌肌力4级,募集反应单纯相,至术后3个月恢复正常.余患者术后1个月肌力均达5级,募集反应单纯混合相或混合相.指总伸肌:术后1个月,患者肌力及募集反应均恢复正常.结论 对于各种电生理支配权重的患者,C7神经根的切取均不会造成肱三头肌和指总伸肌的实质性损害,同侧C7神经根移位术是安全可行的;但对于中干支配权重高的患者,采用同侧C7神经根全干移位应慎重,有可能造成肱三头肌短期内的肌力下降.     

臂丛颈7神经根支配主要代表肌的电生理研究

目的 通过电生理检测分析臂丛颈,神经根的主要代表肌.方法 选择16例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤行健侧颈7神经根移位的患者,术中采用电生理检测,对颈7神经根支配肌的波幅进行分析,确定颈7神经根的主要代表肌.结果 电生理检测表明背阔肌与肱三头肌长头均可较好地代表颈7神经根的功能.尤其是肱三头肌长头在所有16例患者的检测中,刺激颈7神经根所得复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅值均明显大于其余神经根所得波幅值;而背阔肌有4例(占25.0%),在刺激颈6神经根时所得CMAP波幅值与颈,神经根接近.结论 将肱三头肌长头、背阔肌作为定位颈,神经根的代表肌更具有合理性与科学性.     

不同术式切断C7神经根后对神经支配肌影响的实验研究

目的　研究切断大鼠 C7神经根不同纤维束组后其支配肌的肌电图变化 ,为临床选择性 C7神经根移位术提供理论根据。方法　 SD大鼠 2 4只 ,按手术术式不同随机分成 3组 ,每组 8只鼠。A组 :单纯切断上干 ;B组 :切断上干及部分中干 ( C7前股前外侧部分 ) ;C组 :切断上干及全中干。左侧为实验侧 ,右侧为自身正常对照组。术后 4周 ,各组大鼠测定双侧背阔肌、肱三头肌、指总伸肌的复合肌肉动作电位 ( CMAP) ,并计算其潜伏期和波幅。所得数据进行统计学处理。结果　与对照组相比 ,C组背阔肌、肱三头肌及指总伸肌 CMAP的波幅及潜伏期均有明显的变化 ,波幅衰减、潜伏期延长 ;以背阔肌受的影响最为显著。A、B两组上述肌肉 CMAP的波幅及潜伏期均无明显改变。结论　单纯上干损伤后切取 C7神经根前股前外侧束组对 C7神经根主要支配肌 (背阔肌、肱三头肌、指总伸肌 )并无多大影响 ;而 C7全干切断后对上述肌肉影响较大     

臂丛神经根对手指感觉的支配

目的探讨臂丛神经根对手指感觉的支配,为临床诊断臂丛神经根损伤提供依据。方法2003年6月～2005年1月,收治全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者10例,男8例,女2例;年龄18～47岁。受伤至就诊时间为2～8个月。均行健侧C7神经根移位术,术中行电生理检查。指环电极置于手指,依次在颈部各臂丛神经根记录,测定感觉动作电位潜伏期和波幅。结果刺激拇、食指,臂丛各神经根均可引出感觉动作电位,C5-7神经根引出的感觉动作电位潜伏期短于C8、T1神经根,波幅大于C8、T1神经根,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;刺激中指,C7、8、T1神经根可引出感觉动作电位,C7神经根引出的感觉动作电位潜伏期短于C8、T1神经根,波幅大于C8、T1神经根,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;刺激环指,C8、T1神经根引出的感觉动作电位潜伏期短于C7神经根,波幅大于C7神经根,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;刺激小指,T1神经根引出的感觉动作电位潜伏期短于C7、8神经根,波幅大于C7、8神经根,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论臂丛神经根对手指感觉的支配存在交叉,拇、食指主要由C5-7神经根支配;中指的感觉支配较多来自C7神经根;环指的感觉支配主要来自C8、T1神经根;小指的感觉支配主要来自T1神经根。     

臂丛下干损伤不同修复术式的疗效比较

目的评价臂丛神经下干损伤不同修复术式的疗效。方法研究并比较26例臂丛神经下干损伤患者用3种不同神经移位修复正中神经后的疗效。A组:肌皮神经肱肌支移位(6例),B组:健侧C7移位(10例),C组:肋间神经移位(10例)。术后平均随访15个月,观察正中神经功能恢复情况,并测定其握力、肌力和正中神经的运动神经传导速度(MNCV)和复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)的潜伏期和波幅。结果A组5例能完成屈指动作,1例仅随访6个月屈指动作尚未恢复。B组5例能完成屈指动作,5例不能。C组6例能完成屈指动作,4例不能。术后3、6、12个月的握力和肌力,A组与B、C组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);B、C组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3、6、12个月,A组正中神经CMAP的潜伏期较B、C组增快、波幅增高(P<0.05);正中神经的MNCV快于B、C组(P<0.05),B、C组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肌皮神经肱肌支移位,由于神经再生至正中神经支配靶肌肉的距离比健侧C7和肋间神经短,故其屈指功能的恢复明显好于B、C组。     

Effect of brachial plexus co-activation on phrenic nerve conduction time

BACKGROUND: Diaphragm function can be assessed by electromyography of the diaphragm during electrical phrenic nerve stimulation (ES). Whether phrenic nerve conduction time (PNCT) and diaphragm electrical activity can be reliably measured from chest wall electrodes with ES is uncertain. METHODS: The diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was recorded using an oesophageal electrode and lower chest wall electrodes during ES in six normal subjects. Two patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis were also studied. Stimulations were deliberately given in a manner designed to avoid or incur co-activation of the brachial plexus. RESULTS: For the oesophageal electrode the PNCT was similar with both stimulation techniques with mean (SE) values of 7.1 (0.2) and 6.8 (0.2) ms, respectively (pooled left and right values). However, for surface electrodes the PNCT was substantially shorter when the brachial plexus was activated (4.4 (0.1) ms) than when it was not (7.4 (0.2) ms) (mean difference 3.0 ms, 95% CI 2.7 to 3.4, p<0.0001). A small short latency CMAP was recorded from the lower chest wall electrodes during stimulation of the brachial plexus alone. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that lower chest wall electrodes only accurately measure PNCT when care is taken to avoid stimulating the brachial plexus. A false positive CMAP response to phrenic stimulation could be caused by inadvertent stimulation of the brachial plexus. This finding may further explain why the diaphragm CMAP recorded from chest wall electrodes can be unreliable with cervical magnetic stimulation during which brachial plexus activation occurs.     

Electrophysiological study of the dominant motor innervation to the extensor digitorum communis muscle and long head of triceps brachii at posterior divisions of brachial plexus

Background: Restoration of elbow and finger extension function is still challenging in management of complete brachial plexus avulsion injury, mainly because of fewer available donor nerves for transfer to the radial nerve. Selective neurotization could be a potentially alternative for overcoming this dilemma. This study was designed to identify the innervation dominance of the extensor digitorum communis muscle (EDCM) and long head of the triceps brachii (LTB) at the level of division of brachial plexus. Methods: From February 2008 to October 2009, 17 patients with complete brachial plexus avulsion injury underwent the procedure of contralateral C7 nerve root transfer. The posterior divisions of brachial plexus on the healthy donor side were intraoperatively stimulated and the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the extensor digitorum communis muscle and long head of triceps brachii were recorded by an electrophysiological device. Results: In 13 out of 17 patients (76.5%), the maximal amplitude of CMAP from EDCM was induced by stimulation of the posterior division of lower trunk (PDLT). The mean amplitudes of CMAP from EDCM with stimulation of the posterior division of upper trunk (PDUT), middle trunk (PDMT), and PDLT were 0.64 ± 0.95, 1.64 ± 1.56, and 5.32 ± 4.67 mV (P < 0.05), respectively. The maximal amplitude of CMAP from LTB was induced mainly by stimulation of the PDMT) and PDLT (6 out of 11 and 5 out of 11 patients). The mean amplitudes of CMAP from LTB with stimulation of the PDUT, PDMT, and PDLT were 0.15 ± 0.24, 5.20 ± 4.27, and 7.48 ± 9.90 mV, respectively. The differences of CMAPs between stimulation of PDUT and other two divisions were significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: From the electrophysiological point of view, this study showed that the PDLT was the major motor division innervating EDCM, and the PDMT and PDLT shared the similar proportion of LTB innervation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.     

Pre-, intra-, and postoperative electrophysiologic analysis of the recovery of old injuries of the peripheral nerve and brachial plexus after microsurgical management

This prospective electrophysiologic study compares the analysis of the pre-, intra-, and postoperative results of 38 surgically treated patients suffering from old injuries of the peripheral nerve (n=28) and brachial plexus (n=10). The period from injury until surgery for the peripheral nerve group ranged from 1.2 to 50 years and, in the brachial plexus group, from 1.2 to 12 years. A statistical electrophysiologic analysis was done: 1) to compare intraoperative amplitude and latency changes of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) at commencement and on completion of surgery; 2) to compare amplitude and latency changes of CMAP and recruitment (voluntary muscle activity) prior to and 1 year after surgery. In the peripheral nerve group, intraoperative electrophysiologic recordings of CMAP showed a low amplitude at the onset of surgery and significant increase on completion of surgery after neurolysis (p=0.0001) with improvement of latency (p=0.001). The statistical analysis of recruitment of muscles showed a 60 percent improvement 1 year after neurolysis (27 patients) and good recovery after nerve graft (1 patient). There were no statistically significant differences in results in patients under 40 years of age, compared to those above 40 years of age. In the brachial plexus group, statistical analysis of recruitment showed voluntary muscle activity in 45 percent of muscles 1 year after neurolysis (7 patients) and in 42 percent of muscles after nerve graft and neurotization (3 patients). Intraoperative electrophysiologic findings provide useful information during surgery for old peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injury. Intraoperative and postoperative electrophysiologic analyses suggest that the viability of the old injured nerve tissue is longer than previously considered, thus providing a longer period of time in which nerve recovery can occur.     

腕管综合征术中神经电生理检测与手术疗效评价的初步探讨

目的 通过对腕管综合征术前、术中正中神经-拇短展肌复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP)变化的观察,寻求检测手术效果的可靠指标和时机.方法 对15例腕管综合征行腕管切开正中神经松解术的患者,分别于术前(臂丛神经阻滞麻醉后)、正中神经松解术毕松止血带后即刻及1、3、5、7 min检测正中神经-拇短展肌CMAP潜伏期和波幅的动态变化,并与术前检测值进行统计学分析.方果 正中神经松解术毕松止血带后即刻至5 min,正中神经.拇短展肌CMAP的潜伏期和波幅随时间变化而有显著改变(P<0.05),5 min以后的变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).正中神经-拇短展肌CMAP的潜伏期比术前缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但波幅与术前相比差异有明显统计学意义(P<0.01).方论 对腕管综合征行神经松解术后,拇短展肌CMAP的波幅比其潜伏期更能体现神经松解的疗效,而在松止血带5 min后进行神经电生理检测来评价手术效果更为可靠.     

Functional compensative mechanism of upper limb with root avulsion of C5-C6 of brachial plexus after ipsilateral C7 transfer

Objective： To investigate the compensative mechanism of no further impairment of the upper limb after ipsilateral C7 transfer for treatment of root avulsion of C5-C6 of the brachial plexus.
Methods： Sixty Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a CT-transection group and a control group, 30 rats each. In the CT-transection group, the left forelimbs of the animals underwent transection of ipsilateral C7 nerve root while C5 and C6 nerve roots were avulsed. In the control group, the left forelimbs only underwent C5 and C6 root avulsion. The representative muscles of C7 （innervated mainly by C7） including latissimus dorsi, triceps, extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor digitorum communis were evaluated with neurophysiological investigation, muscular histology and motor end plate histomorphometry 3, 6 and 12 weeks after operation. The right forelimbs of all rats were taken as the control sides.
Results： Three weeks after operation, the recovery rates of amplitudes of compound muscle action potential （CMAP） and CMAP latency, muscular wet weight and cross-sec- tional area of muscle fibers, and area of postsynaptic membranes of those four representative muscles in the C7- transection group were significantly lower than those of the control group （P 〈0.05 or P 〈0.01）. Six weeks postoperatively, the recovery rates of CMAP amplitude and latency of the triceps showed no significant difference between the C7- transection group and the control group （P〉0.05）. For theextensor carpi radialis brevis and the extensor digitorum communis, the recovery rates of the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, the amplitude and latency of CMAP and the area of postsynaptic membranes showed no significant dif- ference between the two groups （P 〉0.05）, while the rest parameters were still significantly different between the two group （P 〈0.05 or P 〈0.01）. As far as the ultramicrostructure was concerned in the CT-transection group, more motor end plates of four representative m     

Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome by magnetic stimulation of the brachial plexus

The abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) compound muscle action potential (CMAP) latencies, and median and ulnar motor conduction velocities (MCVs), obtained by magnetic stimulation of the brachial plexus, were evaluated for the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). These measurements were compared in three groups of limbs: (1) the symptomatic limbs of patients with TOS (symptomatic group), (2) the asymptomatic con-tralateral limbs of these patients (asymptomatic group), and (3) the limbs of healthy control subjects (control group). Although no significant differences were observed in MCVs among the three groups, the APB CMAP latency in the sym-ptomatic group (12.0 ± 1.2 ms) was significantly prolonged compared with that in the control group (10.4 ± 0.64 ms; P < 0.01), and the ADM CMAP latency in the symptomatic group (11.0 ± 0.82 ms) was also significantly prolonged compared with that in the control group (10.1 ± 0.59 ms; P < 0.01). The possibility is suggested that the evaluation of APB and ADM CMAP latencies by magnetic stimulation of the brachial plexus may be helpful for the diagnosis of TOS. Received: March 14, 2001 / Accepted: October 9, 2001