Role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of cirrhotic pulmonary tuberculosis

Computed tomography (CT) revealed cirrhotic tuberculosis in 52 patients. In most patients, cirrhosis resulted from infiltrative and fibrocavernous tuberculosis, less frequently from tuberculous bronchoadenitis, disseminated and focal tuberculosis, caseous pneumonia. Segmental cirrhosis was present in 15 patients, multisegmental and lobar cirrhosis in 19, and bilateral lung cirrhosis in 2. In 8 patients, pulmonary cirrhosis was accompanied by tuberculous empyema; in 8 more patients lobar cirrhosis was the metatuberculous syndrome of fibrocavernous tuberculosis. Evaluation of the diagnostic potentialities of CT in cirrhotic pulmonary tuberculosis revealed that the major CT semiotics of this clinical type was identical to the basic skialogic signs of routine X-ray study. However, unlike the latter that assesses mainly indirect X-ray signs of the cirrhotic transformation of lung tissue, such as reduced lung volumes, chest deformity, CT objectively detects morphological changes in cirrhosis, the presence and magnitude of specific and metatuberculous changes, interprets clinical and X-ray variants of this form of tuberculosis and its related pulmonary vascular alterations.     

Repeated pneumonectomy in recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis

The analysis of the outcomes of a surgical treatment of recurrent tuberculosis in the operated lung is presented. With disseminated forms of the pulmonary lesions complicated by empyema, surgical removal of the portion remained after the primary resection is indicated. A complex of measures improving the treatment efficacy, decreasing a surgical risk and providing a favourable outcome in 90% of the operated patients is given. The indications for such repeated operations, such as final pneumonectomy, are substantiated.     

原发性干燥综合征合并结核病28例临床分析

目的 探讨结核病合并原发性干燥综合征的临床特点,注意肺结核与原发性干燥综合征导致的间质性肺疾病的鉴别。 方法 回顾性分析2005-2011年解放军第三O九医院28例合并原发性干燥综合征的结核病患者的临床资料。 结果 28例中男2例,女26例;40岁以上女性21例。临床上干咳、眼干、口干、发热多见。有6例首次诊断为原发性干燥综合征,均行自身抗体及腮腺X线增强造影检查。其中2例行下唇腺活检,结果阳性;余22例既往均有原发性干燥综合征病史,病史最短1年,最长14年,平均（2.7±1.6）年。经细菌学阳性确诊结核病10例,经组织病理学确诊结核病8例,经临床诊断结核病10例。28例患者中继发性肺结核11例,血行播散性肺结核3例,结核性胸膜炎2例,淋巴结结核2例,继发性肺结核合并支气管结核1例,继发性肺结核合并淋巴结结核2例,继发性肺结核合并结核性胸膜炎2例,继发性肺结核合并结核性心包炎2例,结核性多浆膜腔炎2例,继发性肺结核合并支气管结核及附件结核1例。所有患者均给予2HRZE/4HR抗结核治疗。至今28例患者中有5例仍在进行抗结核治疗,其余23例结核病患者均临床治愈。所有患者均未发生严重药物不良反应。4例肺结核误诊为原发性干燥综合征导致的间质性肺疾病。 结论 原发性干燥综合征合并结核病重点需注意原发性干燥综合征导致呼吸系统损害与原发性干燥综合征合并肺结核鉴别,减少临床上误诊、漏诊的发生。     

儿童肺结核CT影像分析

目的 探讨儿童肺结核的CT平扫及增强的影像表现特征。 方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2011年8月在我院住院的69例结核病患儿,临床症状、PPD试验及影像学表现均符合结核病特征,经抗结核治疗后复查,患者临床症状及肺部病灶均有所好转。收集患儿的影像学资料,对其进行分析。 结果 69例患儿的CT不同影像表现为：原发性肺结核（8例）包括原发综合征（5例）和胸内淋巴结结核（3例）,原发综合征表现为肺内的原发结核病灶、结核性淋巴管炎及淋巴结炎,此型与胸内淋巴结结核的CT平扫均可见纵隔、肺门及腋窝多发肿大淋巴结,增强扫描不均匀强化或淋巴结中心干酪坏死区无强化,边缘环形强化的特点。原发性血行播散性肺结核（10例）表现为两肺大小、密度、分布均匀一致的粟粒状影合并纵隔淋巴结肿大。原发性肺内浸润性结核病灶和干酪性肺炎（43例）的影像表现为2个肺叶散在分布的结节状、斑片状影,还有甚至双肺多叶多段广泛分布的结核病灶,在结节状、斑片状、大片状结核病灶的基础上形成干酪性肺炎、空洞。结核性胸膜炎（8例）可见不同程度的渗出性胸腔积液及胸膜增厚粘连等表现。 结论 CT平扫及增强对于诊断儿童肺结核,明确肺内各种病灶形态,轻微病灶、隐匿病灶、微结节及干酪性肺炎等具有一定价值,可为临床诊断提供重要依据。     

Tuberculous empyema

The clinical courses of 35 tuberculous empyema patients were investigated retrospectively from November 1990 through November 1995. Most patients had nonspecific symptoms and signs but with far-advanced pulmonary parenchymal lesions in their chest roentgenographs. The effusions showed neutrophilic leukocytosis with a 60% positive culture rate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multidrug resistant strains were found in 7 out of 18 cultures. All patients received chemotherapy and eight of them underwent additional surgical management. Twenty-two (62.9%) patients had been treated successfully and one patient is still under treatment. The remaining 12 patients either died during treatment or defaulted; and four (11.4%) of them had died of tuberculosis. We conclude that the treatment outcome of tuberculous empyema is less satisfactory than that of pulmonary tuberculosis, however, modern multidrug chemotherapy with repeated drainage and opportune surgical interventions could be in prospect of successful treatment of tuberculous empyema.     

骨髓结核的诊断和治疗

目的探讨骨髓结核的诊断和治疗。方法对１９９０～１９９７年２４１０例行骨髓活组织检查（活检）病例中诊断为骨髓结核的１１例的临床及病理资料作回顾性分析。结果高热、乏力、消瘦、贫血１１例，腹胀、腹痛４例，腹水３例，肝脾肿大５例。１１例均无骨关节的局部症状与体征。痰涂片抗酸杆菌均阴性，肝功能受损９例，检查的６例血沉均升高，为３０～１６８ｍｍ／１ｈ。胸片示血行播散型肺结核４例，７例胸片未见结核病变。病理检查１１例发现结核性肉芽肿，６例发现干酪样坏死，３例肉芽肿组织抗酸染色查到抗酸杆菌。１０例除有骨髓结核外，尚伴有一种或多种其他部位的结核病变。８例经联合抗结核化疗好转出院，３例死亡。结论骨髓结核是血行播散型结核在骨髓的病变，临床表现缺乏特异性。对长期高热待诊的病例，应考虑血行播散型结核的可能，除了寻找常见的肺部病变外，必要时可考虑行骨髓活检。骨髓结核一经诊断，应立即行联合抗结核化疗     

Protective value of BCG vaccination in children in Bangkok, Thailand

The protective effect of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis is controversial. In a study, 330 patients less than 12 years of age with tuberculosis, 52.1% of whom had had BCG vaccination, were compared with a control group of 1106 patients free of tuberculosis, 81% of whom had BCG vaccination. The occurrence of disseminated forms of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous peritonitis, and tuberculosis of bone and joints in BCG-vaccinated patients was quite low. With BCG vaccination, the incidence of the disseminated form of tuberculosis was significantly lower than that of pulmonary tuberculosis with pulmonary parenchymal lesions, primary pulmonary complexes, and pleural effusion. Tuberculous peritonitis was significantly less frequent than pulmonary tuberculosis with pulmonary parenchymal lesions, enlarged hilar glands, pulmonary primary complex, and pleural effusions. The study demonstrated that BCG gave an overall protective effect of 74% and that a major effect of this immunity was to produce a localized form of tuberculosis.     

112例结核性脓胸的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨结核性脓胸的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。 方法 总结北京胸科医院1999年1月-2008年底手术切除的112例结核性脓胸的临床疗效。全组包括：结核性全脓胸49例、肺结核合并结核性全脓胸1例、结核性包裹性脓胸53例、肺结核合并结核性包裹性脓胸3例、结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘6例。 结果胸膜纤维板剥脱术67例、胸膜全肺切除术10例、胸膜肺叶切除术4例、胸膜肺部分切除术6例、胸膜纤维板剥脱+胸廓成形术18例,其他手术7例。总治愈率95.0%,手术并发症率12.5%,死亡率0.9%。 结论 患者一旦发展成慢性结核性脓胸应及早外科治疗,手术是治疗慢性结核性脓胸的唯一有效方法 。     

Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection in HIV-infected patients

The clinical features of tuberculosis vary according to its CD4 count. With CD4 count >350/microL pulmonary lesions are "typical" (upper lobe infiltrates +/- cavitation). With CD4 count< 50/microL extrapulmonary TB is more common, and chest X-rays show lower and middle lobe and miliary infiltrates, usually without cavitation. The treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients should follow the same principles for persons without HIV infection. Presence of active tuberculosis requires immediate initiation of anti-tbc therapy. The delay of antiretroviral therapy for 4-8 weeks after initiation of tuberculosis treatment is recommended. MAC is a relatively common cause of disseminated infection without pulmonary involvement in patients with AIDS. Preferred regimens contain clarithromycin and EB, and in case of high MAC load or absence of effective antiretroviral therapy rifabutin may be considered as a third drug. Start antiretroviral therapy simultaneously or within 1-2 weeks. In Japan, an increasing number of HIV infections are reported year after year. So HIV infection should be included in possible diagnosis for atypical Tbc or disseminated MAC infection.     

The course and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in adults

The course and outcomes of tuberculosis of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults were studied comparatively within two 10-year periods i.e. from 1968 to 1977 and from 1978 to 1987. It was shown that within the last 10-year period the number of the adults with tuberculous meningitis had lowered while the proportion of the adults with tuberculosis of the CNS among all the patients with that form of tuberculosis had remained unchanged. There was no increase in the number of the patients of the elderly and senile ages. Acute onset of the disease as well as asymptomatic and atypical onsets and courses were recorded. It was stated that association of tuberculosis of the CNS with active pulmonary tuberculosis became more frequent. Higher levels of neutrophilic-lymphocytic pleocytosis as compared to the previous ones, marked hypoglycorrhachia and more frequent isolation of mycobacteria from the liquor were noted. No increase in the efficacy of the treatment was stated. The death rate did not change. The situation should be explained by the incidence of common forms of pulmonary tuberculosis including fibrocavernous and disseminated tuberculosis, insufficient prophylaxis, the incidence of concomitant diseases, sometimes acute onset of the disease, asymptomatic process of the disease, inattention of physicians as to possible incidence of tuberculous meningitis.     

The role of surgery in pulmonary tuberculosis infected by tubercle bacilli with multiple drug resistance]

The first, definition of pulmonary tuberculosis bacilli with multiple drug resistance was decided as "bacilli completely resistant to RFP 50 mcg + SM 20 mcg and/or INH 1 mcg + KM 100 mcg and/or EB 5 mcg and/or another antituberculosis drug" based on 118 cases examined for drug resistance pre-operatively in 35 institutions belonging to the Tuberculosis Research Committee, during the 6 years period 1984 to 1989. Next, 48 pulmonary tuberculous cases with multiple drug resistance were analysed, and the following conclusions were obtained: 1) Pulmonary tuberculosis cases with multiple drug resistance were 36% of 133 cases of positive tuberculosis bacilli before operation. 2) 52% were more than 50 years old. One third showed less than 40 in respiratory index. 3) Most of them did not have effective anti-tuberculosis drug to be used after operation. 4) There was a high rate of pneumonectomy and collapse therapy such as thoracoplasty. 5) Successful rate of treatment was 72.9%, which is rather good for multiple drug resistant tuberculous cases. But bacilli positive rate after operation and mortality were 12.5% and severe complications such as bronchial or pulmonary fistula, thoracic empyema and worsening of tuberculosis after operation was 25%. Therefore surgical treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis with multiple drug resistance needed careful application considering sensitive drug to be used after testing of resistance for all anti-tuberculosis drugs. Surgical treatment should be considered especially if pulmonary tuberculosis cases have complete resistance to RFP and to one drug among SM, INH, KM and EB.     

388例肺结核外科切除病例分析

目的探讨当前肺结核病的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。方法总结胸外科1999年1月—2007年12月手术切除的388例肺结核病的临床疗效。全组浸润肺结核116例,结核球或干酪性肺炎85例,慢性纤维空洞性肺结核66例,肺结核合并曲菌球形成18例,结核性支气管狭窄28例,结核性毁损肺75例。结果全肺切除术95例,肺叶切除术217例,气管或支气管成形术11例,其他手术65例。外科切除临床治愈372例治愈率95.9%,并发症33例发生率为8.5%,手术无死亡。结论虽然肺结核是以抗结核药物为主要治疗方法,但目前仍有部分患者需要外科治疗。外科手术可提高重症和耐多药肺结核的临床治愈率。     

The morphological differences in tuberculous inflammation foci,which reflect the body's immunological responsiveness

A comparative study of morphological reaction in the foci of tuberculous inflammation in decreased patients with caseous pneumonia (n = 2), fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 19), disseminated tuberculosis (n = 5) and on the material of resected parts of the lung (infiltrate in a phase of separation (n = 2), tuberculomas (n = 22), caverns (n = 5)) has shown that exudative and necrotic reactions with minimum discriminating signs and no epitheliocytes, by accompanying by atrophy of the paracortical area of intrathoracic lymph nodes reflect immediate hypersensitivity. The decrease in the rate of exudative necrotic reactions, the increase in fibroplastic processes, and the appearance of epitheliocytes suggest that immediate hypersensitivity is added by delayed hypersensitivity. Pronounced fibroplastic reactions around the foci of caseosis and on the walls of tuberculous caverns, involvement of epitheliocytes in cellular reactions point to the fact that a tuberculous process develops in delayed hypersensitivity.     

CDC对肺结核误诊误治的分析(附10例报告)

目的了解疾病控制中心(CDC)对肺结核的误诊误治情况。方法2005年来对从CDC转诊的肺结核病人的临床、胸部X线、螺旋CT、病理学等资料回顾性分析,对其误诊误治原因进行评价。结果误诊误治共10例。延误诊断药物性肝炎2例,其中1例因重症肝衰竭死亡,支气管-肺泡癌误诊为急性血行播散型肺结核3例,肺腺癌及肺鳞癌误诊为浸润型肺结核各1例,发生肺结核耐药1例,肺结核合并糖尿病、肺部感染2例。结论严格执行DOTS、及时转诊和不断提高CDC人员的诊治水平是非常必要的。     

糖皮质激素在结核病治疗中的合理应用专家共识

糖皮质激素具有抗炎、抗过敏、抗细菌内毒素和免疫抑制等药理作用,能够减轻机体对结核分枝杆菌变态反应所致的免疫损伤。但糖皮质激素在迅速控制病情的同时可以导致菌群失调、消化性溃疡、骨质疏松等不良反应。临床上使用糖皮质激素辅助治疗结核病存在不合理现象,因此,亟需规范糖皮质激素在结核病治疗中的应用。本共识简要介绍了糖皮质激素治疗结核病的优势和基本原则,提出必要时在强力有效抗结核药物治疗的前提下应用糖皮质激素辅助治疗结核性脑膜炎、结核性心包炎、结核性胸膜炎、结核性腹膜炎、急性血行播散性肺结核、干酪性肺炎等的推荐意见,以及应用糖皮质激素的注意事项、不良反应及应对措施;强调糖皮质激素辅助治疗结核病应慎重并严格掌握适应证,权衡利弊,规范使用。     

A retrospective study for the outcome of pulmonary resection in 49 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Outcome of treatment using only chemotherapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is usually considered not to be satisfactory. The combination of chemotherapy with surgical treatment has been producing higher acid-fast bacilli (AFB) negative sputum conversion and longer survival rates. This treatment strategy may be the solution for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of the medical records and laboratory findings of 49 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among 130 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for pulmonary tuberculosis between January 1995 and December 1999 at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital, Korea. RESULTS: The mean number of drugs to which the patients were resistant was 4.5. Patients had a mean age of 35 years. Cavitary lesions on plain chest X-ray were shown in 43/49 patients (87.8%); 31 had positive sputum cultures preoperatively (63.3%). The surgical techniques used were as follows: 12 pneumonectomies, 28 lobectomies, seven lobectomies with segmentectomies or wedge resections, one wedge resection and one cavernoplasty. The AFB negative sputum conversion rate was 93.5% with continuous postoperative chemotherapy. There were no deaths after surgery. Postoperative complications that developed were six cases of air leakage over a week, one of postoperative bleeding and one of wound infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of pulmonary resection with postoperative chemotherapy in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Although there are different ideas about indications for surgery and the length and content of postoperative drug regimens, pulmonary resection should be considered an effective measure in combination with chemotherapy for treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Roentgenological symptoms of functional changes in the respiratory organs of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

To study typical disorders in the external respiration function of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without concurrent bronchial obstruction and to find out an information potential of the roentgeno-pneumo-polygraphic+ (RPPG) method in detecting local obstructive disturbances, 53 subjects aged from 23 to 52 years with respiratory tuberculosis, including 38 and 15 of them with a limited or disseminated process, respectively, were examined. X-ray functional examination conducted in dynamics and with the use of physical load and bronchodilators made in possible to discover both local and disseminated occult bronchial obstruction. Application of RPPG method and administration of such bronchodilator, as berotec, revealed a functional nature of the bronchial obstruction. According to RPPG data. In a lingering tuberculous process a costal component is predominant in the course of respiration.     

Two cases of duodenal tuberculosis]

The present study described 2 cases of patients with duodenal tuberculosis. Case 1 was a 55 year-old Japanese male patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and past medical history of subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II reconstruction). Tubercle bacilli were positive both on smear and culture from his sputum and feces. Because of complaining right hypochondralgia, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed and revealed multiple ringed ulcers in the afferent limb of duodenum. Histopathological study of biopsy specimen demonstrated granulomatous inflammation as well as acid-fast bacilli confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Tissue culture was positive for M. tuberculosis. Colonic tuberculosis was demonstrated by barium enema. Case 2 was a 45 year-old male patient with pulmonary tuberculosis in association with severe uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Sputum polymerase chain reaction test was positive for M. tuberculosis. Granulomatous inflammation and positive acid-fast bacilli in biopsy specimen obtained from ulcers in the descending portion of the duodenum made a diagnosis of duodenal tuberculosis. No other intestinal tuberculous lesion was recognized. Since 1988, 11 cases of duodenal tuberculosis including the presented two cases have been reported in Japan. Most of the recent cases had tuberculous lesions in the descending portion of the duodenum and were diagnosed as duodenal tuberculosis by endoscopic examinations, while the majority of the cases reported before 1987 had tuberculosis in the more distant portions of the duodenum and were diagnosed mainly by surgical procedures.     

Analysis of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. The results of surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in 41 patients between 1988 and 2003 were evaluated retrospectively. Hemoptysis occurred in 31 patients (75.6%) and it was massive (> 300 mL in 24 hr) in 3. The underlying lung disease was tuberculosis in 35, bullous lung disease in 2, hydatid cyst in 2, and lung carcinoma in 2 patients. Lobectomy, bilobectomy, wedge resection, and pneumonectomy were performed in 27, 4, 6, and 4 patients respectively. The postoperative complication rate was 24.4%. One patient, who had a right pneumonectomy, died due to respiratory failure; the mortality rate was 2.4%. Recurrent hemoptysis was observed in only one patient. Early surgical treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma resulted in a satisfactory outcome with acceptable morbidity, low mortality, and effective prevention of recurrent hemoptysis. Pneumonectomy has a high morbidity, thus it should be avoided if possible.     

Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: experience and prospects

The author's experience accumulated over 40 years shows that two major forms of surgical pulmonary tuberculosis (restrictive and disseminated) should be distinguished. The treatment of the former patients is highly effective and safe. To treat patients with progressive disseminated tuberculosis, especially in those who isolate Mycobacteria resistant to previously used drugs is difficult and expensive, which requires non only new generation antituberculous drugs, but comprehensive complex preparation for surgery. The author prefers collapse surgical interventions, but, if necessary, resorts even to pulmonectomy and application of an artificial pneumothorax contralaterally. Lobectomy is a major type of resection of the lung. Thus, surgery as a constituent of ensures recovery (stabilization of the process) in the most critically ill patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.