黄连羊肝丸的薄层鉴别及含量测定方法增订

目的:增订黄连羊肝丸的薄层鉴别及含量测定方法.方法:用TLC鉴别了胡黄连和密蒙花.用荧光扫描法测定了黄连羊肝丸中盐酸小檗碱的含量.结果:通过方法学考察,盐酸小檗碱点样量在0.0208～0.104μg范围内,呈良好的线性关系.盐酸小檗碱的平均回收率为99.11%(n=9),RSD为2.01%.结论:方法简便,准确,重现性好,精密度高.可用于控制黄连羊肝丸的质量.     

肠康片定性定量方法的研究

目的 研究肠康片的定性定量方法.方法 采用薄层色谱法对肠康片中木香进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对肠康片中吴茱萸进行定性鉴别,并采用高效液相色谱法对盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定.结果 薄层色谱分离清晰,阴性样品无干扰.运用高效液相色谱法能检出吴茱萸中所含的吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱,阴性样品无干扰.盐酸小檗碱在0.038 76～0.969 2μg线性良好,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为101.9％,RSD=1.6％(n=6).结论 本方法专属性强,灵敏度高,重现性好,能更好地对肠康片进行质量控制.     

肠炎灵片的质量控制研究

目的 :建立肠炎灵片的鉴别方法和盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。方法 :采用薄层层析法对肠炎灵片中黄连、白芍及延胡索进行定性鉴别 ;薄层扫描法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果 :盐酸小檗碱的平均回收率为98 19 % ,RSD为0 93 %。结论 :本方法简便、准确、可靠 ,制剂质量可控。     

乳康片质量标准研究

目的 建立乳康片的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱法鉴别乳康片中苍术、当归、川芎、香附、连翘,采用高效液相色谱法测定该制剂中盐酸小檗碱含量.结果 薄层色谱定性鉴别分离度好,专属性强;盐酸小檗碱含量测定的线性范围为9.131～73.050 μg,平均回收率为96.41%,RSD＝1.33%（n＝6).结论 所建立的方法可靠、准确、专属性强,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

炮制对二妙汤中盐酸小檗碱含量的影响

目的:建立二妙汤中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法,并探讨其炮制意义。方法:采用薄层扫描法测定,以苯-乙酸乙酯-异丙醇-甲醇-浓氨溶液(12∶6∶3∶3∶1)为展开剂,检测波长为365 nm。结果:盐酸小檗碱点样量在0.18～0.60μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9991);平均回收率(n=6)为95.8%,RSD为2.1%。结论:方法准确、可靠;二妙汤用炮制品配方可促进盐酸小檗碱的溶出。     

薄层荧光扫描法测定三黄片中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的建立薄层荧光扫描法测定三黄片中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法以盐酸-乙醇(1∶100)为提取溶剂,按薄层色谱法用硅胶G预制薄层板,苯-乙酸乙酯-异丙醇-甲醇-水(6∶3∶1.5∶15∶0.3)为展开剂,展距4 cm,扫描激发波长:366 nm。结果盐酸小檗碱在0.0173-0.1214μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,回归方程:Y=8.61X×104+1×102,r=0.9999,平均回收率为101.8%,RSD=2.7(8n=6)。结论该方法结果准确,重现性好,可用于三黄片中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

清胃黄连丸快速TLC鉴别与小檗碱新荧光扫描定量

目的建立清胃黄连丸的快速TLC鉴别及小檗碱的高灵敏度荧光扫描定量方法。方法采用同一供试品溶液在2块薄层板上鉴别黄芩、牡丹皮、连翘、栀子和甘草,用荧光扫描法测定了清胃黄连丸中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果盐酸小檗碱点样量在0.019 68～0.098 4 g内呈良好的线性关系。盐酸小檗碱平均回收率为99.41%,RSD为1.34%(n=9)。结论TLC鉴别斑点清晰,阴性无干扰。清胃黄连丸的快速TLC鉴别与小檗碱新荧光扫描定量,简便、快捷、准确、实用,有效提高了传统丸剂的质量检测速度。     

薄层扫描法测定丹桂香颗粒中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的探讨丹桂香颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量控制方法。方法以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（5：1：1）为展开剂，在激发波长A=365nm处进行荧光扫描，测定丹桂香颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果盐酸小檗碱点样量线性范围是0．04-0．12μg，平均回收率为99．63％，RSD为0．39％（n=5）。结论薄层扫描法操作简便易行，结果准确，可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

宫颈康泡腾片的制备及质量控制

目的:制备宫颈康泡腾片并建立其质量控制方法。方法:将绿萼梅等6味中药进行提取和纯化后的浸膏粉与冰片、碳酸氢钠、酒石酸等混合制备阴道泡腾片;采用薄层色谱法对绿萼梅、黄柏、冰片进行定性鉴别;用薄层扫描法测定黄柏中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果:薄层图谱斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;盐酸小檗碱进样量在0 .174μg～1. 044μg 范围内线性关系良好(r=0. 9995) ,回收率为98. 01 %～100 .80 % ,RSD<2 %。结论:本方法易于操作,制剂质量稳定、可控。     

黄连上清片中黄连的鉴别及含量测定

目的:建立黄连上清片中黄连的薄层扫描法(TCL)鉴别和盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。方法:鉴别用薄层扫描法(TCL);含量测定用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。phenome-nex C18柱,乙腈-水(50∶50),每1 000mL含磷酸二氢钾1.7g、十二烷基硫酸钠0.85g为流动相,流速为1mL.min-1,检测波长为345nm。结果:TLC法专属性强;HPLC法测盐酸小檗碱进样量在0.078 5~0.785μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9。平均回收率为99.20%(n=9,RSD为1.5%)。结论:本法操作简便、快捷、准确,可用于黄连上清片的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.