经胸及经食管超声心动图在诊断心脏疾病中的价值探讨

目的：比较经胸超声心动图（TTE）与经食管超声心动图（TEE）对心脏疾病中的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析行TEE与TTE对比检查46例心脏病患者的临床资料。结合直视下心脏外科手术、封堵术,比较TEE与TTE心脏超声影像特点,分析两者在诊断心脏疾病中的差异。结果：TEE诊断心脏疾病准确率为100%,TTE的准确率为82.6%。TEE虽然无法替代TTE,但它可以得到许多TTE无法获得的诊断信息。结论：术前开展TEE有助于提高心脏疾病诊断准确性。     

Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of intracardiac tumors in adults

To compare transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of intracardiac tumors, 17 patients (8 men and 9 women, aged 19 years to 67 years) whose intracardiac tumors were detected by echocardiography were studied in a 4-year period. Of these, 14 patients underwent cardiac surgery and 13 were proved to have tumors. There were 4 false-positive and 2 false-negative diagnoses by transthoracic echocardiography, but only one false-positive and no false-negative diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography. The stalk of a myxoma was detected clearly in 5 of 11 patients by transthoracic echocardiography, whereas in 10 of 11 it was detected by transesophageal echocardiography. The detailed morphologic characteristics of the tumor, such as contour of the tumor, and the presence of cysts and calcification in the tumor, were seen more clearly with transesophageal echocardiography than with transthoracic echocardiography. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The use of echocardiography in congenital heart surgery and intervention

Echocardiography has revolutionized the management of pediatric and adult heart disease, especially in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects. Although the early methods of echocardiography (M-mode and Doppler imaging) were limited in their ability to define the defect in question, the advent of 2D, and now 3D, imaging have clearly equaled or surpassed traditional methods of diagnosis (e.g., noninvasively obtained plain chest radiographs and electrocardiograms) and invasive tests (e.g., cardiac catheterization and angiography). Confidence in the images obtained using echocardiography has continued to increase, with many patients referred for corrective or palliative surgery on the basis of echocardiographic imaging alone. Echocardiography has eliminated the need, decreased the frequency, or improved the timing or performance of invasive studies in other patients. Specifically, it is used to definitively diagnose a cardiac defect and any associated lesions. It will also provide quantitative information for the assessment of the hemodynamic severity of the lesion. This review outlines the manner in which echocardiography is used to plan and guide congenital heart surgery or intervention, along with some of the advantages and disadvantages (pitfalls) of which to be aware. The use of echocardiography within the cardiac catheterization or surgical theater, as well as in the intensive care unit, is discussed, as is the use of echocardiography as a means of monitoring recovery and follow-up following cardiac surgery. Finally, the authors discuss who is best qualified or suited to perform these tests.     

如何高效合理使用床边超声心动图检查

目的:探讨如何规范化使用床边超声心动图检查,使之更合理高效地服务于临床。方法:使用超声诊断仪,回顾性分析我院2005年1月-2010年12月间行急诊床边超声心动图检查共790例患者的资料,并与我院年急诊总量和年住院患者总量相比较。结果:急诊总量、住院患者总量和超声检查总人次第二年较前一年增长幅度分别为(6.4%、4.4%、3.4%),(17.0%、18.2%、-4.9%),(17.8%、8.6%、117.2%),(12.0%、7.6%、70.6%),(-5.9%、7.9%、26.0%)。结论:床边超声心动图检查尽管在心血管急危重症患者的诊断和治疗中发挥着无可替代的作用,但我院6年来床边超声心动图检查人次的增长幅度远远高于急诊和住院患者增长幅度。因此面对日益增多的患者和随之增加的临床需求,为了使真正的急危重症患者得到及时检查,并有效防范医疗纠纷和医疗事故的发生,合理规范的申请和使用床边超声心动图检查更显得意义重大。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图在心脏再同步化治疗过程中的研究进展

心力衰竭(简称心衰)是具有较高患病率和病死率的严重疾患,虽然近年来药物治疗取得了长足进展,但仍有相当数量患者疗效不佳。心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)是指通过植入右心室及左心室电极,同时起搏左、右心室,通过多部位起搏恢复左、右心室同步收缩。临床研究证实的CRT对心力衰竭患者的各种改善均见于对CRT有反应的患者,但有20%³0%的患者对CRT无反应。近期研究主要集中在扩大CRT适应证,强调轻微或无症状患者亦可从CRT中获益。心肌负荷超声等超声新技术可更好地评估心肌运动的不同步,综合分析各种超声指标可提高对CRT反应的预测价值,有效减少不能从CRT中获益的患者。本文就多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图在CRT治疗过程中的研究应用进展作一综述。     

Recent advances in echocardiography

Important recent developments have occurred in echocardiography that are already being used clinically. Portable ultrasound devices that weigh less than five pounds are capable of performing a complete bedside echo exam. An intracardiac echocardiographic catheter has recently been introduced that can be placed intracardiac via a vein and navigated within right heart chambers to obtain detailed anatomical landmarks that guide catheter based interventional procedures such as intracardiac ablation and closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale. Tissue Doppler imaging is finding its role in detecting mechanical asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure who might benefit from biventricular pacing. The availability of real-time 3D echocardiography has for the first time made assessment of complex cardiac anatomy possible. This review discusses each of these new developments and their potential impact on the practice of echocardiography and cardiology in general.     

经胸与经食管超声心动图对感染性心内膜炎的诊断价值比较

  目的  比较经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography, TTE)和经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography, TEE)诊断感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis, IE)的准确性。  方法  回顾性分析2003年1月至2011年12月北京协和医院诊断的95例IE患者的临床及超声心动图特点, 比较TTE和TEE对赘生物和IE相关并发症的检出率, 并以TEE作为诊断IE的标准来评价TTE诊断的准确性。  结果  TEE对赘生物的阳性检出率显著高于TTE(81.1%比52.6%, P < 0.001);若以TEE阳性作为诊断IE的标准, 则TTE检出赘生物的敏感性为64.9%, 特异性为94.4%;TEE对IE瓣周并发症诊断的敏感性也显著高于TTE(P < 0.05)。  结论  TTE对赘生物检出的阳性率较低; TEE不仅在检出赘生物方面较TTE更敏感, 对IE瓣周并发症诊断的敏感性也更高。     

300例心外膜超声的临床应用

在心血管手术，特别是复杂心脏病手术中，心外膜超声（ＩＥＥ），在术前进一步完善诊断；开放循环后立即对手术结果评价，这是常规检查方法所不能完成的。我们对３００例心脏病患者进行了ＩＥＥ检查，在体外循环前发现２５例同时合并其它畸形，开放循环后有３９例患者出现震颤、低心排表现，经ＩＥＥ诊断，１４例患者进行了再手术治疗。ＩＥＥ于转机前对各种检查遗漏的病变做出进一步诊断，并对手术疗效做出准确的评估，对矫正效果不佳的患者能明确病因，进行再手术治疗，同时本研究组对４２例患者进行压力容积环测量，推导出基本不受负荷影响准确测量左室收缩功能的指标，收缩末弹性模量（Ｅｅｓ），结合其它常用指标综合评价左心功能变化     

The role of echocardiography in the early diagnosis of the complications of endovascular repair of blunt aortic injury

Purpose

Endovascular repair of traumatic aortic injury has been associated with severe procedural complications, including endoleaks, coverage of the left subclavian artery, stent collapse, access complications, and questionable durability. Echocardiography has proven to be a valuable tool in the intraoperative detection of these complications. In the current study, we report on the use of echocardiography as an early postoperative diagnostic technique for the evaluation of endovascular stent graft positioning in the intensive care setting.

Methods

From January 2005 to January 2009, 14 patients who underwent endovascular repair of a blunt aortic injury were admitted in our intensive care unit. Transesophageal and/or transthoracic echocardiography were used as first-line diagnostic tools in the assessment of the endovascular graft position.

Results

Twenty-eight percent of patients (4 of 14) developed a pressure gradient between upper and lower limbs (greater than 50 mm Hg), which presented with persistent hypertension, requiring antihypertensive therapy in high doses and difficult weaning. In all 4 patients, stent graft malposition was identified using echocardiography. The diagnosis was verified by computed tomography and aortography.

Conclusion

Noninvasive echocardiographic monitoring proved to be a valuable tool in the early diagnosis of postoperative stent graft malalignment. To our knowledge, this is the first time that echocardiography is described in the relevant literature as an early diagnostic technique in this setting.     

多平面经胸动态三维超声心动图对先天性心脏病的研究

目的 探讨多平面经胸动态三维超声心动图对先天性心脏病的诊断价值。方法 对３２例先天性心脏病患者进行多平面经胸动态三维超声心动图检查,部分患者与手术结果对照。结果 ３２例患者中有３０例获得了满意的三维图像,其中１６例接受手术的患者,动态三维超声心动图的诊断与手术发现相符合。结论 多平面经胸动态三维超声心动图为先天性心脏病的定性及定量诊断提供了可靠的新方法。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图检测二尖瓣对合指数的临床应用研究

目的应用经食管实时三维超声心动图对比分析正常与缺血性二尖瓣反流(IMR)患者二尖瓣对合指数,探讨二尖瓣对合指数的临床意义。方法慢性IMR患者11例与无瓣膜疾病且无瓣膜反流的正常对照组12例,均行经食管三维超声心动图检查,应用定量分析软件Qlab7.0对三维数据进行后处理分析。应用以下公式计算二尖瓣对合指数=〔(舒张早期二尖瓣面积-收缩末期二尖瓣面积)/舒张早期二尖瓣面积〕×100%。结果正常对照组二尖瓣对合指数(23.0±7.9)%。慢性IMR患者二尖瓣对合指数(12.6±6.9)%。慢性IMR患者二尖瓣对合指数明显小于正常对照组(P0.05)。结论三维定量分析软件Qlab7.0可以对经食管实时三维超声心动图三维数据进行定量分析得到二尖瓣对合指数。应用二尖瓣对合指数这一指标能够判定二尖瓣对合程度,揭示IMR的发生机制。     

超声心动图评估心肌病研究进展

心肌病是病因复杂、表现多样的一类疾病。传统超声心动图是筛查与诊断心肌病的一线影像学方法,具有无创、简便等优点。近年来,超声心动图新技术可为诊断心肌病提供更全面的信息。本文就超声心动图评估心肌病的研究进展进行综述。     

负荷超声心动图联合心肌声学造影评估缺血性心脏病患者临床预后的价值

目的探讨负荷超声心动图联合心肌声学造影评估疑诊或确诊冠心病患者发生不良心血管事件的价值。 方法回顾性连续纳入南方医科大学南方医院心内科2014年2月至2020年9月进行负荷超声心动图联合心肌声学造影的疑诊或确诊冠心病患者共361例。根据负荷超声心动图结果将患者分为正常组（260例）和异常组（101例）。随访不良心血管终点事件（主要终点事件包括全因性死亡、心血管死亡和非致死性心肌梗死,次要终点事件包括心绞痛住院、血运重建）,比较负荷超声异常组与负荷超声正常组不良事件发生率;应用Cox回归分析及KM生存曲线分析终点事件发生的预测因素及2年、5年无主要心血管不良事件生存率。 结果361例患者完成随访,平均随访时间（41.05±22.50）个月。7例患者出现主要终点事件,39例患者发生心绞痛住院事件,55例患者进行了血运重建。其中,负荷超声正常组2例发生主要终点事件,36例发生次要终点事件,负荷超声异常组5例发生主要终点事件,41例发生次要终点事件,负荷超声异常组与正常组不良事件发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。Cox比例风险模型多因素分析结果显示,负荷超声心动图结果（HR=0.354,95%CI：0.221~0.569,P＜0.001）是终点事件的预测因素之一。KM生存曲线分析提示负荷超声正常组2年、5年无主要心血管不良事件生存率分别为96.2%、84.9%,而负荷超声异常组2年、5年无主要心血管不良事件生存率分别为93.8%、66.2%,2组患者的生存率曲线差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。 结论负荷超声心动图检查在诊断冠状动脉疾病、风险分层和血运重建指导方面发挥着重要作用,可作为冠心病或疑诊冠心病患者预后评估的重要手段。     

The value of non-contrast harmonic transthoracic echocardiography for the detection of left ventricular thrombi in patients with cardiomyopathy: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

We sought to assess the value of non-contrast enhanced transthoracic harmonic echocardiography (TEE) for the visualization of left ventricular thrombi in 34 patients with cardiomyopathy. Results were compared to contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as reference standard. Maximal thrombus size was quantified with both modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated thrombi in 15 patients. In these subjects echocardiography was negative in seven patients. Thrombi were excluded in 19 patients with magnetic resonance while echocardiography was deemed positive in 5 subjects. Thrombus size by ce-CMR was not different for clots visualized or not visualized by echocardiography (P = 0.71). Moreover, observer agreement was superior for ce-CMR (κ = 0.94) as compared to TTE (κ= 0.71). Non-contrast-enhanced harmonic TTE has limited value for the visualization of thrombi in patients with cardiomyopathy.     

Transesophageal Echocardiography to Improve Positioning of Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters in Left-Sided Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Two patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of their left-sided bypass tracts are described. Transesophageal echocardiography, a relatively new echocardiographic technique, was utilized in both patients and provided excellent visualization of intracardiac anatomy as well as the catheter tip. Transesophageal echocardiography was also synergistic with fluoroscopy and the intracardiac electrogram in providing more precise catheter placement. In addition, the use of transesophageal echocardiography may reduce fluoroscopic exposure and shorten the procedure time.     

实时三维超声心动图在心脏肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图在心脏肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：对2例左房粘液瘤及1例心包肿瘤患者进行实时三维成像。结果：实时三维超声心动图能清晰显示心脏肿瘤的形态，部位，运动，以及毗邻关系。结论：与二维超声心动图比较，实时三维超声心动图反映了心脏肿瘤的一个真实的立体结构。与以往三维重建超声相比，实时三维超声可迅速获得心脏肿瘤的三维图像。     

潘生丁负荷超声心动图评价心肌缺血

本文对１９例患者行低剂量及大剂量潘生丁负荷超声心动图检查，并与冠脉造影结果比较。患者均为男性，平均年龄５５±１２岁。临床考虑冠心病，包括１３例心梗患者，４例经ＰＴＣＡ治疗。结果发现６例负荷前后均无室壁运动异常，其中５例冠脉造影基本正常，１例有单支局部６５％的狭窄；另有６例静息时即有室壁运动异常，负荷后无变化；１例ＰＴＣＡ治疗者负荷后室壁运动有改善；６例负荷试验阳性，其中５例低剂量阳性者冠脉造影示多支病变重度狭窄，另１例在大剂量时阳性，冠脉造影虽为三支病变但最大狭窄程度为７５％。结论：潘生丁负荷试验简单实用，检测多支病变准确率高，还可帮助识别ＰＴＣＡ后血供的明显改善。低剂量阳性者提示多支病变、重度狭窄，可帮助筛选高危患者，判断预后     

术中彩色多普勒超声的应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声在心脏手术中的应用价值。方法:在14例心脏病手术中,于心脏修复完成后经心外膜超声检查。结果:一例先天性心脏病室间隔缺损修补片周少量残余漏;一例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣、主动脉瓣置换术后,主动脉瓣下少量返流;因不构成血流动力学的改变,未行二次修复。结论:可即时、准确地为外科医生提供相关信息,评价手术效果。     

孤立性右心室发育不全彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断

应用彩色多普勒超声心动图（ＣＤＥ）检查５例孤立性右心室发育不全（ＩＲＶＨ），均经手术证实，结果５例ＣＤＥ均正确诊断。本病ＣＤＥ表现是二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）显示右心室内径明显变小，左心室内径不同程度增大。彩色多普勒（ＣＤ）显示右心室内血流信号明显减少。作者认为ＣＤＥ对本病有特异性诊断价值，诊断关键是２ＤＥ显示右心室内径明显变小。