大型综合医院计算机网络系统的安全性设计

本文结合海南省人民医院计算机网络安全性设计的实际方案，详细分析了目前计算机网络安全的重要性及存在的问题，提出了海南省人民医院计算机网络安全性的实现策略，作为对一个大型综合医院计算机网络系统安全性设计的一点初步探讨。     

济南铁路医院网络信息安全的解决方案

本文围绕医院信息系统数据的安全性问题，从硬件设备、软件应用、人工培训等方面介绍了如何作好医院数据维护的几点做法。阐明了医院信息系统这样一个多元化、多系统庞大的信息数据集的良好运行，需要从各方面予以高度重视，忽略任何一个环节郝可能影响到医院信息系统的正常使用。     

Awareness and practices regarding bio-medical waste management among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi

Health care institutions are generating large amount of Bio-Medical Waste (BMW), which needs to be properly segregated and treated. With this concern, a questionnaire based cross-sectional study was done to determine the current status of awareness and practices regarding BMW Management (BMWM) and areas of deficit amongst the HCWs in a tertiary care teaching hospital in New Delhi, India. The correct responses were graded as satisfactory (more than 80%), intermediate (50–80%) and unsatisfactory (less than 50%). Some major areas of deficit found were about knowledge regarding number of BMW categories (17%), mercury waste disposal (37.56%) and definition of BMW (47%).     

The prevalence of hypertension and influencing factors among the employees of a university hospital

BackgroundHypertension is a serious disease with increasing worldwide prevalence, leading to life-threatening complications.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out in a university hospital. The Occupational Health and Safety Unit data concerning the health examinations of employees were used to determine the prevalence of hypertension in a university hospital and to define the relationship between hypertension and sociodemographic and occupational parameters. Logistic regression analyses were performed for the variables having a significant association with high blood pressure.ResultsThe data generated during the periodic examination of 3,480 (92%) of all employees (3,780) were analyzed. The prevalence of hypertension was 14.8%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 13.5%, 13.9%, and 23.7% among physicians, non-physician healthcare personnel and officers respectively. The logistic regression model revealed a statistically significant correlation between hypertension and male gender, age and BMI.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension was highest among staff members. Special programs would facilitate the diagnosis, control, and prevention of high blood pressure among the high-risk groups, especially men, the elderly and the obese hospital employees.     

数字化医院计算机信息网络系统安全及对策

随着计算机网络的不断发展和深入应用,网络系统安全的重要性日趋突出。本文结合作者所在医院的数字化计算机网络系统实际情况,阐述了数字化医院网络系统存在的不安全因素,提出了应对措施。同时对涉及网络安全的有关问题进行了讨论。     

Informed consent and the security of the electronic health record (EHR): some policy considerations

Various codes of ethics, and in particular the IMIA Code of Ethics for Health Information Professionals (HIPs), stipulate that the subject of an electronic health record (EHR) has a series of security rights with respect to her/his EHR, and that to some degree these rights center in the notion of informed consent. This paper examines the ethical basis of this position, outlines its implications for professionals, institutions and society in general, and identifies its limits. Further issues that will be discussed include who carries the responsibility for informed consent, what nature it should take, whether web-based EHRs present ethically unique problems, and related security implications.     

Clonal spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii across a community hospital and its affiliated long-term care facilities: A cross sectional study

Background

The global spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is now a public health problem. In Taiwan, the relationship of the CRAB circulation between long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and acute care hospitals remains unclear. Here, we use molecular epidemiologic methods to describe the transmission of CRAB isolates between a community hospital and its affiliated LTCFs.

医院网络安全建设的管理策略

在医院信息系统已经被国内许多医院熟练使用的今天，管理者和员工都已开始习惯向IT索要效率。从一开始的部署基础设施、数字化核心业务和服务、发挥信息资源共享的优势、提升企业生产力和竞争力、增强市场应变力及与客户和合作伙伴的互动，医院信息系统正常、稳定、高效的运行已经成为一个重要需求。而面对层出不穷的显性和隐性的问题。如何避免和防护系统的瘫痪就成为亟待解决的问题。本文结合工作实际，谈了医院网络安全建设管理的几点经验和措施。     

Biomedical waste management: Study on the awareness and practice among healthcare workers in a tertiary teaching hospital

Bio-medical waste has a higher potential of infection and injury to the healthcare worker, patient and the surrounding community. Awareness programmes on their proper handling and management to healthcare workers can prevent the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics. This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital to assess the impact of training, audits and education/implementations from 2009 to 2012 on awareness and practice of biomedical waste segregation. Our study reveals focused training, strict supervision, daily surveillance, audits inspections, involvement of hospital administrators and regular appraisals are essential to optimise the segregation of biomedical waste.     

Towards a continuous evolution and adaptation of information systems in healthcare

OBJECTIVES: To address the problem of alignment of health information systems to healthcare processes, which is a major challenge in healthcare organizations; to present a layered approach for system evolution and adaptation based on an application framework and rapid application development; to accomplish a demand-driven system evolution by embedding the software engineering process in business process optimization projects and by closely involving end users to improve their own work practices. METHODS: We have used a holistic health information system as a core application framework. System functionality is incrementally improved using an integrated "generator tool" for rapid application development. We have developed an iterative and participatory software engineering process, adapted to the conditions of the generator tool. The documentation techniques provided by the Unified Modeling Language (UML) were modified to achieve a straight forward documentation covering the whole development cycle from the business process model to generator-based computer applications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The layered approach for system evolution did provide an environment in which a flexible and participatory software development process could be established. Today, generator-based applications are used in all clinical departments of our 1200-bed University Hospital. We expect that tools for rapid application development will be further improved and will play an increasingly important role to establish responsive IT-infrastructures where the application developer can concentrate on business process alignment instead of coding and debugging.     

Maximising recruitment and retention of general practices in clinical trials: a case study

Background

There is limited evidence regarding the factors that facilitate recruitment and retention of general practices in clinical trials. It is therefore pertinent to consider the factors that facilitate research in primary care.

Aim

To formulate hypotheses about effective ways of recruiting and retaining practices to clinical trials, based on a case study.

Design of study

Case study of practice recruitment and retention to a trial of delivering antenatal sickle cell and thalassaemia screening.

Setting

Two UK primary care trusts with 123 practices, with a high incidence of sickle cell and thalassaemia, and high levels of social deprivation.

Method

Practices were invited to take part in the trial using a research information sheet for practices. Invitations were sent to all practice managers, GPs, practice nurses, and nurse practitioners. Expenses of approximately £3000 per practice were available. Practices and the research team signed research activity agreements, detailing a payment schedule based on deliverables. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 20 GPs who participated in the trial. Outcome measures were the number of practices recruited to, and completing, the trial.

Results

Four practices did not agree to randomisation and were excluded. Of 119 eligible practices, 29 expressed an interest in participation. Two practices withdrew from the trial and 27 participated (two hosted pilot studies and 25 completed the trial), giving a retention rate of 93% (27/29). The 27 participating practices did not differ from non-participating practices in list size, number of GPs, social deprivation, or minority ethnic group composition of the practice population.

Conclusion

Three factors appeared important in recruiting practices: research topic, invitation method, and interest in research. Three factors appeared important in retaining practices: good communication, easy data-collection methods, and payment upon meeting pre-agreed targets. The effectiveness of these factors at facilitating recruitment and retention requires assessment in experimental studies.     

Health care provider attitudes and practices regarding adolescent immunizations: A qualitative study

Objective

Assess health care providers’ attitudes and practices regarding adolescent immunizations, including factors that either impede or facilitate vaccination.

Methods

Focus groups—In 2005, 3 focus groups were conducted in Monroe County, NY for (1) urban primary care physicians (PCPs); (2) suburban PCPs; and (3) nurses from practices represented in PCP groups. Audiotaped discussions were transcribed and analyzed using Atlas.ti. Key informant interviews—We recruited knowledgeable informants (18 physicians, 6 nurses) from across the US. The authors conducted in-depth telephone interviews with the participants, typed their interview notes, and sent them to the participant for verification. Separately for nurses, urban physicians, and suburban physicians results for each question were listed and reviewed by the authors. Themes were added to those from the focus groups.

Results

Three overarching themes were identified: professional buy-in (e.g., reimbursement, professional organization recommendations, disease and vaccine characteristics, office consensus); parent/adolescent buy-in (e.g., school requirements, perception of MD recommendations, cost and insurance coverage, media reports, disease and vaccine characteristics, “vaccine fatigue”), and delivery factors (e.g., vaccine supply, ordering, timing and scheduling, consent).

Conclusions

Providers identified intertwined system issues that color their attitudes about adolescent immunization.

Practice implications

Buy-in and delivery factors must be addressed before high immunization rates will be achieved.     

Risk analysis of information security in a mobile instant messaging and presence system for healthcare

INTRODUCTION: Instant messaging (IM) is suited for immediate communication because messages are delivered almost in real time. Results from studies of IM use in enterprise work settings make us believe that IM based services may prove useful also within the healthcare sector. However, today's public instant messaging services do not have the level of information security required for adoption of IM in healthcare. We proposed MedIMob, our own architecture for a secure enterprise IM service for use in healthcare. MedIMob supports IM clients on mobile devices in addition to desktop based clients. METHODS: Security threats were identified in a risk analysis of the MedIMob architecture. The risk analysis process consists of context identification, threat identification, analysis of consequences and likelihood, risk evaluation, and proposals for risk treatment. RESULTS: The risk analysis revealed a number of potential threats to the information security of a service like this. Many of the identified threats are general when dealing with mobile devices and sensitive data; others are threats which are more specific to our service and architecture. Individual threats identified in the risks analysis are discussed and possible counter measures presented. DISCUSSION: The risk analysis showed that most of the proposed risk treatment measures must be implemented to obtain an acceptable risk level; among others blocking much of the additional functionality of the smartphone. To conclude on the usefulness of this IM service, it will be evaluated in a trial study of the human-computer interaction. Further work also includes an improved design of the proposed MedIMob architecture.     

Pattern and outcome of acute poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India

Background and Objective:

Acute poisoning is a medical emergency. It is important to know the nature, severity and outcome of acute poisoning cases in order to take up appropriate planning, prevention and management techniques. This study aimed to assess the pattern and outcome of acute poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective hospital record-based study conducted in a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical institution in Karnataka. The study included 136 cases and data regarding age, sex, time elapsed after intake; circumstances of poisoning, name of the poisonous substance, chemical type, duration of hospitalization, severity and outcome were collected in the prestructured proforma.

Results:

Incidence was more common among males (75.4%) compared to females (24.3). Most cases of acute poisoning presented among 20- to 29-year age group (31.2%) followed by 12- to 19-year age group (30.2%). A majority of poisoning cases (36.0%) were due to organophosphorus compound (OPC). Total mortality was found to be 15.4%. Mortality rate due to corrosives was significantly high compared with OPC poisoning (χ² = 4.12, P = 0.04). Of the 56 patients of OPC and carbamate poisoning, 13 patients (23.2%) had respiratory arrest and required respiratory support. Time lapse had a significant role on the mortality in cases of acute poisoning (χ² = 10.9, P = 0.01).

Conclusion:

Poisoning is more common in young males. The overall mortality is substantially high, mainly contributed by self-poisoning with insecticides and corrosives. Early care in a tertiary care center may help to reduce mortality in India.     

Risk taking in general practice: GP out-of-hours referrals to hospital

Background

Emergency admissions to hospital at night and weekends are distressing for patients and disruptive for hospitals. Many of these admissions result from referrals from GP out-of-hours (OOH) providers.

Aim

To compare rates of referral to hospital for doctors working OOH before and after the new general medical services contract was introduced in Bristol in 2005; to explore the attitudes of GPs to referral to hospital OOH; and to develop an understanding of the factors that influence GPs when they refer patients to hospital.

Design of study

Cross-sectional comparison of admission rates; postal survey.

Setting

Three OOH providers in south-west England.

Method

Referral rates were compared for 234 GPs working OOH, and questionnaires explored their attitudes to risk.

Results

There was no change in referral rates after the change in contract or in the greater than fourfold variation between those with the lowest and highest referral rates found previously. Female GPs made fewer home visits and had a higher referral rate for patients seen at home. One-hundred and fifty GPs responded to the survey. Logistic regression of three combined survey risk items, sex, and place of visit showed that GPs with low ‘tolerance of risk’ scores were more likely to be high referrers to hospital (P<0.001).

Conclusion

GPs'' threshold of risk is important for explaining variations in referral to hospital.     

Information system support as a critical success factor for chronic disease management: Necessary but not sufficient

Improvement of chronic disease management in primary care entails monitoring indicators of quality over time and across patients and practices. Informatics tools are needed, yet implementing them remains challenging. OBJECTIVE: To identify critical success factors enabling the translation of clinical and operational knowledge about effective and efficient chronic care management into primary care practice. DESIGN: A prospective case study of positive deviants using key informant interviews, process observation, and document review. SETTING: A chronic disease management (CDM) collaborative of primary care physicians with documented improvement in adherence to clinical practice guidelines using a web-based patient registry system with CDM guideline-based flow sheet. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty community-based physician participants using predominantly paper records, plus a project management team including the physician lead, project manager, evaluator and support team. ANALYSIS: A critical success factor (CSF) analysis of necessary and sufficient pathways to the translation of knowledge into clinical practice. RESULTS: A web-based CDM 'toolkit' was found to be a direct CSF that allowed this group of physicians to improve their practice by tracking patient care processes using evidence-based clinical practice guideline-based flow sheets. Moreover, the information and communication technology 'factor' was sufficient for success only as part of a set of seven direct CSF components including: health delivery system enhancements, organizational partnerships, funding mechanisms, project management, practice models, and formal knowledge translation practices. Indirect factors that orchestrated success through the direct factor components were also identified. A central insight of this analysis is that a comprehensive quality improvement model was the CSF that drew this set of factors into a functional framework for successful knowledge translation. CONCLUSIONS: In complex primary care settings environment where physicians have low adoption rates of electronic tools to support the care of patients with chronic conditions, successful implementation may require a set of interrelated system and technology factors.     

教学医院内临床解剖实验室建设及意义——以唐山市第二医院为例

人体解剖学是一门基础医学学科,是医学生的必修课程;而医学生毕业从事临床工作后,很少再有机会回到解剖室,没有条件带着临床中遇到的问题再次学习解剖。在教学医院内建设临床解剖实验室能为临床医生提供根据临床需要进行解剖研究的场所和条件,也能促进临床手术技术和诊疗水平的提高,意义重大,值得推广。