长春市西南部地区3万居民乙肝病毒免疫情况调查

接种乙肝疫苗是我国预防和控制乙肝的重要策略[1].自1992年1月起,在全国实行新生儿和学龄前儿童乙肝计划免疫接种工作,疫苗得到普及.近来由血源疫苗发展到基因工程疫苗后,免疫成果报道不多,尤其是长春西南部地区多年来未见大规模调查报告.     

乙型肝炎疫苗纳人计划免疫程序观察

为加强乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)的防治，我国已将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫．己肝疫苗与计划免疫常规疫苗同时接种。1989年至1993年间，我们对213名踺康新生儿进行了乙肝疫苗与卡介苗联台免疫．并对其结果进行了观察。     

菏泽市乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及其影响因素调查

为进一步加快乙肝控制步伐，我国自1992年起将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理，2002年起将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫并免费接种。菏泽市经充分准备自2003年起开始执行。为了解菏泽市乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫前接种率水平，掌握本地区儿童的乙肝疫苗接种本底情况，对2002年本市儿童乙肝疫苗接种率情况进行调查。     

我国首个具有自主产权的治疗性乙肝疫苗进入临床试验

乙肝疫苗将打破目前只具有预防性的局面。近日，我国首个治疗用乙肝疫苗获国家食品药品监督管理局正式批准进入一期临床。该治疗性疫苗将使乙肝特别是病毒携带者和慢性乙肝患者得到根治成为可能。     

乙型肝炎疫苗预防效果研究

乙型肝炎是我国重大传染病,乙肝疫苗是预防和控制乙肝病毒感染的流行和传播最有效措施."九五"期间"乙肝疫苗预防效果研究"证实我国低剂量单纯乙肝血源疫苗的长期预防效果(新生儿免疫后15年内)持续为90%,新生儿完成全程免疫后无需加强免疫可有效预防乙肝病毒慢性感染而终生受益;乙肝疫苗明显具有免疫选择表面抗原基因变异株的作用;表面抗原基因变异株在未免疫携带者中主要是弱势准种;中国乙肝病毒基因型和血清型的分布有明显的地区性;我国乙肝基因工程疫苗(酵母、CHO)大面积推广使用安全、有效和可行;乙肝基因苗表面抗体阳转率和近期保护效果与相当剂量的血源疫苗效果相似;乙肝基因工程疫苗与50IU乙肝免疫球蛋白联合应用,可将母婴阻断效果提高到90%;我国目前推广乙肝疫苗的成本效益至少为135.     

银川市郊区乙型肝炎疫苗纳入计划免疫和安全注射基层培训效果评估

宁夏回族自治区于2002年6月1日全面启动和实施了乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫工作，为了认真贯彻执行《宁夏乙型肝炎疫，苗儿童计划免疫技术管理规程》，配合全区将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫工作，提高全郊区县、乡、村三级计划免疫工作人员在乙肝免疫预防与预防接种安全注射工作方面的业务水平，     

乙型病毒性肝炎预防控制研究现状探讨

现阶段,儿童计划免疫工作中,在接受乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后,有小部分出现弱反应,针对该情况有关专家对疫苗流程以及剂量进行调整,但还没有得到一致的结论.而成人乙肝防治主要以预防接种以及治疗两种方式为主,通过药物治疗作为辅助,预防乙肝过程中不仅仅关注儿童预防,同时也要强化成人乙肝疫苗接种工作.现根据笔者工作经验,对乙型病毒性肝炎预防控制研究现状作一综述.     

乙型肝炎疫苗纳入计划免疫程序观察

为加强乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)的防治,我国已将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫,乙肝疫苗与计划免疫常规疫苗同时接种.1989年至1993年间,我们对213名健康新生儿进行了乙肝疫苗与卡介苗联合免疫,并对其结果进行了观察.一、资料与方法1、接种对象:1989～1993年在我院出生的及所管辖的齐齐哈尔市建华区所属20个委213名新生儿.\     

主被动免疫预防乙肝的研究进展

含前S蛋白的乙肝基因疫苗、DNA疫苗、联合疫苗、乙肝合成肽疫苗、口服疫苗、单剂量疫苗等新型疫苗正在研制或试用.作为主动免疫的乙肝疫苗的预防效果是肯定的.但也有一部分免疫对象对疫苗无(或低)反应,对此本文作了分析.乙肝疫苗的广泛使用后,也发现了一些不良的反应,在此特别提出,让大家重视.文章也介绍了被动免疫预防的乙肝免疫球蛋白的作用和一些尚有争议的问题     

如何避免接种乙肝疫苗所产生的不良反应

乙型肝炎是一种血源性传播性疾病，发病率高，治愈率低，接种乙肝疫苗是预防乙型肝炎的最好方法。因乙肝疫苗已纳入儿童计划免疫必须接种的疫苗，但很多成年人都没有接种过乙肝疫苗，为了减少乙肝的发病率，现主张成年人也应该接种乙肝疫苗。     

Poor uptake of hepatitis B immunization amongst hospital-based health care staff.

The uptake of hepatitis B vaccine was assessed amongst 100 medical and 100 nursing staff in a teaching hospital with a policy of recommending to those at risk that they should seek immunization from their general practitioners. Sixteen per cent of nurses and 31% of doctors had completed a course of immunization with confirmation of seroconversion. An additional 9% and 18% respectively had been immunized without post-immunization serology. Ninety three per cent of nurses and 61% of doctors who had not been immunized would like to receive the vaccine. The commonest reasons for non-immunization amongst nurses were fear of vaccine and lack of advice, and amongst doctors, apathy and difficulty in obtaining the vaccine. Eighty seven per cent of medical staff and 57% of nurses had a history of needle stick injury. The low rates of vaccine uptake in this study combined with the high incidence of needle stick injury calls for a reappraisal of present hepatitis B vaccination programmes in hospitals. In particular the abrogation of responsibility for immunization to general practitioners is probably a major disincentive to potential vaccines.     

基因乙肝疫苗接种母鸡的体液免疫应答

目的：探讨基因乙肝疫苗对母鸡免疫效果的影响。方法：用基因乙肝疫苗辅以佐剂皮下注射母鸡，随后加强免疫4次，用ELISA方法检测血清中抗－HBs。结果：在初次免疫母鸡血清中检出低滴度抗体，加强免疫后，抗体水平显著上升，滴度高达1：640，并维持较长时间，其抗体水平及抗体应答持久性与注射次数与注射途径有关。此外，用乙肝疫苗加佐剂比单用乙肝疫苗免疫效果明显要好。结论：应用基因乙肝疫苗能够诱导母鸡产生针对HBsAg的特异性体液免疫应答。     

2011年赤峰市常规免疫报告接种率监测评价

目的:对赤峰市2011年报告的卡介苗、乙肝疫苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗和麻疹-风疹二联疫苗等常规免疫接种率进行评价。方法:采用差值(D)评价法和比值(R)评价法。结果:5种疫苗的报告接种率均达到了国家要求的95%的接种率指标,D值的评价结果在可疑和不可信之间,R值的评价结果均在可信值范围内。结论:赤峰市常规免疫工作运行较好,通过缩短免疫周期和增加免疫频次可提高常规免疫疫苗的及时接种率,利用好儿童预防接种信息管理系统,可进一步加强对辖区内儿童的管理。     

4种评价方法对广东省常规免疫报告接种率可靠性的评价分析

目的了解广东省常规免疫数据报告质量,为指导今后常规免疫接种率监测工作和制定策略提供科学依据。方法收集广东省2010-2012年儿童卡介苗(BCG)、乙肝疫苗(HepB)、脊灰疫苗(PV)、百白破疫苗(DPT)、含麻疹成分疫苗(MCV)、乙脑疫苗(JE)、A群流脑疫苗(MenA)和甲肝疫苗(HepA)常规免疫接种数据,采用D值法、R值法、脱漏率以及与疫苗用量比较法对报告接种率的可靠性进行评价。结果 2010-2012年广东省8种免疫规划疫苗报告接种率在91.31%~99.71%之间,估算接种率在39.38%~106.18%之间。各年HepB、PV、DPT、MCV的D值评价均为可信,HepA的D值评价均为不可信,JE的D值评价均为可疑,2011、2012年BCG和MenA的D值评价均为可疑。HepB、PV和JE的R值评价均为可信,HepA的R值评价均为不可信,2011、2012年BCG和MenA的R值评价为可疑。各年流动儿童HepB和MenA的脱漏率,以及2010年本地儿童MenA的脱漏率均超过10%。DPT和JE的估算损耗系数与参考损耗系数较为接近,而HepA的估算损耗系数与参考损耗系数有较大差别。结论广东省常规免疫报告接种数据存在漏报和虚报情况,报告接种率不能真实反映实际接种情况,数据报告质量有待提高。     

成人60μg重组乙肝疫苗免疫效果观察

目的：探讨成人接种60μg重组乙型肝炎疫苗（酿酒酵母）的免疫成功率和效果。方法选择我县200名16岁以上已进行乙肝疫苗免疫且没有抗体产生的人群,由深圳康泰生物制品股份有限公司提供60μg重组乙型肝炎疫苗220支,批号20100732-1,一针接种后1个月采血,进行血清免疫学检测。结果接种人群均未出现异常反应。接种一针后1个月,阳转率达98%,抗-HBs几何平均滴度（GMT）为150.88 mIU/mL。结论60μg重组乙型肝炎疫苗安全性良好,免疫成功率高,可用于成人乙肝疫苗加强免疫。     

Impaired responsiveness of homosexual men with HIV antibodies to plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine

Thirty five homosexual men (17 positive for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 18 consistently negative) were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus infection. Eight of the 17 seropositive patients failed to develop detectable hepatitis B surface antibody within three months of the third injection compared with only one of the 18 seronegative patients (p less than 0.01). HIV infection is prevalent in the developed world in groups at risk for hepatitis B infection and in certain Third World countries where widespread vaccination programmes exist. This study shows the impact that coincident HIV infection may have on an otherwise efficacious vaccine. The efficacy of this and other vaccines in patients infected with HIV needs to be studied urgently.     

Improving the health of Oklahomans through clinical prevention, Part III: Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of biomedical science and public health and are clearly one of the most effective tools of clinical prevention. Diseases that once caused significant morbidity and mortality in Americans--particularly children--have been virtually eliminated from the population through effective immunization programs. But until these diseases have been eradicated globally we must continue to maintain high immunization levels to prevent their return; a 90% coverage rate has been set as the national goal for recommended vaccines in preschool age children. In Oklahoma we have only achieved that goal for two vaccines (measles and polio) and for the last several years we have ranked near the bottom in vaccine coverage rates compared to other states. Although achieving high vaccination rates in children involves numerous partners, private physicians must play a major role in that effort since they are the primary vaccine providers in the state. Physicians should also be alert to the vaccine needs of their adolescent and adult patients, particularly for pneumococcal disease, influenza, hepatitis A and B, and tetanus. This article describes current vaccination levels in Oklahoma children and adults for several routine and newly recommended vaccines and discusses the role of private physicians in maintaining and improving immunization coverage.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE

Preparation and prophylactic inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine is an important ap- proach to mass prevention of hepatitis. Because m-vitro cultivation d HB virus is not yet possible, our HB vaccine has been prepared directly from the antigen, as was done formerly in smalIpox and rabies vac- cines. We have attempted preparation of I-IB vaccine from the sera of antigen carriers since early 1975. In the ensuing 2 years, observations on inoculations in animals and human volunteers have shown that this vac- cine produced a certain degree of immunity against hepatitis B: hfid no toxic sicle effects, and was not infectious. TriaI use for diag- nostic prophylactic and therapeutic purposes has given cncouraging results.     

影响新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种的因素

目前,影响新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率的因素有经济因素、出生地点、监护人的文化程度及对乙型肝炎防治知识的认知等。在国家实行新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免费接种的政策下,大力开展健康教育,采用冷链外运转和自毁型预充式乙型肝炎疫苗的策略可以提高新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率。