Cases of HIV-associated characteristic periodontal diseases

In the course of infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) typical changes of inflammatory periodontal diseases can arise. The prevalence of these illnesses may be up to 5%. The HIV-associated periodontal diseases include linear gingival erythema (LGE), necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP). The necrotizing forms appear particularly in severe or advanced immunosuppression. It can be safely assumed that the HIV infection and the resulting immunological defects are responsible for these severe forms of destruction of the periodontal tissue. Periodontal therapy consists in the removal of necrotic tissues and removal of soft and hard plaque-deposits. This is supported by a chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse and antibiotics. In the interest of further prophylactics a strict system of recall appointments is recommended.     

福建省城乡人群牙周健康抽样调查报告

目的：了解福建省牙周健康现状,为防治牙周疾病以及预测牙周疾病的发展趋势提供基线资料。方法：以社区牙周指数（CPI）作为调查标准,采用多阶段、分层、整群随机抽样方法调查福建省城乡12,15,18,35－44及65－74岁共计10660人,牙龈炎的患病率、牙周袋的检出率、患牙龈炎的平均区段数和检出牙周袋的平均区段数,牙周健康区段的人数情况。结果;福建省农村各年龄组牙龋炎的患病率和患牙龋率的平均区段数均高于城市（P＜0．01）,牙龈炎的患病率在青春期达到高峰,随年龄增长牙龈炎的患病率下降。15,18和35－44岁组的牙周袋的检出率和检出牙周袋的平均区段数城乡无差异（P＞0．05）,65－74岁组城市高于农村（P＜0．01）,牙周袋的检出率随年龄增长而上升。城乡各年龄组6区段匀健康者检出率很低,随年龄增长,牙周健康区段明显减少（H＝2837,P＜0．01）,相邻两个年龄组间的牙周健康区段等级人数分布有差异。结论：须加强对全人群 的口腔健康教育,提高城乡人群的口腔健康意识,加强预防保健措施,已患有牙周疾病者应及时治疗。     

福建地区HIV感染者及艾滋病患者口腔病损临床观察和HAART治疗的影响

目的：了解福建地区人免疫缺陷病毒感染及艾滋病感染(HIV/AIDS)患者口腔病损状况,为我国HIV/AIDS人群口腔疾病的防治提供依据。方法方便选取2014年1月＿2015年12月经福建省疾病控制中心确诊为HIV/AIDS患者160例为调查对象,由专业人员采集病史,进行口腔专科检查,并将详细记录的结果与世界卫生组织艾滋病感染口腔表征协作中心制定的艾滋病口腔表征分类及诊断标准相比较。同时记录CD4+T细胞计数及HAART半年后的CD4+T细胞计数。结果160例HIV/AIDS患者,年龄范围为23~68岁,其中男93例,女67例。有32例患者出现了口腔病损,其类型依照患病率的高低依次是：白色念珠菌病11例,单纯疱疹7例,口腔溃疡6例,AIDS相关性牙周病变4例,卡波济肉瘤3例和乳头状瘤2例。入组HIV/AIDS患者使用HAART法进行治疗6个月后,口腔病损明显减轻,且大多数患者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数提高。结论 HIV/AIDS患者常伴有口腔表征,并且部分口腔表征出现较早。口腔念珠菌病是HIV/AIDS患者最常见的口腔表征。 HAART治疗后这些口腔病损减轻。     

某部基层官兵口腔健康状况调查与分析

目的了解军队基层官兵口腔健康状况,为建立我军合理有效的口腔卫生服务体系提供依据。方法整群抽取驻广州地区某部850名基层官兵,进行口腔健康状况及口腔保健知识、态度、行为调查。结果850名被调查者龋齿率为33.65%,龋均为1.39;龋未治牙占42%,龋失牙占3.9%,因龋充填牙占9.5%,软垢平均检出率85.2%,牙石检出率为81.2%,牙龈炎检出率为78.4%。结论被调查官兵患龋率低于全国同龄人群水平,牙周疾病检出率高于全国平均水平。     

艾滋病患者的口腔损害及其在艾滋病诊断中的作用

对7例艾滋病患者（HIV抗体阳性）进行口腔检查，以了解口腔损害与艾滋病的关系，为研究口腔损害作为艾滋病的临床标志物提供资料。结果表明：7例艾滋病患者的主要口腔损害是：口腔溃疡6例、白色念珠菌病4例、牙周炎4例、卡波济氏肉瘤3例、带状疱疹3例、毛状白斑2例、单纯疱疹性口炎2例以及淋巴结肿大3例。口腔溃疡患病率最高，白色念珠菌病最明显，其次为牙周炎。研究提示，艾滋病患者可以出现明显的口腔损害，了解艾滋病患者的口腔损害不仅利于艾滋病患者的早期发现和正确处理，也有利于口腔医务人员自身的防护。     

恩施市4994名成年人牙周病患病率调查分析

目的 了解恩施市各民族成年人牙周病患病情况,以便制定正确的预防措施,提高口腔健康水平.方法 对恩施市4994名成年人进行口腔健康状况普查.结果 恩施市成年人牙周病患病率:牙龈炎72.25%,牙结石97 40%,牙周病50%(早期牙周病46.12%,晚期牙周病3.88%).牙周病的患病率男＞女,牙龈炎及牙结石的患病率男女无显著差别.结论 恩施市成年人牙周病患病不容忽视,有必要大力开展口腔健康教育,形成良好的口腔卫生习惯,重视口腔保健,定期洁牙进行牙周病治疗,及时治疗口腔疾病,提高口腔健康状况.     

Prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in a Saudi adult population

Objectives:

To evaluate the prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis among a Saudi adult population in Riyadh region.

Methods:

Three hundred and eighty-five eligible participants in this cross-sectional study were recruited from routine dental patients attending the oral diagnosis clinic at Al-Farabi College in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from June 2013 to December 2013. A clinical examination was performed by 2 dentists to measure the gingival and plaque indices of Löe and Silness for each participant.

Results:

The prevalence of gingivitis was 100% among adult subjects aged between 18-40 years old. Moreover, the mean gingival index was 1.68±0.31, which indicates a moderate gingival inflammation. In fact, males showed more severe signs of gingival inflammation compared with females (p=0.001). In addition, the mean plaque index was 0.875±0.49, which indicates a good plaque status of the participants. Interestingly, the age was not related either to the gingival inflammation (p=0.13), or to the amount of plaque accumulation (p=0.17). However, males were more affected than females (p=0.005).

Conclusion:

The results of this study show that plaque accumulation is strongly associated with high prevalence of moderate to severe gingivitis among Saudi subjects.Plaque-induced gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease,1 which is considered to be the second most common oral disease after dental caries, affecting more than 75% of the population worldwide.2,3 In 2000, the United States Surgeon General released a report calling interest to the ‘‘silent epidemic’’ of dental and oral diseases, mainly dental caries and periodontal diseases suffered by millions of people throughout the US.4 The prevalence of periodontal diseases varies in different studies and different countries as a result of variations in study populations, age of participants, and the procedure of defining and diagnosing this type of disease. In general, gingivitis begins in early childhood, and becomes more prevalent and severe with age.5,6 Epidemiological studies revealed that plaque-induced gingivitis is prevalent among all ages of dentate individuals.7-9 Plaque-induced gingivitis is characterized by the presence of inflammation confined to gingiva without extension into other tooth-supporting structures.10-12 Persistence of this type of inflammation is correlated with the presence of microbial dental plaque. As long as this microbial biofilm is present adjacent to the gingival tissues, the inflammation will not resolve.13 However, it has been shown to be reversible after removing these causative factors.14 The clinical features that can be used as characteristic of gingivitis could be one of the following signs: erythematic and sponginess; changes in contour; bleeding upon stimulation; and presence of calculus, or plaque without clinical attachment loss, or radiographic evidence of crestal bone loss.15 Clinically, the severity and signs of gingival inflammation can be expressed by means of gingival index (GI) of Löe and Silness.16 According to this index, gingival inflammation can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. However, the presence of these signs of inflammation is considered the initial stage for the more severe and irreversible form of periodontal diseases.17-19 A patient''s susceptibility to develop this type of disease also is highly variable and depends on the host response towards periodontal pathogens,17-19 which may be influenced by both acquired and genetic factors that can modify this susceptibility to infection.12,20 Prevention of dental plaque accumulation and early treatment of gingivitis reduces the risks associated with the development of a more severe, and destructive form of periodontal diseases.11,21 It is well known and documented that gingivitis develops after 10-21 days of accumulation of dental plaque,22 necessitating a daily effort to prevent plaque accumulation. Several studies revealed a significant correlation between reducing the incidence of gingivitis and regular plaque control measures.23-25 The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis among a Saudi adult population in Riyadh region.     

口腔与胃内幽门螺杆菌关系的研究

目的研究胃病患者口腔中是否存在幽门螺杆菌(Hp),并分析胃病患者牙周状况与幽门螺杆菌的关系。方法依据特异的尿素酶C基因和cag A基因设计引物,建立聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法,检测65例慢性胃病患者不同牙齿的龈上和龈下菌斑中的Hp。6例胃Hp阳性的胃炎患者,经药物治疗后,检测口腔Hp。结果65例慢性胃病患者胃黏膜标本中,PCR检测阳性的标本58例(89.3%),龈下菌斑Hp阳性率(47.7%),高于龈上菌斑中的Hp阳性率(26.2%)。牙周袋深度(PD)≥4 mm部位菌斑中Hp检出率显著高于PD<4 mm的部位(P<0.05)。6例胃炎患者,经药物治疗后口腔仍检出Hp。结论口腔Hp是慢性胃病患者Hp感染的重要来源。     

某大学教职工口腔健康状况调查及口腔保健对策

目的:对教职工口腔体检结果进行分析,了解教职工口腔健康现状,提出指导口腔保健。方法:利用教职工体检的形式,口腔医生专科检查,并列表统计检查情况,对结果进行分析统计。结果:1 273例健康体检者中,口腔查出异常率:①患龋率24.35%;②牙龈炎6.86%;③牙周炎8.17%;④牙结石22.78%;⑤牙缺未补10.05%。男女患病率女性高于男性。年龄段对比,41岁以上患病率明显高于40岁以下。体检过程中发现口腔其他病变患病程度同样严重,共发现479例口腔病变患者,其中牙结石患者290例,牙龈炎85例,牙周炎104例,牙结石和牙龈炎男性明显高于男性,牙周炎女性高于男性。结论:口腔健康要做到预防为主,定期检查,患病早治疗。     

艾滋病口腔病损的研究进展

自上世纪80年代发现人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)以来,其感染者已几乎遍布世界各个国家和地区.在我国,自1985年首例艾滋病病例报告到今天.艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者的数量已经进入快速增长期.据卫生部最新统计,截至2009年10月底,我国累计报告艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者319 877例,报告死亡49 845例.     

妊娠期龈炎在不同孕期的临床及细菌学分析

目的比较中国人群不同孕期的妊娠期龈炎严重程度,以及细菌检出率的差异,为妊娠期龈炎的病因及防治研究提供相关依据。方法按照世界卫生组织1987年制定的口腔健康基本调查方法,对2010年10月～2011年3月在四川大学华西第二医院门诊孕检的13名妊娠期龈炎妇女行口腔临床检查及龈下菌斑细菌检测。结果不同孕期的SBI差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中以中孕组最高(0.93±0.45);细菌学分析结果发现,葡萄球菌属检出率在中孕组最高(P<0.05),链球菌属检出率在晚孕组最高(P<0.05)。结论由多项研究可知,孕期越长,龈炎患病率越高,但龈炎严重程度并不一定与患病率呈正相关;不同孕期的龈下微环境也会对葡萄球菌属与链球菌属的生长产生影响。     

Oral manifestation of HIV/AIDS infections in paediatric Nigerian patients

Background:

The aims of this study were to determine the pattern and frequency of oral lesions and to compare the prevalence of HIV-related oral lesions in paediatric Nigerian patients on HAART with those not on HAART.

Materials and Methods:

All patients aged 15 years and below attending the Infectious Disease Clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital with a diagnosis of HIV were consecutively examined in a cross-sectional study over a 2-year period. Information was obtained by history, physical examinations, HIV testing, and enumeration of CD+ T cells. The results are presented. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results:

A total of 105 children comprising 63 males and 42 female who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study, mean age in months was 53.3±42.2, with a mean of 3.4±2.2 for male and 2.8±1.8 for female respectively. Oral lesions occurred in 61.9% of the children Overall, 22 (21.0%) had at least one oral lesion, 43 (41.0%) had multiple lesion. The most common lesion was oral candidiasis (79.1%). The angular cheilitis (43.8%) variant was most frequent. The mean CD4 counts were 1138 cells/mm³, 913 cells/mm³ and 629 cells/mm³ for those without oral lesion, with single lesion and multiple oral lesions respectively. These differences were not statistically significant (ANOVA: F=0.185, df=2, 80, 82, P=0.831. Patients on HAART comprised about 61.9% and these were found to have reduced risk for development of such oral lesions as angular cheilitis (OR=0.76; 95% CI=0.56-1.02; P=0.03), pseudomembranous candidiasis (OR=0.71; 95% CI=0.54-0.94; P=0.024) and HIV-gingivitis (OR=0.59; 95% CI=0.46-0.75; P=0.001). HAART had some beneficial but insignificant effect on development of HIV-periodonttitis (OR=0.60; 95% CI=0.51-0.70; P=0.09). The chances of occurrence of other oral lesions were not significantly reduced by HAART (Kaposi sarcoma, OR=1.24; 95% CI=0.31-5.01; P=0.47, erythematous candidiasis, OR=1.13; 95% CI=0.62-2.06).

Conclusion:

HIV-related Oral lesions are frequently seen in HIV-infected Nigerian children. Paediatric patients receiving HAART had significantly lower prevalence of oral lesions, particularly oral candidiasis and HIV-gingivitis.     

The Clinical Effects of Alantoin Powder for Gargleon Periodontal Diseases and Aphthous Ulcer

ＴｈｅＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＥｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＡｌａｎｔｏｉｎＰｏｗｄｅｒｆｏｒＧａｒｇｌｅｏｎＰｅｒｉｏｄｏｎｔａｌＤｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｎｄＡｐｈｔｈｏｕｓＵｌｃｅｒＹｕＷｅｉｙｉ（俞未一）ＳｕｎＷｅｉｂｉｎ（孙卫斌）ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｔｏｍａｔｏｌ...     

妊娠期口腔健康状况调查分析

目的:调查妊娠期妇女的口腔健康状况及口腔健康教育状况。方法:对769例孕妇的患龋率、牙周病及自我保健意识进行调查分析。结果:妊娠期龋齿及牙龈炎患病率分别为49.67%和75.68%,软垢及牙石发生率分别为86.87%和52.41%,而龋齿和牙龈炎就诊率仅为3.38%。95.32%的孕妇未接受过口腔健康教育。结论:缺乏口腔保健意识和不良口腔卫生习惯是影响孕妇口腔健康状况的重要因素,口腔科医生应与产科医生密切合作,加强孕妇口腔卫生宣传教育,及时治疗口腔疾病。     

西帕依固龈液预防固定正畸患者早期牙龈炎的临床疗效观察

目的观察西帕依固龈液预防固定正畸患者早期牙龈炎的临床疗效。方法选取固定正畸患者40例,随机分成试验组（使用西帕依固龈液和常规口腔卫生保健措施）和对照组（常规口腔卫生保健措施）,每组20例,正畸治疗开始后试验组使用西帕依固龈液含漱。观察患者正畸治疗前和治疗后1、2、3个月牙龈炎的发生情况,分别测定各指数牙的牙龈指数（GI）、菌斑指数（PLI）以及龈沟出血指数（SBI）,并进行统计学分析。结果固定正畸治疗前,试验组和对照组患者牙龈状况良好,牙周各临床指标值GI、PLI、SBI相比差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;固定正畸治疗1个月及2个月后复查,试验组和对照组牙周各临床指标值均较治疗前上升,但对照组上升更明显,与试验组相比均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,并且治疗2个月后试验组SBI值与对照组相比差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）;固定正畸治疗3个月后复查,试验组和对照组牙周各临床指标值继续上升,两组相比差异均有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论西帕依固龈液能有效减少固定正畸患者早期牙龈炎的发生。     

The status of periodontal health and oral hygiene of Miraa (catha edulis) chewers

Two hundred and thirty one miraa chewers and 199 non miraa chewers were assessed for gingivitis, loss of attachment and oral hygiene status. The mean gingivitis score among miraa chewers was 1.6 and 1.7 among non miraa chewers (P less than 0.05). The mean facial gingivitis score among miraa chewers was 1.5 and 1.6 among non miraa chewers (P greater than 0.05). The mean distal gingivitis score among miraa chewers was 1.5 and 1.7 among non miraa chewers (P less than 0.05). The mean lingual gingivitis score among miraa chewers was lower than that of non miraa chewers (P less than 0.05). The means of loss of attachment of the teeth of miraa chewers were equal to those of non miraa chewers. Although the mean surface plaque scores of miraa chewers were generally lower than those of non miraa chewers, only the mean lingual plaque score of miraa chewers was found to be significantly lower than that of non miraa chewers (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that the oral hygiene status of miraa chewers was generally better than that of non miraa chewers and there was no evidence to show that chewing miraa is detrimental to periodontal health.     

154例尘肺病患者口腔健康状况及保健行为调查

目的了解尘肺病患者口腔健康状况和口腔保健行为情况,指导口腔疾病的防治工作。方法154名尘肺病住院患者进行口腔健康检查,并设立健康问卷,对口腔疾病的种类、严重程度、口腔健康意识及个人护理情况进行统计分析。结果尘肺病患者口腔疾病患病率为93．51％,患病率最高的口腔疾病为龋齿,其他依次为牙结石、牙龈炎,牙周炎等;大多数尘肺患者口腔保健方法不正确,75．32％的患者每天刷牙1次,58．44％的患者仍使用横刷的方法。结论尘肺病患者口腔健康状况较差,口腔疾病发病率较高,而且缺乏口腔健康知识,口腔健康教育亟待加强。     

356名医学专科学校学生口腔健康调查与分析

目的 了解某医学专科学校2015级大二学生口腔卫生知识知晓率,口腔保健行为的实施率,口腔保健的态度以及口腔健康状况。探讨口腔卫生知识态度行为与学生口腔健康之间的关联。 方法 参照WHO的《口腔健康调查基本方法》,2016年9月在学校内系统抽样抽取356名学生进行口腔健康检查和问卷调查。结合问卷和口腔健康检查数据进行分析。应用EpiData 3.1软件进行录入,并进行逻辑纠错,采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计分析。通过χ2检验分析比较不同组间学生口腔卫生知识、态度、行为发生情况的差异,建立二元Logistic回归模型,调整关键人口统计学变量,分析口腔知识态度行为和龋病牙龈炎发生的关联。 结果 356名学生问卷显示父亲文化程度不同,口腔健康知识知晓率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。口腔检查结果:患龋率为32.0%,牙龈炎的检出率为29.5%。不同专业和不同生源地学生牙龈炎的检出率之间差异有统计学意义。通过Spearman相关分析和Logistic回归分析发现,在问卷调查的53项中,知晓龋病是危害人类的三大疾病之一和知晓不能预防牙周疾病的方法对龋病的患病率有影响,未使用漱口水和未做龈上洁治是牙龈炎的危险因素。 结论 该医学专科学校学生的口腔健康知识掌握存在不均衡性,龋病患病率较高,需开设口腔教育课程,加强口腔卫生指导,促进口腔健康。      

乌鲁木齐市中老年人牙周状况及认知调查分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐市中老年人群的牙周健康状况及牙周保健知识的认知水平,为中老年人牙周疾病的防治及开展口腔健康预防保健工作提供科学依据。方法采用世界卫生组织El腔健康调查方法及第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方法,对乌鲁木齐市1200名中老年人（35～44岁中年组600名,65～74岁老年组600名）进行一般情况及牙周保健知识认知水平问卷调查,并对牙周健康状况进行检查,检查项目包括牙龈出血（即探诊后出血,BOP）、牙石、探诊深度（PD）及附着丧失（AL）情况。结果乌鲁木齐市35～44岁中年人牙龈出血及牙结石的检出率分别为67．2％和96．5％,牙周袋、浅牙周袋及深牙周袋的检出率分别为37．3％、37％和4．4％,附着丧失≥4mm的检出率为29％。65～74岁老年人牙龈出血及牙结石的检出率分别为62％和91．4％,牙周袋、浅牙周袋及深牙周袋的检出率分别为49．4％、48．6％和8．6％,附着丧失≥4mm的检出率为66％,两组差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,中年组牙周疾病相关行为和认知水平略好于老年组。结论乌鲁木齐市中老年人口腔牙周健康状况较差,口腔健康知识及行为存在不足。加强对中老年人的牙周疾病的防治及口腔卫生宣教,改善中老年人的牙周健康状况应该是今后口腔预防工作的重点。