骨髓间充质干细胞结合异体骨植骨治疗长骨骨折不愈合

目的比较单纯异体骨植骨及骨髓间充质干细胞结合异体骨植骨治疗骨折不愈合的效果。方法回顾性分析长管状骨骨折不愈合49例,26例采用单纯异体骨植骨治疗,23例采用骨髓干细胞结合异体骨植骨,比较二组患者骨折愈合率及愈合时间。结果单纯异体骨移植组骨折愈合时间为（7.2±2.3）个月,自体骨髓干细胞结合异体骨移植组骨折愈合时间为（4.7±1.4）个月,骨折愈合时间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论骨髓间充质干细胞结合异体骨植骨治疗骨折不愈合方便有效,具有临床应用价值。     

同种异体骨移植后骨愈合的实验研究

目的：通过有关的动物实验来探讨有关异体骨移植骨愈合的规律，以达到加速异体骨移植骨愈合的目的。方法：24只新西兰大白兔为实验动物，随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组用梯度降温、深低温保存的股骨外侧髁植入，在接触的骨面置入骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)骨基质，以金属螺钉固定；对照组用取下的自体股骨外侧髁原位植入，用与实验组相同的内固定方法固定；术后4、8和12周行大体标本观察，并行苏木精-伊红(H-E)染色及BMP免疫组化染色，观察异体骨愈合的情况。结果：深低温保存的同种异体骨移植愈合与自体骨相似。BMP染色在新生骨及其周围类基质表达阳性。其愈合是从宿主骨向移植骨，从周围向中央，从哈佛管向其四周逐渐进行爬行替代的过程。结论：同种异体骨移植愈合过程主要通过骨传导实现成骨，骨诱导亦发挥积极作用。使用BMP、合适的内固定、大小适合的移植物，可以使异体骨愈合的过程与自体骨相似。     

同种异体骨移植的研究进展

同种异体骨移植已广泛地应用于因创伤、骨肿瘤、感染、先天性骨病等所致的骨缺损,其移植愈合过程主要依靠骨传导实现成骨,同时骨诱导亦发挥积极作用,而灭菌、降低抗原性、保存同种异体骨的生物学和生物力学特性是确保同种异体骨移植成功的必要措施.现对同种异体骨制备保存、灭菌、愈合机制、排斥反应4个方面的研究进展作一综述.     

金葡液对冻干异体骨移植愈合影响的实验研究

目的 观察金葡液对冻干异体骨移植愈合的影响，并探讨其作用机制。方法 24只兔右侧桡骨造成15mm缺损模型，植入冻干异体骨，随机分成两组，每组12只。术后第10d开始，实验组局部注射金葡液，对照组注射等体积的生理盐水。术后不同时间分别行X线片、组织学和放射性核素骨扫描检查，并测定血清钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量。结果 实验组术后不同时间的骨代谢活性、新骨生成和血清P及ALP含量均高于对照组，而血清Ca低于对照组。实验组异体骨90d完全愈合，对照组仍未愈合。结论 金葡液作为一种促进骨折愈合药物，可有效加快冻干异体骨的愈合，加速新骨生成。     

同种异体骨移植治疗骨缺损的临床应用

目的 观察异体骨移植治疗骨缺损的临床疗效。方法 21例骨缺损病人，年龄7至56岁，创伤性骨缺损15例，肿瘤性骨缺损6例，采用山西省医用组织库提供的同种异体骨移植，其中大段骨移植1例，骨块 骨条移植11例，骨条移植9例，术后观察切口愈合等级，免疫排斥反应的表现，骨缺损愈合情况及异体骨移植的并发症。结果 21例病人随访2至18个月，切口甲级愈合16例，乙级愈合4例，术后感染丙级愈合1例。移植骨愈合19例，移位骨部分吸收1例，1例随访时间65天，移植骨尚未愈合。结论 小块异体骨移植可获得自体骨移植的同样疗效，未观察到明显的免疫排斥反应，大段骨移植疗效尚待观察。     

深冻同种异体骨治疗肿瘤性骨缺损

采用深低温冷冻辐照灭菌同种异体骨充填良性骨肿瘤和痛样病变手术刮除后骨腔７例。除１例巨大骨腔由于手术后引流不畅，积血感染外，其余均Ｉ期愈合。术后１月Ｘ线片显示新骨生长、３月后骨愈合良好。深冻同种异体骨与受体组织的相容性好，是较理想之异体储骨。     

大段异体骨生物力学特性及愈合机理的相关研究

为进一步探讨异体骨生物力学特性及影响愈合的因素和愈合机理,我们测量了不同截骨形状猪骨模型的压缩刚度、扭矩刚度及最大扭矩,以多槽髓内钉与无槽髓内钉建立股骨下段异体骨关节移植动物模型,观察其对骨血运的影响。从85例用不同内固定方式进行大段异体骨移植病例X片表现判定异体骨愈合的方式,并依据Ennking肢体恶性肿瘤保肢术后肢体功能     

同种异体骨螺钉治疗髋臼骨折的比较研究

目的：探讨同种异体骨螺钉、可吸收螺钉和普通金属螺钉治疗髋臼骨折的疗效。方法：应用同种异体骨螺钉、可吸收螺钉和普通金属螺钉治疗髋臼骨折患者共129例,并对其在功能恢复、临床愈合时间等方面进行比较。结果：同种异体骨螺钉内固定组和可吸收螺钉内固定组的髋关节功能恢复优于普通金属螺钉内固定组。同种异体骨螺钉内固定组的功能恢复优于可吸收螺钉内固定组。同种异体骨螺钉内固定组和可吸收螺钉内固定组的临床愈合时间短于普通螺钉内固定组。结论：同种异体骨螺钉治疗髋臼骨折的疗效优于可吸收螺钉和普通金属螺钉。     

应用可吸收骨钉采用微创原则治疗骨折

目的:探讨同种异体骨钉微创治疗四肢骨折。方法:采用微创原则,运用同种异体骨钉行骨折内固定术。结果: 骨折术后固定稳定,切口按期甲级愈合,经1个月-3个月随访,骨折愈合良好。结论:运用同种异体骨钉,采用微创原则治疗 四肢骨折能最大限度提高骨折愈合效果,在临床上值得推广。     

应用可吸收骨钉采用微创原则治疗骨折

目的：探讨同种异体骨钉微创治疗四肢骨折。方法：采用微创原则，运用同种异体骨钉行骨折内固定术．结果：骨折术后固定稳定，切口按期甲级愈合，经1个月～3个月随访，骨折愈合良好．结论：运用同种异体骨钉，采用微创原则治疗四肢骨折能最大限度提高骨折愈合效果，在临床上值得推广。     

Transplantation of kidneys from living related donors. Comparison with cadaveric kidney transplantation

In a series of 271 transplantations of renal allografts, performed over 10 years, the rates of graft survival, patient survival, and morbidity in the recipients of allografts from living related donors (47 allografts) have been compared with those in the recipients of cadaveric allografts (224 allografts). The one-year graft survival rates were 88% for allografts from living related donors (100%, if these were HLA-identical) and 55% for cadaveric allografts, while the patient survival rates were 97% and 87%, respectively, in the same period. Morbidity rates (expressed as the number of days spent in hospital) for recipients of allografts from living related donors were approximately 50% of those for recipients of cadaveric grafts. Complications in the living related donors were minimal, and acceptable. It is concluded that transplantation of allografts from living related donors has many advantages over transplantation of cadaveric kidneys, and is a valuable adjunct to a cadaveric renal transplantation programme. Greater use of living related kidney donors should be encouraged in Australia.     

Patellar allografts in anterior cervical fusion - a two-year clinical and radiographic study

Donor site morbidity, which occurs in 15% to 20% with the use of autografts for anterior cervical fusion, is eliminated with the use of allografts. While allografts from the iliac crest, ribs, fibula, femoral head and skull have been used in anterior cervical fusion, the use of patellar allografts has not been previously reported. Twenty-two patients underwent Cloward anterior cervical decompression and fusion using bicortical patellar allografts from 1993 to 1997. Fifteen patients, with a follow-up period of at least two years, were reviewed. Eleven patients (73.4%) had good or excellent results at an average of 42.8 months after surgery. Fourteen patients (93.4%) achieved union. Two patients (13.3%) developed collapse of the graft with extrusion, one of whom still achieved union. These results are comparable to those reported of anterior cervical fusion using autografts or other types of allografts.     

人工关节置换术中骨移植的研究进展

总结了人工关节置换术中骨移植基础研究及临床应用研究进展,对近5年研究自体和异体骨移植的生物学、免疫学及其骨移植在人工膝、髋关节置换术中应用的主要文献进行了总结。骨移植的生物学及其免疫学已趋明确。骨移植,特别是异体骨移植已广泛应用于人工关节置换术。在人工关节置换术中,自体骨应用的疗效及其结果优于异体骨。但在自体骨缺乏的情况下,特别是在人工关节翻修术中,应用经合适处理的异体骨同样能取得满意效果。     

应用国产雷帕霉素延长肾脏移植物存活的实验研究

目的探讨国产雷帕霉素(rapamycin, RPM)及其与环孢素A(CsA)联合应用延长大鼠移植肾存活的效能.方法肾移植大鼠分为对照组、RPM组、CsA组、RPM 小剂量CsA组和RPM 大剂量CsA 4个治疗组.观察移植肾存活时间、血肌酐浓度和移植肾病理改变.结果与对照组相比,RPM组、CsA组、RPM CsA组移植肾存活时间均显著延长(P<0.01),其中,RPM 小剂量CsA组移植肾存活时间最长(69.2±10.3)d,术后15、30d组血肌酐浓度最低,未见明显的肾小管空泡变性.结论国产雷帕霉素可有效延长大鼠移植肾存活时间;与小剂量CsA合用可避免严重肾中毒,进一步延长移植肾的存活.     

局部CTLA4Ig转基因治疗大鼠小肠移植排斥

目的 :研究CTLA4Ig基因在小肠局部转染表达及其表达产物对小肠移植物存活的作用。方法 :移植前经肠系膜上动脉供给肠灌注脂质体包裹的CTLA4IgcDNA ,应用免疫组织学及RT PCR观察移植小肠中CTLA4Ig转基因产物的表达。结果 :免疫组织学及RT PCR结果显示在移植后 2 8天内移植小肠中有CTLA4Ig转基因产物的表达 ,18例移植小肠中的 11例在受体内的存活时间超过 90天。结论 :经肠系膜上动脉体外灌注脂质体包裹的CTLA4IgcDNA可有效转染移植小肠 ,转染的移植小肠在受体内可长时间存活     

Selection of allografts for impaction bone grafting for bone defect reconstruction on the acetabular side

Objective To review the choices of allografts for bone defect reconstruction in acetabular revision surgery using the technique of impaction bone grafting.Data sources The data cited in this review were mainly obtained from articles listed in PubMed that were published from January 1993 to July 2009. The search terms were ＂impaction bone grafting＂, ＂particle size＂, ＂mechanical property＂and ＂biological behavior＂.Study selection Articles relevant to the choices of allografts and their results for bone defect reconstruction on the acetabular side were selected.Results Different choices of allografts, including the particle size, process of irradiation or fat reduction, composition and particle grade, are made to improve the survival rate of a prosthesis in acetabular revision surgery. This review,which compares both mechanical and biological factors, summarizes the experimental and clinical results for different techniques.Conclusions Fresh frozen cancellous allografts with particle sizes ranging from 7 to 10 mm are a favorable choice for reconstruction of bone defects of American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons （AAOS） types Ⅱ （cavitary defect） and Ⅲ（combined cavitary and segmental defect） on the acetabular side. A fat-reducing procedure with saline or solvent/detergent is controversial. Adding autologous marrow into irradiated allografts, which provides reliable mechanical stability and biological safety, may be a substitute for fresh frozen allografts. Cortical bone can be a supplementary material in cases of insufficiency of cancellous allografts. Cartilage should be excluded from the graft material. Further research is required to demonstrate the best particle grade, and randomized controlled trials in clinical practice are required to obtain more information about the selection of allografts.     

Orthotopic homotransplantation of vascularized composite mandibular tissue in rabbits immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A

Summary To develop the surgical model, composite mandibular tissue was transplanted at the same site. Revascularization was accomplished by end-to-end anastomosis of the facial vessels using standard microvascular techniques. A total of 33 vascularized composite mandibular tissue allografts were similarly performed between two incompatible strains of rabbit. In a control group of 9 animals, no immunosuppression was administered. All of these allografts were rejected acutely within 10 days after surgery. 7 allograft recipients were immunosuppressed with azathioprine and prednisone at 5 mg/kg.d and 2 mg/ kg.d, respectively. Their allografts were also rejected acutely within 10 days. 17 allograft recipients were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A (CsA). All allografts showed primary wound healing and hair growth and took on normal appearance. 8 of these recipients were given CsA at 5 mg/kg.d i.v. and their allografts were rejected at a mean time of 17.9 days. The remaining 9 recipients given CsA at 10 mg/kg.d i.v. rejected their allografts at a mean time of 36.1 days. In 3 of them, the rejection was reversed with CsA (20 mg/kg.d) injection for five days successfully, and one allograft survived more than 100 days. This pilot study suggests that the surgical model is reliable and that CsA will be useful as an immunosuppressive agent in the study of vascularized composite mandibular tissue allografts.     

Structural bone allografts with intramedullary vascularized fibular autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects in extremities

Objective：To report the clinical outcome of repairing massive bone defects biologically in limbs by homeochronous using structural bone allografts with intramedullary vascularized fibular autografts. Methods： From January 2001 to December 2005, large bone defects in 19 patients （11 men and 8 women, aged 6 to 35 years） were repaired by structural bone allografts with intramedullary vascularized fibular autografts in the homeochronous period. The range of the length of bone defects was 11 to 25 cm （mean 17.6 cm）, length of vascularized free fibular was 15 to 29 cm （mean 19.2 cm）, length of massive bone allografts was 11 to 24 cm （mean 17.1 cm）. Location of massive bone defects was in humerus（n=1）, in femur（n=9） and in tibia（n=9）, respectively. Results： After 9 to 69 months （mean 38.2 months） follow-up, wounds of donor and recipient sites were healed inⅠstage, monitoring-flaps were alive, eject reaction of massive bone allografts were slight, no complications in donor limbs. Fifteen patients had the evidence of radiographic union 3 to 6 months after surgery, 3 cases united 8 months later, and the remained one case of malignant synovioma in distal femur recurred and amputated the leg 2.5 months, postoperatively. Five patients had been removed internal fixation, complete bone unions were found one year postoperatively. None of massive bone allografts were absorbed or collapsed at last follow-up. Conclusion： The homeochronous usage of structural bone allograft with an intramedullary vascularized fibular autograft can biologically obtain a structure with the immediate mechanical strength of the allograft, a potential result of revascularization through the vascularized fibula, and accelerate bone union not only between fibular autograft and the host but also between massive bone allograft and the host.     

16例交锁髓内钉＋植骨治疗胫骨骨折不愈合的疗效观察

目的 :观察交锁髓内钉 植骨治疗胫骨骨折不愈合的临床疗效。方法 :本组胫骨骨折不愈合 16例 ,男 11例 ,女 5例 :年龄 19— 76岁 ,平均 34岁 ,全部采用开放置入交锁髓内钉 植骨治疗。结果 :经 11到 2 4个月 (平均 16 .5个月 )随访 ,15例胫骨骨不连愈合。结论 :交锁髓内钉 植骨治疗胫骨骨折不愈合具有 :1、合理的生物力学设计 ;2、抗骨折旋转及短缩功能 :3、对局部血运破坏小 ;4、植骨的成骨作用等促进骨愈合 ,值得推荐使用