右正中神经电刺激对颅脑创伤昏迷患者脑血流灌注的影响:SPECT-CT显像观察

目的 利用SPECT - CT融合机脑血流灌注显像技术检测重型颅脑创伤昏迷患者行右正中神经电刺激前后脑血流灌注变化情况.方法 重型颅脑损伤患者32例,伤后2周仍昏迷,接受右正中神经电刺激治疗.治疗前及治疗第7天,行SPECT - CT评价脑血流灌注变化情况.利用MATLAB和SPM软件对检测结果进行分析处理,得到昏迷患者脑皮层丘脑血流与健康成人比较值,用区域分析法分析脑皮层、丘脑和脑干部位的血流灌注增加的特征改变,利用图像重建迭加技术获得脑表面(含颅底面)血流灌注增加值.结果 颅脑创伤昏迷患者与健康成人相比较,其感觉运动皮层、双侧丘脑和脑干部位脑血流灌注出现明显下降,经电刺激治疗后,患者缺血部位脑血流明显改善,且额叶底面、海马回等区域也出现血流灌注增加表现.结论 颅脑创伤昏迷状况下存在脑血流灌注低下区域,右正中神经电刺激术不仅可显著改善颅脑创伤昏迷患者皮层及丘脑和脑干血流灌注状况,而且可以增加额叶、颞叶底面皮质的血流灌注,提示右正中神经电刺激可能通过改善脑重要功能部位血流状况达到促醒作用.     

175例重型颅脑创伤长期昏迷病人的催醒疗效分析

大多数医师认为颅脑创伤患者伤后持续昏迷1个月以上称为长期昏迷[1-3]。本文介绍175例重型颅脑损伤长期昏迷病人的催醒效果分析。临床资料和方法临床资料:175例重型颅脑创伤病人,男性131例,女性44例。年龄5～78岁,其中<19岁39例,20～59岁102例,>60岁34例。伤后立即持续昏迷126例,“中间清醒期”后再出现持续昏迷49例。双侧瞳孔散大57例,一侧散大78例。伤后GCS3分21例,GCS4分43例,GCS5分32例,GCS6分24例,GCS7分30例,GCS8分25例。所有病人在伤后早期都在具有专职脑外科医师、ICU、和CT条件的医院进行有效的诊断和治疗。175例病人中,…     

重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者持续右正中神经刺激促进复苏的临床研究

目的:探讨持续右正中神经刺激疗法促进重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者复苏的疗效.方法:选择同期入院28例颅脑损伤患者为治疗组,应用持续右正中神经刺激法治疗;另选取同期颅脑损伤患者28例为对照组.两组病例性别、年龄,GCS评分≤8分、颅脑损伤类型,手术与否等基本情况相同,组成1∶1配对.治疗4周后,比较两组病例在GCS评分、功能障碍...     

血糖变化对急性严重颅脑损伤程度及预后评估的价值

目的探讨急性严重颅脑损伤患者血糖变化与预后的关系,为颅脑损伤患者伤情及预后判断提供理论依据。方法根据发病与否分为颅脑创伤组和对照组;以入院时GCS评分判定病情分成3~4分组(10例),5~6分组(15例),7~8分组(23例);按照预后分为存活和死亡2组。结果急性颅脑创伤患者的血糖含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01);GCS评分3组间血糖值有显著性差异(P<0.01);血糖水平与GCS评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.721,P<0.01);死亡组的血糖含量明显高于非死亡组(P<0.01)。结论颅脑损伤后血糖值可作为判断伤情的指标,应重视颅脑损伤患者血糖监测,努力控制高血糖,提高急性严重颅脑创伤患者的治愈率。     

影响重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者清醒的多因素分析

目的探讨并分析影响重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者清醒的因素。方法选取我院重症ICU颅脑外伤昏迷患者147例,以昏迷是否苏醒分为2组,其中苏醒组76例,昏迷组71例,通过理化、影像学等检查作出临床诊断,并分析各种因素对重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者苏醒的影响程度。结果 (1)2组患者临床及生命体征比较,苏醒组无呼吸异常66例(86.8%),无低血压70例(92.1%),无复合伤68例(89.5%),无颅内感染58例(76.3%),无瞳孔散大62例(81.6%),无高钠血症65例(85.5%)较昏迷组无呼吸异常13例(18.3%),无低血压20例(28.2%),无复合伤15例(21.1%),无颅内感染19例(26.8%),无瞳孔散大2例3(32.4%),无高钠血症17例(23.9%)明显优越,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)2组患者伤后血糖均不同程度增高,苏醒组血糖(7.13±1.92)mmol/L较昏迷组(11.25±3.77)mmol/L低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(3)2组患者GCS评分均较低,苏醒组3~4分(4例)、5~6分(6例、7~8分(66例)明显好于昏迷组3~4分(5例)、5~6分(11例)、7~8分(7例),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过对重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者清醒影响因素的流行病学统计分析,得出有呼吸异常、低血压、复合伤、颅内感染、瞳孔散大、高钠血症、GCS评分较低、血糖控制不好等因素的患者,均严重影响了重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者清醒,从而为临床上重度颅脑损伤昏迷的抢救和治疗提供诊疗及判断预后的基础和帮助。计分析,得出有呼吸异常、低血压、复合伤、颅内感染、瞳孔散大、高钠血症、GCS评分较低、血糖控制不好等因素的患者,均严重影响了重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者清醒,从而为临床上重度颅脑损伤昏迷的抢救和治疗提供诊疗及判断预后的基础和帮助。     

高压氧治疗颅脑损伤恢复期继发脑缺血病人的SPECT显像对比研究

目的探讨高压氧(HBO)对颅脑损伤后恢复期继发脑缺血损害的治疗作用及SPECT脑血流半灌注显像对脑缺血性改变的客观评价价值。方法选取符合标准的病人87例,随机分为HBO治疗组(45例)和对照组(42例),治疗过程中依从递减5例,剔除研究。治疗前后行SPECT显像,对脑组织缺血范围的改变行半定量测定分析。结果与对照组比较,HBO治疗组吸氧治疗一疗程后,SPECT显示缺血范围显像明显减小(P<0.05)。HBO治疗后缺血灶数量及平均直径明显低于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论HBO对颅脑损伤后缺血性损害的治疗作用是肯定的,SPECT可半定量测定脑血流的改变,可对缺血范围和对颅脑损伤恢复期HBO治疗结果进行客观的评价。     

颅脑创伤后昏迷患者脑脊液microRNA相关生物标志物的初步筛选

目的 通过脑脊液microRNA检测,初步筛选重型颅脑创伤后昏迷患者的相关生物标志物.方法 选取颅脑创伤后昏迷(GCS≤8分)患者的脑脊液及正常压力脑积水患者脑脊液标本作为正常对照,利用芯片系统进行microRNA表达谱检测,分析表达出现变化的microRNA类型.结果 与对照相比较,颅脑创伤昏迷后患者脑脊液中10种microRNA表达上调P＜0.05,4种microRNA表达下调P＜0.05.结论 颅脑创伤后昏迷患者脑脊液中出现表达显著变化的microRNA类型,这些小分子物质的变化对于分析颅脑创伤患者昏迷的机制以及特异性治疗目标提供了进一步分析的研究基础.     

颅脑损伤后氨基末端脑利钠肽前体的应用价值研究

目的探讨血浆氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(NT-pro-BNP)在评估颅脑创伤(TBI)严重程度及颅内压(ICP)增高中的应用价值。方法选择2009年1月到2009年12月收入我院神经外科的63例颅脑创伤患者作为研究对象。收集的资料包括患者的性别、年龄、入院时GCS评分、受伤机制、颅内压数值、总住院天数、重症监护病房(ICU)住院天数。按照患者入院时最初的GCS评分将其分为轻度颅脑创伤组(GCS 13-15,n=14),中度颅脑创伤组(GCS 9-12,n=24),重度颅脑创伤组(GCS 3-8,n=25)三组。应用电化学发光免疫分析技术测定血浆NT-pro-BNP浓度。结果重度颅脑创伤组血浆NT-pro-BNP水平显著高于轻度颅脑创伤组及中度颅脑创伤组(F=12.590,P<0.01)。同ICP控制组(n=15)249.3 pg/ml±103.8 pg/ml及未行ICP监测组(n=40)221.9 pg/ml±142.7 pg/ml相比,ICP增高组(n=5)NT-pro-BNP血浆浓度520.2 pg/ml±153.5 pg/ml可出现显著增高(P<0.01)。血浆NT-pro-BNP水平与GCS评分及ICU住院天数存在相关性。结论颅脑创伤早期血浆NT-pro-BNP水平越高,其伤后颅内压控制难度越大。血浆NT-pro-BNP水平可作为判断颅脑创伤严重程度及颅内压增高程度的一个潜在评估指标,有助于及早预判颅内压增高并及时地对其进行干预。     

针刺治疗对昏迷病人的促醒效果观察

目的 观察针刺治疗对因重型颅脑外伤或高血压脑出血致昏迷患者的促醒效果。方法将昏迷时间超过3周,格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)≤8分的病人随机分成针刺组(15例)和对照组(14例)，两组均予相同的两医治疗，针刺组另加片针刺疗法。结果针刺组病人的苏醒时间及苏醒比率均优于对照组。结论 针刺治疗对因重型颅脑外伤或高血压脑出血所致昏迷病人的神志恢复有较好疗效。     

重型颅脑创伤患者血清COR、ACTH及血糖的变化

目的评估重型颅脑创伤患者伤后不同时期的血清皮质醇(COR)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)及血糖水平的变化,及其在伤情判断与预后中的作用。方法前瞻性选择重型颅脑创伤患者56例,正常对照组23例,重型颅脑创伤患者按入院时GCS评分分为重型组(6～8分)、特重型组(3～5分)两个亚组,治疗4个月后对比预后评分(GOS评分),测定不同时期血清COR、ACTH及血糖浓度。结果 GCS 3～5分与6～8分组血清COR、ACTH及血糖浓度入院后5 d内均显著增高,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),GCS 3～5分组血清COR、ACTH、血糖浓度高于GCS 6～8分组(P<0.05)。GCS 3～5分组死亡率明显高于6～8分组,颅脑损伤组第1 d血清COR、ACTH、血糖浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论重型颅脑创伤患者伤后血清COR、ACTH及血糖均有不同程度的增高,监测血清COR、ACTH及血糖浓度可作为判断患者病情轻重、治疗效果和预后的一项重要指标。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.