原发性低颅压综合征26例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性低颅压综合征患者的临床特点、诊断、鉴别诊断、影像学改变及治疗.方法 回顾性分析26例原发性低颅压综合征患者的临床表现、脑脊液及影像学改变,对其进行分析.结果 26例患者均有为体位性头痛,侧卧位腰穿脑脊液压力均＜70mmH2O.其中7例为血性脑脊液(2例误穿),5例脑脊液蛋白定量增高.26例均行头部CT平扫,3例脑室、脑沟、脑池变小,其余均正常.9例行头部MRI检查,5例示硬脑膜增厚,3例硬脑膜窦扩张,1例硬脑膜下积液.结论 认识原发性低颅压综合征的临床特点、脑脊液和影像学改变,可提高临床诊断准确性,减少误诊.     

原发性低颅压综合征25例临床分析

目的研讨原发性低颅压综合征的临床及脑脊液特点。方法总结分析25例原发性低颅压综合征患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均有体位性头痛或伴有恶心、呕吐、头晕、目眩、颈强直等表现,脑脊液压力均低于70mmH2O,3例患者CSF红细胞增多,4例患者CSF蛋白增高,25例患者中23例头颅CT检查正常,2例双侧脑室系统均匀性缩小,给予大量补液,支持、对症治疗,症状严重者予以鞘内激素注入治疗,症状均消失。结论正确了解原发性低颅压综合征的临床表现,脑脊液特点,并鉴别继发性低颅压综合征。     

原发性低颅压综合征30例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性低颅压综合征(SIH)临床特点、发病机制、脑脊液(CSF) 及治疗方法.方法 回顾分析30例原发性低颅内压综合征患者的临床资料.结果 所有患者均有直立性头痛,部分病例伴有恶心、呕吐、耳鸣、头晕、颈强直;脑脊液压力测定,20.4～40.8 mmH2O为8例,41.8～51.0 mmH2O为11例,52.0～68.34 mmH2O为6例,测不出压力5例.CSF红细胞(440～600)×109/L 13例.白细胞(52.02～68.34)×109/L 9例,蛋白400～600 mg/L 8例,压颈实验无阻塞.影像学检查:本组全部行头颅CT检查,正常8例,双额颞硬膜下积液6例,脑室变小、脑组织肿胀9例,8例头颅CT检查正常者行头颅MRI检查,2例弥漫性硬脑膜增厚.给予大量补液、对症、支持治疗,颅压≤35 mmH2O者予以生理盐水鞘内注射,效果良好.结果 认识原发性低颅内压综合征的临床特点、发病机制、CSF和影像学表现至关重要,本病应警惕硬膜下血肿的发生,并注意与与蛛网膜下腔出血等的鉴别.结论 正确了解SIH的临床表现、脑脊液、头颅CT和MRI特点,预后良好.     

原发性低颅压综合征11例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性低颅压综合征(SIHS)的临床及脑脊液特点.方法 回顾性分析11例SIHS患者的临床资料. 结果所有患者均有头痛,可伴恶心、呕吐、眩晕 、耳鸣、复视、共济失调、颈项强直;脑脊液压力均低于70mmH2O,红细胞0～1700×106/L;白细胞0～200×106/L,以淋巴和单核细胞为主;蛋白0.37～2.4g/L.影像学检查:本组全部行头颅CT检查,正常6例,双额颞硬膜下积液2例,脑室变小、脑组织肿胀3例.3例头颅CT检查正常者行头颅MRI检查,1例弥漫性硬脑膜增厚.给予大量补液、对症、支持治疗,颅压≤35 mmH2O者予以生理盐水鞘内注射,效果良好. 结论正确了解SIHS 的临床表现、脑脊液、头颅CT/MRI特点,预后良好.     

原发性低颅压头痛15例临床分析

目的：探讨原发性低颅压性头痛的临床特点。方法：回顾性分析15例原发性低颅压性头痛的临床资料。结果：15例患者中,急性发病12例,慢性发病3例;女性9例,发病年龄28～56岁。93.33%患者有体位性头痛,恶心和呕吐是主要伴随症状。腰穿脑脊液平均压力（41.2±30.85）mmH2O,女性患者明显低于男性患者（P〈0.05）。影像学检查和脑池显影均未见明显异常。全部患者均保守治疗后症状明显好转。结论：典型体位性头痛,腰穿脑脊液压力〈60mmH2O为原发性低颅压性头痛的主要特点,预后良好。     

原发性低颅压综合征16例临床分析和影像学特点

目的 探讨原发性低颅压综合征(SIH)的临床特点、发病机制、脑脊液(CSF)及影像学改变.方法 回顾性分析16例SIH患者的临床资料.结果 16例患者均有体位性头痛;CSF压力均＜70mmH2O,细胞数增高2例,蛋白增高9例;16例行头颅CT平扫,11例正常,2例脑肿胀,2例慢性硬膜下血肿,1例硬膜下积液;9例行头颅MRI检查,4例硬脑膜增厚并明显强化,2例慢性硬膜下血肿,1例脑下沉改变.结论 认识SIH的临床特点、发病机制、CSF及影像学特征,可提高SIH的确诊率;本病预后一般较好.     

原发性低颅压综合征13例分析

目的探讨原发性低颅压综合征(PIH)的临床特点,脑脊液(CSF)及影像学改变,以了解PIH诊断及预后,以提高对本病的认识。方法分析13例PIH患者临床资料。结果 13例PIH患者均有体位性头痛;脑脊液压力均<70mmH2O,细胞数增高者2例,蛋白增高者6例;11例行头颅CT平扫8例正常,2例(例4、9)硬膜下积液,1例(例7)例双侧侧脑室缩少;6例行头颅MRI 2例(例1、5)硬脑膜增厚,并均匀强化,1例(例9)硬膜下积液,1例(例13)"脑下沉"。结论 PIH患者以体位性头痛为主要症状,脑脊液压力<70mmH2O,头颅CT/MRI可提示硬膜下积液、硬脑膜增厚及"脑下垂"等改变。经大量补液及鞘内注入生理盐水,口服尼莫地平等,治疗效果良好。     

原发性低颅压综合征18例临床、脑脊液和影像学特点分析

目的探讨原发性低颅压综合征的临床、脑脊液和影像学特点。方法回顾性分析18例原发性低颅压综合征的临床资料。结果原发性低颅压综合征以体位性头痛、恶心、呕吐、头晕、耳鸣为主要表现,部分伴有神经系统体征,腰穿脑脊液压力均低于70mmH2O,27%患者红细胞增多,33%脑脊液蛋白增高,影像学检查可见硬膜增厚、强化、硬膜下积液和硬膜下血肿等表现,给予大量补液治疗及对症支持治疗,效果良好。结论体位性头痛、腰穿脑脊液压力低为原发性低颅压综合征的主要临床特点,影像学可呈现硬膜增厚强化等特征性改变,治疗以大量补液为主。     

自发性低颅压综合征临床表现、影像学特点及预后分析

目的探讨自发性低颅压综合征的临床、预后及影像学特点。方法北京协和医院2009年至2014年收治的自发性低颅压综合征患者16例,对其临床表现、实验室检测、影像学特点及预后进行分析。结果所有患者均表现为体位性头痛。13例脑脊液压力<60mm H2O,3例脑脊液压力为0。6例头颅CT提示硬膜下积液/积血,2例脑叶出血,5例存在双侧侧脑室体积减小,8例未见明显异常。头颅增强MRI检查示硬脑膜弥漫强化9例,硬膜下出血3例,硬膜下积液3例,脑组织下移4例,垂体增大2例。结论体位性头痛是自发性低颅压综合征相对典型的症状之一,多数患者预后良好。头颅增强MRI可显示弥漫性硬脑膜强化等典型的低颅压改变,头颅CT亦可提示部分改变。在详细询问病史的基础上,重视对头颅CT检查的判读,避免对头颅增强MRI检查的过度依赖,有助于该病的早期诊断。     

自发性低颅压综合征临床分析

目的探讨自发性低颅压综合征(SIH)临床症状、脑脊液、影像学特点及治疗预后。方法分析38例临床确诊的SIH患者的临床表现、脑脊液、影像学、治疗与随访资料。结果全部患者存在直立位头痛,伴随恶心或呕吐68.4%、颈强直78.9%、头晕或眩晕47.4%、耳鸣或听力下降7.9%、视觉症状(视力障碍、畏光、复视)10.5%。94.7%患者侧卧位脑脊液压力60mmH2O。头颅MRI检查总体阳性率73.3%,弥漫性硬脑膜增厚及强化最常见,其他表现依次为硬膜下积液、脑下沉和垂体增大等。结论直立位头痛症状、侧卧位脑脊液压力60mmH2O及MRI特征性表现对于诊断SIH最具意义,头颅MRI增强检查是临床诊断SIH主要的无创检查方式之一。治疗以脚高头低卧床休息及补液治疗为主,大多数预后好,少数需硬脑膜修补治疗。     

原发性低颅压综合征33例临床分析

目的探讨原发性低颅压综合征(PIH)的临床、脑脊液(CSF)和影像学特点。方法回顾性分析33例PIH患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均有体位性头痛,可伴恶心、呕吐、头晕、耳鸣、行走不稳、复视、颈肩部疼痛、颈强直;CSF压力均<70mmH2O,蛋白升高11例,WBC增多9例,RBC增多7例;28例行头颅CT检查,21例正常,3例双侧脑室系统缩小,3例硬膜下积液,1例硬膜下血肿;22例行头颅MRI检查,5例硬膜下积液,2例硬膜下血肿,8例硬脑膜增厚并弥漫性强化,1例"脑下垂"改变;给予大量补液及对症支持治疗,效果良好。结论体位性头痛是PIH特征性症状,腰穿CSF及头颅MRI检查具有诊断价值,预后良好。     

Case of intracranial hypotension responsive to oral prednisolone]

A 31-year-old female patient with headache and nausea was admitted to our hospital, although there were no apparent neurological abnormalities except headache. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was 40 mmH2O on the first lumbar puncture and CT showed some fluid in the left maxillary sinus. She gradually developed orthostatic headache despite antibiotics, hydration and analgesics. MRI showed diffuse meningeal thickening and enhancement. CSF pressure was 0 mmH2O on the second lumbar puncture and RI cisternography demonstrated early excretion to the kidneys. She was diagnosed with intracranial hypotension due to CSF leakage. An autologous 10ml blood patch on the lumbar epidural space did not relieve the orthostatic headache. However, headache disappeared one day after oral intake of 40mg prednisolone. During the next three months, oral prednisolone was tapered off. Three months after the onset of the illness, MRI did not show either meningeal thickening or enhancement. We concluded that oral prednisolone was effective in a case of intracranial hypotension.     

自发性低颅压综合征31例临床特征和影像学分析

目的 探讨自发性低颅压综合征（SIH）的临床特点和影像学改变.方法 回顾性分析31例SIH患者的临床及影像资料.结果 所有患者均有体位性头痛,可伴有恶心、呕吐、头晕、耳鸣、听力丧失、行走不稳、一过性视物模糊、复视、颈肩部疼痛、颈强直 CSF压力均＜70 mmH2O,蛋白升高12例,WBC增多11例,RBC增多7例 全部患者行头颅CT检查,8例见脑肿胀,脑沟变浅,脑室变窄,临床症状消失后复查均恢复正常 15例行头颅MRI检查,8例行增强检查示硬脑膜弥漫性强化,头颅CT及MRI检查见4例硬膜下积液、2例硬膜下血肿 全部患者采用内科综合疗法,1例行硬膜下血肿清除术,均痊愈.结论 SIH的临床表现多样,体位性头痛是特征性症状,腰穿CSF及头颅MRI检查具有诊断价值 本病预后良好,但少数并发硬膜下血肿.     

Two cases of medically-refractory spontaneous orthostatic headaches with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressures responding to epidural blood patching: Intracranial hypotension versus hypovolemia and the need for clinical awareness

The diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypovolemia syndrome requires a high index of suspicion and meticulous history taking, demonstration of low CSF pressure and/or neuroimaging features. A 31-year-old male, presented with subacute onset moderate occipital and sub-occipital headaches precipitated by upright posture and relieved on recumbency and neck pain for 2 years. There was no trauma, cranial/spinal surgery. Clinical examination was normal and CSF opening pressure and laboratory study were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain showed thin subdural hygroma. Another patient, 41-year-old male presented with 1 month of subacute onset severe bifrontal throbbing orthostatic headaches (OHs). CSF opening pressure was normal. Contrast MRI brain showed the presence of bilateral subdural hygromas, diffuse meningeal enhancement, venous distension, sagging of the brain, and tonsillar herniation. We report two cases of “spontaneous OHs” with normal CSF pressures who were successfully treated with epidural blood patching after poor response to conservative management.Key Words: Cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia, epidural blood patch, pachymeningeal enhancement, spontaneous intracranial hypotension, spontaneous orthostatic headache     

Second-half-of-the-day headache as a manifestation of spontaneous CSF leak

Orthostatic headache related to spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) appears within 2 h of sitting or standing in most patients. However, longer delays to headache onset have been observed, including some patients who have headaches only in the afternoon. The objective of this study is to describe second-half-of-the-day headache as a manifestation of spontaneous CSF leak and propose potential mechanisms. From 142 patients evaluated by one of us (B.M.) during a 10-year period for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, those describing headache occurring exclusively in the afternoon accompanied by typical changes of intracranial hypotension on head MRI were retrospectively identified and their medical records reviewed. Five patients met our pre-defined inclusion criteria (5/142, 3.5%; three women; mean age 50 years). Second-half-of-the-day headache was an initial symptom of intracranial hypotension in one patient, spontaneously evolved from prior all-day orthostatic headache in one patient, and was a residual or recurrent symptom after epidural blood patch in three patients. Head MRI changes due to intracranial hypotension were decreased during second-half-of-the-day-headache compared to typical all-day orthostatic headache in three out of four patients. The timing of second-half-of-the-day headache and orthostatic headache in the clinical course of patients with spontaneous CSF leaks and related MRI findings suggest that second-half-of-the-day headache is likely a manifestation of a slowed or slow-flow CSF leak.     

Cerebrospinal fluid pressures in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Increased intracranial pressure can rarely be the initial symptom in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). We examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressures and their correlation with clinical features in 58 patients with SSPE. CSF pressure varied between 50 and 500 mmH2O, mean 210.9+/-103.7 mmH2O. Twenty-five (42%) patients had pressures above 200 mmH2O and 15/58 (25%), above 250 mmH2O. There was no correlation between CSF pressure and neurological disability, spasticity, or clinical stage. Frequent myoclonia and shorter interval between measles and onset of SSPE were associated with CSF pressure >200 mmH2O (p=0.035). The causes of high pressure in certain SSPE patients is unknown but may include the effect of myoclonic jerks or inflammatory reaction. Because these patients may be unable to express symptoms, increased intracranial pressure should be considered in the presence of irritability or frequent myoclonia.