家兔下颌骨血管构筑的研究

对12只家兔下颌骨的血管进行造影、铸型、墨汁灌注及组织切片观察，发现下列结果：（1）下颌骨体的颊侧粘骨膜由面动脉分支供应，舌侧粘骨膜由颏下动脉和舌下动脉的分支共同供应。下颌支表面的粘骨膜由局部肌动脉供应，这些肌动脉分别来自面动脉、颞浅动脉、上颌动脉、下牙槽动脉的分支。（2）下颌骨的体接受来自其粘骨膜动脉的供血，但主要是接受下牙槽动脉供血；下颌支接受局部肌动脉和粘骨膜动脉的供血。（3）下颌骨皮质内和骨孔内的小动脉、小静脉和毛细血管，它们向内与骨内牙周膜和骨髓腔内的血管有丰富的交通；向外与骨外粘骨膜的血管有丰富的交通。这些血供特点为下颌骨截骨术后移动骨块能从粘骨膜蒂得到血运代偿提供了形态基础。     

下颌骨血供及血管构筑的临床解剖学研究

目的：研究下颌骨血供及其血管构筑，为下颌骨截骨术提供形态学基础。方法：15例新鲜头颈部标本，其中8例经颈总动脉注入红色过氯乙烯填充剂，经腐蚀后制成头部血管铸型标本；2例去除部分内侧骨皮质，显示下牙槽动脉的分支分布情况；其余5例注入5％明胶墨汁，经脱钙、漂白、乙醇梯度脱水和二甲苯透明后，用水杨酸甲酯继续透明和保存，观察下颌骨膜和骨内的血管构筑。结果：下颌骨内部主要由下牙槽动脉供血；下颌骨表面及骨膜则由下颌骨骨膜动脉和肌动脉骨穿支营养；下颌骨骨膜动脉和肌动脉骨穿支经过下颌骨副孔穿入下颌骨内，与下牙槽动脉分支互相吻合，使下颌骨骨内与骨周围软组织间构成丰富的血管交通构筑。结论：下颌骨截骨手术后移动骨块和施行骨内固定时，要尽量少剥离下颌骨周围的软组织，以避免下颌骨发生坏死。     

下颌骨血供系统的研究及其临床意义

目的：研究下颌骨的血供，为有关下颌骨的外科临床提供解剖学基础。方法：将6例墨汁灌注的新鲜下颌骨标本制作成透明标本，对其血供系统的分布、走行及吻合情况进行观测分析。结果：下牙槽动脉自上颌动脉发出后，由下颌孔进入下颌骨，走行于下颌管内，营养下颌骨体部和下颌孔以下的升支部分。每侧下牙槽动脉共发出6条分支来营养牙齿和牙周组织。下颌骨表面骨膜内有大量的血管网，以嚼肌及翼内肌附丽部分最为丰富。下颌孔以上升支部分，包括髁突和冠突则完全由来自于骨膜的血管网营养。结论：下颌骨血供主要由下牙槽动脉以及骨膜动脉网分布，两者之间存在丰富的吻合，为下颌骨炎症扩散以及口腔癌的下颌骨骨转移提供了血管途径；骨膜动脉网的存在亦是正颌外科中下颌骨游离骨段的营养保证。     

颌面部血管的应用解剖

目的对人体颌面部血管进行巨微解剖及血管铸型,为临床皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法①3例正常成人头颈部标本,经颈总动脉灌注红色乳胶,由浅入深逐层解剖,观测并记录颌面部血管的起始处外径、走行、分支、分布、吻合及伴行情况;②3例正常成人新鲜头颈部标本,加压注入红色过氯乙烯填充剂,经腐蚀后观察颌面部血管的来源、走行、分支、分布、吻合及伴行情况。结果颌面部的血供主要来源于面动脉、眼动脉、上颌动脉和颞浅动脉的分支。面动脉的分支主要供血面颊部、唇部、鼻部和颏区;眼动脉的分支主要供血眼球、眼球外肌、泪腺、鼻背和眼睑;上颌动脉的分支主要供血牙及牙龈、颊部、下颌关节、鼻腔、腭、咀嚼肌;颞浅动脉的分支主要供血腮腺、眼轮匝肌、上下睑外侧皮肤、颞部的软组织及面神经颧支、上颊支和颞支。结论颌面部动脉血管系统的解剖学资料,可为临床颌面部整形美容术提供了应用参考依据。     

膝降血管为蒂股骨胫骨联合骨膜瓣移位修复股骨骨不连的应用解剖

目的:为应用以膝降血管为蒂股骨胫骨联合骨膜瓣移位修复股骨中下段骨不连提供解剖学基础。方法:用30侧经动脉红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本,解剖观测膝降血管起点、走行、分支及分布,并测量30侧成人股骨干中段1/2处及中下1/3交界处的周径。结果:膝降动脉起自股动脉,下行于股内侧肌后内侧面,在距膝关节间隙水平上5.9±1.2cm处,分为横支及纵支(髌下支),横支紧贴股骨下端向前外侧走行,沿途发出骨膜支分布于股骨内侧髁;纵支继续沿收肌腱板及收肌结节前面下行至膝关节间隙水平,后折向前横行于膝关节囊表面,向下发出分支与周围动脉骨膜支在胫骨内侧上段吻合成血管网。结论:分别以膝降动脉横支及纵支为蒂切取股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣和胫骨骨膜瓣,向上移位修复股骨中下断骨不连,形态学上是可行。     

尺侧返血管背侧支尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的 :为治疗肱骨干骨不连提供一种新的骨膜瓣供区。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上解剖观察了尺侧返血管的起始、走行、分支、分布及其与尺侧下副动脉的吻合关系。结果 :尺侧返动脉始于尺动脉上段 ,距肱骨内上髁 (5 .3± 1.0 )cm ,外径 (1.9± 0 .3 )mm ,分出掌侧支和背侧支。背侧支位于尺神经深面 ,沿尺神经沟上行 ,沿途分出 4～ 8支外径在 0 .3～ 1.0mm的骨膜支 ,分布尺骨上段内侧骨面。结论 :以尺侧返血管背侧支为蒂的骨膜瓣逆行移位可修复肱骨中、下段骨不连。     

股骨前面血供分布特点与骨膜（骨）瓣设计

目的：为股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损设计骨膜（骨）瓣修复术式提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，对股骨前面骨膜血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及其吻合进行观测，并在标本上进行摹拟术式设计。结果：股骨前面骨膜血供，来自股外侧肌支、股中间肌支、膝降动脉、膝上外动脉、股动脉和股深动脉肌间隔支呈节段性分布的肌骨膜支和骨膜支。肌骨膜支外径１．４～１．７ｍｍ，长度１．７～５．６ｃｍ；骨膜支外径０．４～０．６ｍｍ，长度１．２～１．５ｃｍ。骨膜血管多呈向下或水平走行，达骨膜后分出升支、降支及吻合支，相互吻合成网。结论：可以节段骨膜支为蒂设计股骨前面骨膜瓣，修复股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损     

肘后血管网与组织瓣设计的解剖学基础

目的：研究肘后血管网对肘后组织瓣的供血作用,为临床设计新的组织瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：通过6例新鲜上肢标本和2例上肢血管铸型标本的解剖,观察肘后血管网的形态学特点及其与肘后组织瓣的供血关系。结果：肘后血管网分为肘后内侧血管网和肘后外侧血管网,分别发出骨膜支和肌皮穿支到肘后相关组织瓣区,肘后内侧血管网吻合处外径在(1.8±0.3)mm;肘后外侧血管网吻合处外径在(0.9±　0.4)mm。肘后内、外侧血管网之间吻合处外径在0.3~0.9 mm。结论：根据肘后血管网吻合特点,可为临床设计出不带桡侧副动脉背侧支的外侧筋膜骨膜瓣、不带尺侧返动脉背侧支的内侧筋膜骨膜瓣和骨间返动脉骨膜支的鹰嘴骨膜皮瓣等组织瓣。     

带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：寻找一种不牺牲小腿主于血管的带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣，修复胚骨中、下段骨不连接，方法：在４０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，解剖观测胫骨外侧中、下段骨膜血管来源、分支、分布及其吻合。结果：胚骨中、下段外侧，主要有来自胚前、胫后动脉穿支呈节段分布的骨膜主和肌骨膜支４～８支。每支间距４．６±１．６ｃｍ，蒂长０．９±０．５ｃｍ，动脉外径０．６±０．３ｍｍ，有２条伴行静脉。血管到达骨面多呈向上或水平走行。在胫骨外侧，骨膜支之间有分支形成吻合网。在胫骨前缘处分出升支、降支和皮支，并形成吻合链。结论：以节段血供的胫骨骨膜支为蒂作成胫骨外侧骨膜瓣，可用于治疗胫骨中、下段骨不连接。     

带血管蒂骨膜瓣移位修复舟骨骨折的解剖与临床

目的：通过标本解剖观测,为腕背支骨膜瓣的临床应用提供依据。方法：50侧成尸上肢标本,解剖观测骨间前动脉腕背支的走行、分支、分布及吻合情况。设计腕背支及其分支为蒂骨膜瓣移位术。结果：①骨间前动脉的腕背支距桡骨茎突上方60±1．0cm处,贴骨间膜背份下行分为内、外侧终支,分别与尺桡动脉腕背支相吻合。腕背支近端两侧分出尺、桡侧骨皮支,二降支循尺、桡骨背份走行,并分出骨膜支分布;②临床应用15例,术后3～5个月骨折愈合,腕关节功能恢复。结论：以骨间前动脉腕背支为蒂的骨膜瓣可用于舟、月骨损伤修复。     

Arterial blood supply of the maxillary sinus.

Knowledge of the arterial supply of the maxillary sinus region is essential for surgical treatment in this area (e.g., implantation of grafting materials, repair of injuries, sinus floor elevation). The goal of this study was to describe the arterial architecture of the maxillary sinus region in respect to sinus lift procedures. In 18 unfixed human cadavers, the arterial vessels of the head were injected with a mixture of latex and barium sulfate. Afterward, the arteries entering the maxilla were prepared. The number and calibers as well as anastomoses were carefully documented. In addition, we measured the distance between the alveolar ridge and the lower main branches. The arterial supply of the maxilla originated from the posterior superior alveolar artery as well as from the infraorbital artery. In all specimens we found an intraosseous anastomosis between these two vessels. The oral mucosa in the area of interest is supplied by the posterior superior alveolar artery and the infraorbital artery, and an extraosseous anastomosis was found in 44% of our cases. The two anastomoses build up a double arterial arcade, supplying the lateral wall of the antrum and parts of the alveolar process.     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

带监测皮岛的胫前动脉穿支骨膜瓣设计的显微解剖学研究

目的 为胫前动脉穿支骨膜瓣临床应用提供解剖学基础.方法 在18侧成人下肢标本上解剖观测了胫骨外侧骨膜血管来源、走行、分支分布及吻合情况.结果 (1)胫骨上段有胫前返动脉骨膜支1-3支和胫前动脉骨膜支,分布于胫骨外侧髁前面及外侧面骨膜,中、下段为来自胫前动脉的肌骨膜支和直接骨膜支5～7支,分布于胫骨外侧骨膜.骨膜支蒂长(1.2±0.3)cm,外径(0.7±0.2)mm,伴行静脉两条.(2)胫前动脉骨膜支呈节段性分布,于胫骨前缘分出升支、降支和皮支.相邻升、降支彼此吻合成血管链,反复分支形成骨膜动脉网营养骨膜.皮支穿深筋膜入皮,供养小腿前外侧皮肤.结论 可设计以胫前动脉穿支为蒂的带监测皮岛的穿支骨膜瓣,通过吻合血管游离移植为治疗骨不连、骨缺损提供一种新术式.     

Internal Ophthalmic Arteries Within the Brain‐Base Arterial System in Guinea Pig

In situ vascular specimens of the arterial circle were collected from 15 adult guinea pigs, both male and female. After specimen preparation, the vessels were filled with synthetic latex and subjected to analysis. Similar as in the case of other rodents, vertebral arteries were merged into basilar artery, further dividing into two short terminal branches. Distally, the terminal branches extend into caudal cerebral arteries. Rostral part of the arterial circle of brain is supplied with blood from maxillary arteries via external and internal ophthalmic arteries connected by a short anastomosis. This type of vascularity may probably be considered a functional analogy to the internal carotid arteries observed in other species. Rostral and caudal parts of the arterial circle of brain are connected by exceptionally long caudal communicating arteries. In author's opinion, the disputable contribution of internal carotid artery and the exceptional contribution of internal ophthalmic arteries in the cerebral blood supply in guinea pigs as compared to other rodents, warrants further research on the subject. Anat Rec, 301:887–891, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

胰腺外科学分段的解剖学基础及其意义

目的：为胰腺外科学分段提供解剖学基础。方法：在６４具灌注标本和４具铸型标本上观察胰内动脉分布、吻合。结果：头由胰十二指肠上动脉和胰十二指肠下动脉供血；颈为一乏血管区；体和尾由胰背动脉、胰支、胰大动脉和胰尾动脉供血。结论：全部胰腺可分为左侧段和右侧段     

颅外椎动脉侧支吻合的观察及其临床意义

目的：观察椎动脉颅外段的仙支吻合情况,并探讨其临床意义,方法：17具防腐尸体标本并结合5具头颈部血管铸型标本,观察椎动脉与颈 脉,锁骨下动脉分支之间的血管吻合,结果：椎动脉与颈动脉的分支颈升动脉,咽升动脉以及颈深动脉等有广泛的吻合,一般为细小的肌支吻合,椎动脉与枕动脉间的血管吻合比较恒定,有两种类型：直接吻合（10％）和肌支吻合（占90％）。结论：颅外椎动脉侧支吻合是椎动脉代偿机制的重要解剖学基础之一,在椎基底动脉供血不足发病中有重要的意义。     

Blood supply of the human fetal mandible

Gross anatomic and radiologic studies of the blood supply to the human mandible of the full-term fetus and newborn infant were performed on 22 specimens ranging from 320–538 mm crown-heel length and 1,192–4,108 gm in weight. Ten specimens were injected with red-lead and liquid soap to demonstrate the arteries radiographically. Twelve other specimens were injected with Castolite with a sprinkling of red-lead and yellow dye. The best side of each specimen was studied by radiography and dissection. This study demonstrated: (1) a masseteric arterial plexus supplying the coronoid process and the lateral wall of the ramus with contributions from the facial, masseter, transverse facial and external carotid arteries or combinations thereof; (2) a mental arterial plexus anastomosing with the mental, submental and inferior labial arteries; (3) an inferior alveolar artery supplying most of the body of the mandible with a majority of its branches passing in an upward direction; and (4) periosteal vessels supplying the lower border of the mandible and receiving their blood supply from the blood vessels supplying the muscles attaching to these areas and the periosteum. Supplemental to the above findings were anastomoses between the submental, mylohyoid and sublingual arteries along the medial border of the mandible. Also a significant variation not previously recorded was noted in one specimen in which the sublingual artery originated from the facial artery rather than the lingual.