Autologous splenic transplantation for splenic trauma.

OBJECTIVE: The authors reviewed the experimental evidence, surgical technique, complications, and results of clinical trials evaluating the role of autologous splenic transplantation for splenic trauma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Splenorrhaphy and nonoperative management of splenic injuries have now become routine aspects in the management of splenic trauma. Unfortunately, not all splenic injuries are readily amenable to conventional spleen-conserving approaches. Heterotopic splenic autotransplantation has been advocated for patients with severe grade IV and V injuries that would otherwise mandate splenectomy. For this subset of patients, splenic salvage by autotransplantation would theoretically preserve the critical role the spleen plays in the host's defense against infection. METHODS: The relevant literature relating to experimental or clinical aspects of splenic autotransplantation was identified and reviewed. Data are presented on the experimental evaluation of autogenous splenic transplantation, methods and complications of autotransplantation, choice of anatomic site and autograft size, and results of clinical trials in humans. RESULTS: The most commonly used technique of autotransplantation in humans involves implanting tissue homogenates or sections of splenic parenchyma into pouches created in the gastrocolic omentum. Most authors have observed evidence of splenic function with normalization of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis, immunoglobulin M levels, and peripheral blood smears. Some degree of immune function of transplanted grafts has been demonstrated with in vivo assays, but the full extent of immunoprotection provided by human splenic autotransplants is currently unknown. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple human and animal studies have established that splenic autotransplantation is a relatively safe and easily performed procedure that results in the return of some hematologic and immunologic parameters to baseline levels. Some aspects of reticuloendothelial function are also preserved. Whether this translates into a real reduction in the morbidity or mortality rates from overwhelming bacterial infection is unknown and requires further investigation.     

Nonparasitic splenic cysts: pathogenesis, classification, and treatment

BACKGROUND: Nonparasitic splenic cysts (NPSCs) are uncommon lesions of the spleen, many being reported in anecdotal fashion. Early classifications of this disorder have been based on the presence or absence of an epithelial lining, indicating either a congenital or traumatic etiology. This criterion has led to confusion and mistaken reporting because the lining alone is not a reliable criterion. STUDY DESIGN: Over a 28-year period, the author has observed and studied 23 patients with NPSC. Special attention has been given to the role of trauma in the history, the nature (or absence) of a cyst lining, the gross pathology, and the preferred method of treatment. RESULTS: NPSC present as lesions with a very characteristic gross appearance and lining. The trabeculated interior can be lined with epidermoid, transitional, or mesothelial epithelium. Desquamation of the lining can lead to a spurious diagnosis, but careful search usually discloses the lining remnant. Although most NPSC in this series were treated by open partial splenectomy, the more recent approach by laparoscopic techniques offers great promise. CONCLUSIONS: A new classification of NPSC is offered, based on characteristic gross findings. NPSC are of congenital origin, with a lining derived from mesothelium. Trauma does not play a primary role in pathogenesis. Cysts that are symptomatic or over 5 cm in diameter should be removed by partial splenectomy or near-total cystectomy "decapsulation," either by the open or laparoscopic approach.     

结肠脾曲癌慢性穿孔致脾脓肿、脾转移和结肠脾瘘一例

<正>结肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一，发病率在胃肠道肿瘤中居第三位^[1]。其典型表现为排便习惯的改变，如便血、腹泻或便秘、肠梗阻等，及由此引起的全身症状，如消瘦、贫血和乏力等。部分结肠癌尚可因癌肿侵蚀或肠梗阻肠内压升高引起肠穿孔和腹膜炎^[2]。但结肠癌慢性穿孔、侵犯脾脏引起脾脓肿、脾转移、结肠脾瘘较为罕见。本文报道1例结肠脾曲癌伴脾脓肿、脾转移和结肠脾瘘，结合文献分析其诊治策略。     

Limitations of splenic angioembolization in treating blunt splenic injury

BACKGROUND: When angiography is performed in all hemodynamically normal patients with splenic injury, only 30% require embolization. This study examines the use of selective splenic angioembolization (SAE) as part of a management algorithm for adult splenic injury. METHODS: Criteria for selective SAE were added to our adult splenic injury protocol in July 1999. SAE was performed in hemodynamically stable patients if computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed injury to the hilum or vascular blush and when nonoperative patients had a gradual decrease in hematocrit. Patients were grouped by management strategy: nonoperative; operative; or SAE. Demographics, injury severity, and outcomes of the different groups were compared. Medical records, CT scans, and registry data were reviewed for all SAE cases, deaths, and treatment failures. Data are means +/- SE. p < 0.05 versus nonoperative management by analysis of variance. RESULTS: From July 1999 to August 2003, 194 adults were treated for splenic injury. Nine patients underwent SAE, six for CT findings (1 vascular blush) and three for decreasing hematocrit. Three patients failed SAE (33%), one for bleeding and two for delayed splenic infarction. Eleven patients failed nonoperative therapy (8%); splenorrhaphy was performed in three and splenectomy in eight. Operative patients were more seriously injured and had higher Injury Severity Scores and mortality; splenectomy (39 of 48) was more commonly performed than splenorrhaphy (9 of 48) in this group. CONCLUSION: Use of a splenic injury algorithm is associated with a high success rate for nonoperative management of splenic trauma. Using selective criteria, only 5% of patients were treated with SAE. SAE salvaged six patients with high-grade splenic injury or decreasing hematocrit but had a 33% failure rate. Failure of nonoperative management was most commonly caused by errors in judgment, primarily recognition of "high-risk" injury patterns on CT scan or attempting nonoperative management in anticoagulated or coagulopathic patients.     

Complications arising from splenic embolization after blunt splenic trauma

Background

Nonoperative management (NOM) of splenic trauma is now the standard in stable trauma patients. Splenic artery embolization (SAE) is an increasingly used adjunct to NOM. We examined complications arising from SAE.

Methods

Patients admitted to a level I trauma center with splenic trauma over a 26-month period were identified. Management method, operative or nonoperative, was noted. SAE patients were analyzed in detail.

Results

There were 284 splenic trauma admissions. Ninety-three patients underwent operative management, and 191 received NOM. Fifteen patients (7.8%) underwent SAE. Embolization was proximal in 10, distal in 1, and combined in 4 patients. No NOM failures occurred. Major complications (27%) included splenic bleeding, splenic infarction, splenic abscess, and contrast-induced renal insufficiency. Minor complications of fever, pleural effusions, and coil migration occurred in 53% of patients. No relationship between SAE location and the presence of complications was noted.

Conclusions

SAE is an effective and safe procedure. Both major and minor complications can arise after SAE.     

脾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤29例临床分析

目的 分析原发性脾脏恶性淋巴瘤的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析2000年11月至2008年8月收治的29例脾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤患者的临床资料. 结果29例患者中,非霍奇金淋巴瘤27例,霍奇金淋巴瘤2例.根据Ahmann脾淋巴瘤临床分期,Ⅰ期6例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期19例.26例患者进行了脾脏切除术,2例因病变侵犯胰尾而行脾脏切除+胰体尾切除术,1例因侵犯胃行脾脏切除+部分胃切除术.术后19例患者接受了辅助性化学治疗,5例使用利妥昔单抗(美罗华).1例患者接受了区域淋巴结放射治疗.中位随访时间24个月(2～93个月),脾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤1、3和5年的总生存率分别为:96%、83%和73%,1、3和5年的无瘤生存率分别为96%、51%和51%.结论 脾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤是最常见的原发性脾脏恶性肿瘤,手术切除脾脏及其周围受累器官是重要的治疗方法,手术后应当辅以化疗、放疗、生物治疗等措施.     

部分性脾栓塞术后栓塞百分率的计算方法探讨

目的寻找一种客观准确地计算脾脏栓塞百分率的方法。方法分别用部分容积分析(PVA)法、临界值法计算40名患者的各层残脾组织百分率和总的栓塞百分率,并对结果进行比较。结果PVA法和临界值法计算出的各层残脾组织百分率在脾脏的两端差异有显著意义(P<0.01);在脾脏中间大部分层面,两者的计算结果无显著性差异(P>0.05);40例患者全脾脏栓塞百分率差异也无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论两种方法均能较准确地计算出脾脏栓塞百分率,临界值法的稳定性更好。     

Spontaneous splenic rupture due to splenic metastasis of lung cancer

We report the case of a patient who underwent splenectomy for spontaneous rupture of the spleen due to splenic metastasis. Pathologic examination revealed diffuse infiltration by carcinoma. Chest X-ray revealed a right lung superior lobe tumor, related to poorly differentiated carcinoma. Total splenectomy is a good option for diagnosis and treatment of splenic metastases.     

间歇性脾动脉阻断在医源性脾损伤中的应用

目的总结间歇性脾动脉阻断联合明胶海绵压迫在医源性脾损伤保脾手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2013年1月至2015年12月徐州医学院附属医院收治的胃癌手术操作相关的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级脾损伤病例共18例,所有病例均采用间歇性脾动脉阻断联合明胶海绵压迫创面止血,脾动脉阻断时间首次为15 min,如仍有出血,再依次继续阻断10 min、5 min,然后解除阻断及压迫观察止血效果。结果14例经阻断后压迫15 min成功止血,4例经阻断压迫25 min成功止血。术后均无再次出血、腹腔脓肿、脾脏坏死等并发症,术后3周内血小板计数均500×10~9/L。结论对于工级、Ⅱ级医源性脾损伤间歇性脾动脉阻断联合明胶海绵压迫止血安全有效。     

Partial splenic decapsulation: a simplified operation for splenic pseudocyst

Splenic pseudocysts have traditionally required splenectomy because of the risks imposed by partial splenectomy or excision of the cyst lining. During the past 2 years, a 6-year-old boy and a 9-year-old girl presenting with vague upper abdominal discomfort, palpable splenomegaly, and a large unilocular sonolucent cyst within the spleen, were treated by partial splenic decapsulation with preservation of the hilar blood supply. This procedure involves mobilizing the spleen by dividing the renal, colic, and diaphragmatic attachments; decompressing the liquefied cyst contents through a thoracostomy trochar; excising the outer splenic capsule and gaining hemostasis of the splenic wall with a running interlocked silk suture; and providing external tube drainage of the left upper quadrant. During the follow-up period of 26 and 12 months, splenic size has returned to normal. Serial nuclear scan and ultrasound show a small residual crescent-shaped deformity of the functioning splenic remnant. We conclude that partial splenic decapsulation for splenic pseudocyst is simpler and safer than other preservation procedures attempted, and carries no increased risk of recurrence from leaving a portion of the pseudocyst wall.     

客观认识脾功能 合理开展脾手术

经过近半个世纪的研究,人们对脾脏的功能已有初步认识.从脾脏无用到保脾手术,以至今日的选择性保脾,我国脾脏外科取得了长足的发展,现代脾脏外科观念已被多数学者所接受.然而目前我们对脾功能的了解还是很少,脾脏外科中尚存在许多争议.不断探索和正确认识脾功能(生理及病理状态下)将有助于解决上述争议,以便针对不同情况采取最佳的治疗方式,合理开展脾手术.     

Two-stage splenic rupture

Of the 185 patients with splenic trauma, in 27 (14.6%), a two-step splenic rupture was revealed. Diagnosis of the given pathology is difficult. After the operation, 12 patients developed complications, 4 died.