基于霍尔传感器阵列的体外磁跟踪定位系统

目的为实现体内微型诊疗装置的无创定位,本文提出一种新的定位方法,并开发了一套基于此方法的实验系统.方法在分析永磁体空间磁场分布特殊规律的基础上,采用基于霍尔原理的磁场检测方法设计一种基于霍尔传感器阵列的体外磁跟踪定位系统.通过设计系统优化实验、系统性能实验以及模拟肠道平面实验验证系统的可行性、准确性及定位的精确性.结果该方法定位精度在 mm级,满足实际应用需求.结论此系统能精确确定永磁体所在空间位置,具有非接触测量、操作简单、精度高等特点,为有效监测人体肠道内的微型诊疗装置提供了基础.     

基于永磁体空间磁场检测的体内微型诊疗装置定位系统的研究

在微型诊疗装置的应用中,微型装置的体内空间定位非常重要.作者根据消化道微型诊疗装置研究的需要,设计了一种基于永磁体空间磁场检测的体内微型诊疗装置定位系统,由霍尔传感器阵列检测固定在微型装置上永磁体的空间磁场,经多路信号处理电路和单片机采集数据,再把数据通过串口通信传输给主控计算机,进而对数据分析处理计算出微型诊疗装置在体内的空间位置.实验表明,该系统可实时采集数据并可靠传输,空间磁场强度随距离有特定的变化规律,能满足实验研究的需要.     

基于磁定位的消化道微型药物释放装置动态跟踪技术研究

对消化道微型药物释放装置在体内的运动进行无创动态跟踪更具有特别重要的意义.本文在分析永磁体空间磁场分布规律的基础上,提出了利用磁定位原理实现动态跟踪微型药物释放装置在消化道运动状态的方法.其基本过程是在微型药物释放装置上固定永磁体,当其通过消化道时在体外检测磁场变化,进而实时计算出微型药物释放装置的空间位置,并描记出运动轨迹,实现动态跟踪.通过在模拟肠道中的实际测试,该技术可较好地跟踪永磁体的运动轨迹.     

基于永磁磁场的电子胶囊定位系统

为了确定可吞服式电子胶囊在人体内的位置,基于矩形永磁体空间磁场解析式,设计了定位系统,提出了相应的定位算法,并进行了实验。系统中两个三轴磁传感器封装在胶囊内,由胶囊和永磁体的空间位姿关系模型,建立了与传感器输出和胶囊位姿变量相关的一组非线性方程。对方程进行了数值求解,并和期望值进行了比较,结果发现该方法是切实可行的。     

基于永磁体标记的胶囊内镜旋转测量定位模型设计

目的该文设计了基于永磁体标记的胶囊内镜旋转测量定位模型,为实现人体内胶囊内镜的定位奠定理论基础。方法根据Biot-Savart定律及环形电流的空间磁场分布模型,建立了全新的旋转定位模型;采用GF708型单轴磁传感器对磁场数据进行获取,并对旋转测量的定位数据进行求解。结果永磁体位于平面内随机位置时定位结果显示,磁体距离圆心r平均误差为0.19 cm,永磁体所在半径与正北方向的偏转角的平均误差为0.019 rad,永磁体轴向同所在半径所成夹角α的平均误差为0.049 rad,实验结果证明该设计切实可行。结论旋转检测具有复杂度低、精度高、成本低等优点,对人体内胶囊内镜的定位具有潜在的应用价值。     

一种医用直线加速器多叶光栅的位置检测系统

针对医用直线加速器多叶光栅提出一种直接的位置检测设计方案。首先,对光栅叶片前端使用标记物进行标记,将摄像机固定于多叶光栅下等中心位置并对相机进行标定;其次,使用摄像机获取多叶光栅运动的视频图像,并通过通用串行总线传输到个人计算机端;然后,利用相机的标定参数对图像进行矫正,并计算叶片实际位移与图像像素移动个数的比例,最终通过该比例以及像素移动个数来计算标记点的实际位移量。在仿真实验中,使用该方法对38个感兴趣点分别移动2、4、7、11 cm位置进行测试,摄像机可以准确捕捉到38个测试点,结果显示感兴趣测试点位置测算准确,误差均在1 mm以内,满足系统要求。本研究有望为放疗临床治疗过程中多叶光栅自检提供一定的指导。     

胶囊状全消化道介入诊查装置的三维磁定位

为了对微型诊查胶囊进入人体消化道后的三维位置进行测量,提出了不可见状态下的非接触式永磁定位新方法.具体做法是:根据等效磁荷的原理,建立永磁体空间磁场与空间方位的简化定位模型;根据定位模型确定具体的定位方案;并对磁传感器的输出数据进行差分处理,消除了静态和准静态环境磁场干扰.实验证明定位模型能满足精度要求,定位方案正确可行,此定位法可投入实际应用.     

一体化TOF-PET/MR时间校正方法的对比研究

一体化TOF-PET/MR是获得高精度正电子断层扫描(PET)图像同时一并获得磁共振(MR)图像的多模态成像设备,具备飞行时间(TOF)功能。其中PET系统利用了正电子湮灭产生的两个方向180°的光子被探测器接收的时间差,来缩小响应线上湮灭发生位置的范围。由于每个探测晶体自身硬件条件不同和外部噪声影响,不同晶体的时间偏移不同,所以需要对一体化TOF-PET/MR进行精确的时间校正来使得系统正常工作。我们采取三种不同原理的方法对系统进行时间校正,第一种为利用几何方法构建扇形束模型,来拟合时间偏移的高斯分布,从而求晶体时间偏差的迭代方法,简称扇形束法;第二种为构建超定方程组的解,并利用L1范数最小化求解的方法,简称L1-norm法;第三种利用大量数据构建直方图,拟合寻峰后的结果构成超定方程组,利用L2范数最小化进行求解,简称L2-norm法。本文对这三种方法所需数据量和计算时间进行了比较,对时间校正后系统重建图像进行了分析。为了减小采集数据时放射源位置偏移对校正结果的干扰,我们设计了位置校正算法对采集数据进行预处理,该算法能直接计算出筒源摆放位置,并减少因为偏心产生的图像伪影。实验结果证明,L2-norm法噪声比较小,但是计算速度慢;L1-norm法拥有最快的计算速度,但是图像质量较差;扇形束法较其他两种方法拥有更高的图像质量,尤其是对于微小病灶的探查能力更强,因此在一体化TOF-PET/MR中使用扇形束法进行时间校正最佳。     

基于大数据技术的糖尿病临床决策支持系统分析与展望

糖尿病是一种慢性非传染性疾病,目前只能通过长期用药和自我管理来缓解病情,无法根治.临床决策支持系统能够模拟糖尿病医疗专家诊断疾病的思维过程,向医生提供常规诊疗方案,推荐最优方案.现有的临床决策支持系统大多基于临床指南、规则、案例推理以及本体.大数据技术可获取和处理多元异构的各类数据,提供更科学的个性化诊疗方案.近年来已有基于决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑、支持向量机、APRIORI关联规则与多维分析和时序挖掘等多种大数据处理方法应用于糖尿病的临床诊断,但其尚处于起步阶段.对基于大数据技术的糖尿病临床决策支持系统的框架进行了分析,并展望了未来的诊疗方式.     

磁场方式的内窥镜体内三维定位与追踪方法研究

本研究以磁场方式来测定内窥镜探头在人体内的三维位置及姿态角。根据三个互相正交的圆环线圈在其周围空间任意点产生的三维磁感应强度表达式 ,以及附着于内窥镜探头上的三个相互正交的磁场传感器在该磁场空间任意点以任意姿态感应磁场时所获得信号的表达式 ,建立以空间位置 (x ,y ,z) ,姿态角 (a ,b ,c)为未知数的六元非线性方程组。使用具有全局收敛特性的牛顿 拉夫森算法求解非线性方程组 ,由磁场传感器所获得的测量数据计算出对应的一组位置和姿态 (x ,y ,z ,a ,b,c) ,从而实现内窥镜探头的三维定位和跟踪     

Novel maglev pump with a combined magnetic bearing

The newly developed pump is a magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump in which active and passive magnetic bearings are integrated to construct a durable ventricular assist device. The developed maglev centrifugal pump consists of an active magnetic bearing, a passive magnetic bearing, a levitated impeller, and a motor stator. The impeller is set between the active magnetic bearing and the motor stator. The active magnetic bearing uses four electromagnets to control the tilt and the axial position of the impeller. The radial movement of the levitated impeller is restricted with the passive stability dependent upon the top stator and the passive permanent magnetic bearing to reduce the energy consumption and the control system complexity. The top stator was designed based upon a magnetic field analysis to develop the maglev pump with sufficient passive stability in the radial direction. By implementing this analysis design, the oscillating amplitude of the impeller in the radial direction was cut in half when compared with the simple shape stator. This study concluded that the newly developed maglev centrifugal pump displayed excellent levitation performance and sufficient pump performance as a ventricular assist device.     

Clinical utilization of the artificial heart

During the past 30 years the artificial heart has evolved from a bioengineering concept to clinical reality. To date four patients have had an artificial heart implanted as a permanent device, while over 150 artificial hearts have been utilized temporarily as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Increased use of this device requires that a number of issues be critically addressed: (1) criteria for patient selection; (2) operative techniques for implantation including size of device and its position in the mediastinum; and (3) management of the patient in the intensive care unit (ICU), in particular, regimens of anticoagulation, assessment of adequacy of organ perfusion, and prevention of sepsis. This chapter is a discussion of these bioengineering and clinical concerns with respect to the Jarvik total artificial heart (TAH). Clinical data are presented which highlight the current problems with these devices and the areas of future research that need to be undertaken.     

Two-radiograph reconstruction using six geometrical solution sets and least-squares method.

When two radiographic projections are available for reconstruction, it was found that six different combinations of equations could be used to obtain the geometrical solutions for the position of any point. No errors in the image coordinates read from the radiographs resulted in identical solutions for the six equations. Inaccuracies or errors present in the image coordinates generated differences among the six solutions. In this case, a least-squares method could be used to determine the optimum position. The utility of such a least-squares optimizing approach is presented in the context of a clinical example.     

Experimental evaluation of an online gamma-camera imaging of permanent seed implantation (OGIPSI) prototype for partial breast irradiation

Previously, our team used Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate that a gamma camera could potentially be used as an online image guidance device to visualize seeds during permanent breast seed implant procedures. This could allow for intraoperative correction if seeds have been misplaced. The objective of this study is to describe an experimental evaluation of an online gamma-camera imaging of permanent seed implantation (OGIPSI) prototype. The OGIPSI device is intended to be able to detect a seed misplacement of 5 mm or more within an imaging time of 2 min or less. The device was constructed by fitting a custom built brass collimator (16 mm height, 0.65 mm hole pitch, 0.15 mm septal thickness) on a 64 pixel linear array CZT detector (eValuator-2000, eV Products, Saxonburg, PA). Two-dimensional projection images of seed distributions were acquired by the use of a digitally controlled translation stage. Spatial resolution and noise characteristics of the detector were measured. The ability and time needed for the OGIPSI device to image the seeds and to detect cold spots was tested using an anthropomorphic breast phantom. Mimicking a real treatment plan, a total of 52 103Pd seeds of 65.8 MBq each were placed on three different layers at appropriate depths within the phantom. The seeds were reliably detected within 30 s with a median error in localization of 1 mm. In conclusion, an OGIPSI device can potentially be used for image guidance of permanent brachytherapy applications in the breast and, possibly, other sites.     

Hysteroscopic permanent tubal sterilization using a nitinol-dacron intratubal device without anaesthesia in the outpatient setting: procedure feasibility and effectiveness

BACKGROUND: Hysteroscopic permanent tubal sterilization has recently been introduced, resulting in a non-invasive, safe and effective technique. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of outpatient hysteroscopic tubal sterilization using a nitinol-dacron intratubal device without anaesthesia and to assess patient procedure compliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We untertook a prospective study of 36 consecutive cases of outpatient hysteroscopic tubal sterilization using a nitinol-dacron intratubal device without anaesthesia. Tubal sterilization was performed by placing the device with the aid of a 5.2-mm continuous-flow operative hysteroscope. At the end of the procedure women were asked to rate the pain experienced on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0, no discomfort to 100, severe discomfort). Successful device placement was assessed after 3 months by hysterosalpingography and diagnostic hysteroscopy. RESULTS: Successful bilateral placement was obtained in 32 patients (88.9%); in one (2.8%) the placement was monolateral; and in three (8.3%) the procedure failed. Mean operating time was 8.6 +/- 5.3 min. A mean VAS of 36.1 +/- 23.9 was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: The nitinol-dacron intratubal device is safe, appears to be effective long-term, is non-invasive and can be used in the outpatient setting without anaesthesia. Low-level discomfort was experienced by the patients. Limitations of its use include that it is not effective immediately, it is irreversible, it requires special equipment and training, and it is difficult to use in cases of uterine anomalies. We conclude that this method may be offered to all woman asking for permanent tubal sterilization, particularly those who refuse or have contraindications for anaesthesia.     

Evaluation of a new simple treatment for positional sleep apnoea patients

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is a common clinical problem. Positional sleep apnoea syndrome, defined as having a supine apnoea-hypopnoea index of twice or more compared to the apnoea-hypopnoea index in the other positions, occurs in 56% of obstructive sleep apnoea patients. A limited number of studies focus on decreasing the severity of sleep apnoea by influencing sleep position. In these studies an object was strapped to the back (tennis balls, squash balls, special vests), preventing patients from sleeping in the supine position. Frequently, this was not successful due to arousals while turning from one lateral position to the other, thereby disturbing sleep architecture and sleep quality. We developed a new neck-worn device which influences sleep position by offering a vibration when in supine position, without significantly reducing total sleep time. Thirty patients with positional sleep apnoea were included in this study. No side effects were reported. The mean apnoea-hypopnoea index dropped from 27.7 ± 2.4 to 12.8 ± 2.2. Seven patients developed an overall apnoea-hypopnoea index below 5 when using the device in ON modus. We expect that positional therapy with such a device can be applied as a single treatment in many patients with mild to moderate position-dependent obstructive sleep apnoea, while in patients with a more severe obstructive sleep apnoea such a device could be used in combination with other treatment modalities.     

脉管穿刺置管仪的实验研究

本文介绍一种变传统的手工血管穿刺置管为电动机械穿刺置管的新仪器——脉管穿刺置管仪。该仪器采用了超声定位、电动机械自动进、退针和自动停针的穿刺置管新技术。从而解决了休克状态下常规穿刺置管困难和手术切开置管需时长,损伤性大及并发症多等问题。