Combined antioxidant effects of rutin and vitamin C in Triton X-100 micelles

UV-vis spectra, fluorescence emission spectra and cyclic voltammetric measurements were used to study the influence of Vitamin C on the antioxidant of rutin in Triton X-100 micelles. Rutin can be located in Triton X-100 micelles spontaneously through hydrophobic force, and the binding constant K between rutin and Triton X-100 increases with the rutin concentration. The embedment of two hydroxyl groups on rutin into the more hydrophobic micellar microenvironment makes the oxidation of rutin harder and the radical scavenging activity decrease. With low concentration of Vitamin C, the antioxidant capacity of rutin against hydroxyl radical is enhanced, while that capacity is partly inhibited when the concentration of Vitamin C become higher.     

Effects on the reproductive organs of feeding the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 to mice

A series of feeding experiments has shown Triton X-100 to induce cystic degeneration in the mouse ovary. Parallel experiments in ovariectomized mice revealed no evidence that Triton X-100 possesses oestrogenic activity. Long term exposure of female mice to this surfactant did not impair fertility.     

头孢唑酮在Triton X-100体系中的释放机制初探

目的 探讨抗生素药物头孢唑酮在表面活性剂体系中的释放机制.方法 测定了头孢唑酮在表面活性剂体系中的释放曲线,用数学模型对药物的释放曲线进行拟合.结果 头孢唑酮在TritonX,100体系的释放为非菲克扩散控制过程.结论 为表面活性剂体系中药物控制释放的深入研究提供了科学依据.     

头孢唑酮在TritonX-100体系微乳液中缓释的研究

目的研究了β-内酰胺类抗生素药物头抱唑酮在表面活性剂微乳液中的释放行为。方法制备TritonX-100体系的胶束和微乳液．用紫外分光光度法测定头抱唑酮在微乳液的释放速率。结果 FritonX-100／n—C10H21OH／H2O体系微乳液对头抱唑酮具有较好的缓释作用。结论表面活性剂体系微乳液可作为一种新的药物控制释放系统。     

头孢唑酮在Triton X-100体系囊泡中的包封和缓释

目的研究了β-内酰胺类抗生素药物头孢唑酮在表面活性剂囊泡中的包封和释放行为。方法超声Triton X-100体系层状液晶制备了囊泡,用超离心分离法和紫外分光光度法测定头孢唑酮的包封率和释放速率。结果Triton X-100/n-C10H21OH/H2O体系囊泡对头孢唑酮具有较好的包封和缓释作用。结论表面活性剂体系囊泡可作为一种新的药物控制释放系统。     

高效液相色谱法测定质粒pUDKH中曲拉通X-100的含量

目的检测质粒pUDKH最终产品中去污剂曲拉通X 10 0 (TritonX 10 0 )的残留含量。方法用高效液相色谱法测定TritonX 10 0残留含量 ,色谱柱为C18柱 ,流动相为乙腈 水 (70∶30 ) ,流速为 1.0ml/min ,进样量 10 μl,检测波长 2 2 3nm。结果平均回收率为 10 0 .19% ,日内精密度为 4 .36 % ,日间精密度为 4 .17% ,TritonX 10 0在 1.2 5～2 0 μg/ml浓度范围内呈线性关系。pUDKH产品中的TritonX 10 0含量在 2 .2 7～ 3.0 0 μg/ml之间。TritonX 10 0的最低检测限可达 1.0 μg/ml。 结论此法有良好的准确度与精密度 ,供试品不需预处理 ,不受其它成分的干扰。     

The action of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate on lipid layers. Effect on monolayers and liposomes

The action of two detergents, Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), on large, unilamellar liposomes was determined as liposome size variation, polydispersity and ability to release a soluble marker from liposomes. Triton X-100 produced stronger effects than SDS. Nevertheless, these differences in behaviour of such detergents could not be deduced from the interaction of the detergents with monolayers of the same composition as liposomes.     

The action of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate on lipid layers. Effect on monolayers and liposomes

Abstract

The action of two detergents, Triton X-l 00 and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), on large, unilamellar liposomes was determined as liposome size variation, polydispersity and ability to release a soluble marker from liposomes. Triton X-100 produced stronger effects than SDS. Nevertheless, these differences in behaviour of such detergents could not be deduced from the interaction of the detergents with monolayers of the same composition as liposomes.     

Interactions of rat brain acetylcholinesterase with the detergent Triton X-100 and the organophosphate paraoxon.

Inhibition of the critical enzyme acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7) with subsequent cholinergic crisis is the mechanism of acute toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticides (B. E. Mileson et al., 1998, Toxicol. Sci.41, 8-20). Consequently, measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity is important for evaluating the mammalian toxicity of this commonly used class of insecticides. While mammalian acetylcholinesterase activity has often been determined in tissue homogenates in the presence of the nondenaturing detergent Triton X-100 at a concentration of 1%, the potential actions of this detergent on the activity of this critical enzyme are not understood. In the current study, homogenization of rat brain in buffer containing 1% Triton X-100 slightly elevated the (app)V(max) for hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine, without affecting the (app)K(m) or the (app)K(ss). However, the presence of both 1% Triton X-100 and paraoxon (at concentrations of 5 nM-100 nM) resulted in complex kinetic interactions with acetylcholinesterase, as evidenced by a curvilinear secondary plot for determination of the (app)k(i). These results suggest that measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of up to 1% Triton X-100, but in the absence of oxon, should pose no problems with regard to data interpretation, provided it is recognized that the detergent slightly elevates activity. However, measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity after enzyme was exposed simultaneously to Triton X-100 and oxon could be problematic. Caution is warranted when interpreting data where acetylcholinesterase activity was determined under such conditions since in the presence of 1% Triton X-100, the capacity of oxon to inhibit acetylcholinesterase might change as a function of oxon levels.     

Studies of monoamine oxidases: Effect of Triton X-100 and bile salts on monoamine oxidase in brain mitochondria

Triton X-100 and the bile salts, cholate and deoxycholate, detergents often used in the solubilization of monoamine oxidase (MAO) from mitochondria, have been found to cause an inhibition of the enzyme activity. With beef brain mitochondria, it was found that there was a differential effect of Triton X-100 on the putative MAO types A and B, with MAO-A being more susceptible to inhibition by Triton X-100. This was indicated by the greater loss of serotonin-deaminating than of phenyl ethylamine-deaminating activity in the presence of Triton X-100. Although the bile salts also caused substantial inactivation at concentrations above 0.1%, no differentiation between MAO types could be made. Kinetic studies of the inhibition by Triton X-100 indicated two different mechanisms were occurring with the two MAO types. The inhibition was competitive for MAO-A, but uncompetitive for MAO-B. Removal of Triton X-100 by co-polymer beads restored some, but not all of the activity for both MAO-A and MAO-B types. This suggests that the activity loss may have been due in part to inactivation when the enzyme was separated from the mitochondrial membrane.     

Morphological and physiological changes in Tetrahymena pyriformis for the in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of Triton X-100.

Non-ionic surfactants such as Triton X-100 have been widely used in industrial processing and in cleaning products for almost 50 years, being effective and economic emulsifying, wetting agents, dispersants and solubilizers. Cleaning products containing these surfactants are disposed of mainly by discharge into wastewater, which receives biological treatment in wastewater treatment systems. However, surface-active agents interact with eukaryotic cell membranes leading to biological damage at high concentrations. Tetrahymena pyriformis was used here as model organism to assess the effects of Triton X-100 through a series of in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Growth rates and morphological changes were, by their simplicity and reproducibility, the simplest toxicological assays. Cytoskeleton analysis seemed to be related with phagocytosis rate. Viability was evaluated by two different tests. Calcein AM/EthD-1 was used to assess T. pyriformis membrane damage during the 48-h experiment. The colorimetric MTT assay proved to be highly sensitive even at very short periods of Triton X-100 exposure. Tests performed in this study included simple and fast bioassays that provide overall information on the morphological and physiological state of cells exposed to different non-lytic and lytic concentrations of Triton X-100.     

Analysis of the process of cell degradation induced by Triton X-100 in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Analysis of the liberation degrees of intracellular materials from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by treatment of Triton X-100 was performed. The liberation process has two stages. In the first stage, cytoplasmic inorganic phosphorus were liberated at a concentration of about 0.01% of the detergent, and in the second stage macromolecules such as lysosomal enzymes were liberated at a concentration of about 0.03% of the detergent. Morphologically, the cells began to swell in the first stage but were not stained by Trypan blue, and the cells in the second stage became fully swollen and ruptured. The staining curve of the swollen and ruptured cells was closely in parallel with the liberation curves of the macromolecules.     

Triton X－114用于去除内毒素的研究

目的 探讨规模化生产原核表达重组蛋白的Triton X-114去除细菌内毒素的方法与效果。方法 以大肠杆菌表达的重组人干扰素α2b、重组人生长激素、重组葡激酶蛋白粗提液为原料,采用反复抽提相分离法,研究Triton X-114去除细菌内毒素的效果。结果 经一次Triton X-114抽提,能够去除蛋白粗提液中95%的细菌内毒素,蛋白收率保持85%以上,蛋白性质不受影响。结论 Triton X-114反复抽提相分离法能够有效地去除细菌内毒素,适合于规模化原核重组蛋白的生产。     

Enhancement of antitumor activity of OK-432 (picibanil) by Triton X-114 phase partitioning

OK-432 (Picibanil), a Streptococcal immunotherapeutic agent, has been used for immunotherapy of various cancers as a biological response modifier (BRM). However, OK-432 contains multiple components consisting of immunotherapeutic ones and contaminants which may weaken the effects or exert side-effects. In this study, we investigated extraction of contaminants from OK-432 using Triton X-114 (TX-114)-water phase partitioning and examined an antitumor effect of the resulting preparation. OK-432 was subjected to TX-114 partitioning to give residual precipitate designated as OK-TX-ppt. OK-TX-ppt exerted no TLR2-mediated activity, but induced interleukin (IL)-6 in human PBMC. OK-TX-ppt also induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-gamma in PBMC. Moreover, IFN-gamma-inducing activity of OK-TX-ppt was significantly higher and IL-10 production was lower than that of OK-432. In tumor-bearing mice model, administration of OK-TX-ppt i.p. extended the survival time of Meth-A-bearing mice compared to OK-432. OK-TX-ppt also increased the levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma in mouse spleen cells in vitro. These results indicated that TX-114 partitioning removed some contaminants, which attenuates the antitumor effect, from OK-432 and increase the immunotherapeutic effects of OK-432.     

Strychnine-insensitive binding of [3H]glycine to synaptic membranes in rat brain, treated with Triton X-100

Binding of radiolabelled glycine, a putative inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian lower central structures, was examined by using the synaptic membranes of the brain of rat, treated with Triton X-100. This treatment with Triton markedly potentiated the binding of [3H]glycine detected at 2 degrees C and 30 degrees C. However, this binding was not affected by three different convulsants, strychnine, picrotoxin and bicuculline. The binding was saturable at 2 degrees C, with increasing concentrations of [3H]glycine up to 1 microM. Scatchard analysis revealed that the binding sites consisted of a single component with a Kd of 202 nM and a Bmax of 1.74 pmol/mg protein. The binding was inhibited, not only by various amino acids structurally related to glycine, including D- and L-serine and D-, L- and beta-alanine, but was also eliminated by some peptides containing glycine, such as gamma-D- and gamma-L-glutamylglycine, glycine methylester and N-methyl-glycine. In addition, the strychnine-insensitive binding of [3H]glycine was significantly abolished by numerous quinoxaline antagonists for excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain. These results suggest that synaptic membranes of brain, treated with Triton X-100, are useful to detect the strychnine-insensitive binding of [3H]glycine and superior to untreated membranes in terms of the freedom from the confounding effects of some endogenous amino acids.     

Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats

This study investigated the effects of orally administered morin, an inhibitor of CYP isozyme and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and orally administered etoposide in rats. It was reported that etoposide is a substrate for P-gp and metabolized mainly via CYP3A4 and to a lesser degree via CYP1A2 and 2E1. Etoposide was administered through intravenous (2 mg/kg) or oral (6 mg/kg) routes to rats with or without orally administered morin (5 or 15 mg/kg), which was administered 30 min before etoposide. The pharmacokinetic parameters of etoposide intravenously administered were not significantly different from other groups, suggesting that CYP 3A-mediated metabolism and the P-gp mediated efflux of etoposide in the liver and kidney seemed not to be markedly inhibited by orally administered morin. However, orally administered morin (15 mg/kg) significantly increased the AUC (45.8%), C(max) (32.0%) and the absolute bioavailability (35.9%) of orally administered etoposide compared with the control, which could be mainly due to inhibition of CYP isoenzyme and P-gp in the intestine by morin. The dosage regimen of etoposide should be taken into consideration for toxic reactions when combined with morin or dietary supplements containing morin in patients.     

Influence of rat plasma and of various cations on the anti-eledoisin activity of morin

1. The musculotropic activity of eledosin on the isolated guinea-pig ileum is antagonized by morin, a flavonoid derivative.2. The anti-eledoisin activity of morin is abolished by fresh rat plasma and by deproteinized rat plasma, but not by deionized plasma.3. Cupric acetate can restore the inhibitory property of the deionized plasma and can also inactivate morin.4. This effect of rat plasma and of cupric acetate is inhibited by (-)-penicill-amine and by N-acetyl-(+/-)-penicillamine.5. It is concluded that, when in contact with rat plasma, morin is probably inactivated as a consequence of the formation of a complex with the plasma copper.