高血压脑出血术后动态经颅多普勒超声与颅内压监护仪监测的临床意义

目的 探讨高血压脑出血手术方式以及术后如何控制血压.方法 对与96例高血压脑出血患者分别行开颅血肿清除术和血肿腔钻孔引流术,同时对每例患者行颅内压和平均动脉压连续监测7 d,同时监测术后1、3、7、14 d行双侧大脑中动脉平均血流速度和搏动指数值.结果 开颅术对于血肿量>50 ml的患者远期生存质量(6月后ADL分级)与血肿腔钻孔引流术比较有显著差异;另外术后1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d的TCD参数结果分析,开颅术对于缓解颅内压力、改善脑血流优于钻孔引流组.对所有患者术后ICP、MAP监测能有效控制血压防止再出血.结论 对于血肿量>50 ml患者应选择开颅手术.对所有高血压脑出血患者术后应常规进行ICP、MAP监测.     

脑出血患者经颅多普勒超声评估颅内压变化研究

目的 为进一步验证脑出血患者颅内压（intracranial pressure,ICP）与经颅多普勒超声（transcranial Doppler ultrasound,TCD）血流参数间的相关性,确立脑出血患者TCD血流参数预测ICP的最优数学模型 并评价其预测准确性。 方法 根据纳入、排除标准,共登记22例脑出血患者的人口学资料、主要神经功能评分和病灶特征 资料,所有患者行持续床旁脑实质颅内压监测,期间每天复查TCD,监测大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）及颈内动脉（internal carotid artery,ICA）血流参数并记录即时ICP数值、体温、血压、心 率和血氧饱和度等。筛选最优TCD血流参数,对即时ICP与TCD血流参数行相关性分析及多元线性回归 分析,建立TCD参数评估ICP数学模型,并对其诊断颅高压（ICP>15 mmHg）的准确性进行评价。 结果 相关性分析示脉搏指数（pulsatility index,PI）与ICP呈正相关,相关系数为r =0.66（P <0.01）。 TC D血流参数预测I C P数学模型为I C P e =-16.8+26.8×P I+0.12×V m,调整R 2为0.46;颅高压 （ICP>15 mmHg）时,ICPe的曲线下面积为0.93,95%可信区间为0.88～0.97。 结论 TCD血流参数PI与ICP呈正相关,是预测ICP最重要的指标。ICPe=-16.8+26.8×PI+0.12×Vm（调 整R2为0.46）可准确诊断颅高压（I CP>15 mmHg）。     

经颅多普勒对原发性脑出血病人脑血流的监测

目的探讨经颅多普勒(transcranial doppler,TCD)对原发性脑出血(primary intracerebral hemorrhage,PICH)病人脑血流量和颅内压的监测作用。方法回顾性分析80例CT确诊PICH病例资料,采用TCD监测大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)血流动力学指标和血流频谱变化。结果与自身健侧比较,出血后3 d、7 d、21 d出血侧搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)明显升高(P0.05)。当PI1.0,阻力指数(resistance index,RI)0.6时,应考虑颅内压升高。结论 TCD血流频谱可作为监测颅内压辅助指标,采用TCD监测PICH病人脑血流变化,部分参数与颅内压有一定相关性,可间接了解颅内压改变,是临床治疗和预后评估的重要参考依据。     

脑出血患者治疗中动态经颅多普勒超声监测的临床意义

目的　探讨脑出血患者急性期降血压治疗的利弊和经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)监测对脑出血治疗的指导作用。方法　动态监测 6 8例 12h内入院的脑出血患者的血压 ,其中 4 0例入院 2 4h内接受血肿碎吸引流术 ,2 0例内科对症支持治疗 ,并于入院时和第 1、3、7及 14天监测TCD ;8例未手术者 (降压组 )在接受降血压治疗前、后监测TCD ,并与 2 4例单纯高血压患者 (对照组 )降血压治疗前后的TCD参数进行比较。结果　对照组降血压前后TCD参数差值无显著性 ,而降压组降压后双侧大脑中动脉 (MCA)流速降低 ,脉动指数 (PI)值升高。脑出血患者治疗过程中血压逐渐下降 ,双侧MCA流速呈先降后升 ,双侧PI值呈先升后降 ;保守治疗组MCA流速发病 1周内下降 ,第 2周开始升高 ,PI值改变与其相反 ;手术组第 7天MCA流速即开始升高 ,PI值降低 ,且在第 14天两组间差异有显著性意义 ;手术组血压下降幅度较保守组大 ,第 14天收缩压差异有显著性意义 (前者为 - 12 6± 6 8、后者为- 7 5± 4 8)。结论　微创血肿引流术可显著性改善脑出血患者的脑灌注 ,而急性期的降血压治疗不利于脑灌注 ,动态TCD监测可评估患者脑灌注状态 ,指导治疗     

经颅多普勒与颅内压增高的关系

经颅多普勒(TCD)为无创性脑循环研究开创了新纪元。本文对颅内压增高时,TCD改变的病理生理基础、频谱及各参数的表现、临床意义诸方面进行了综述,阐明了TCD与颅内压增高之间的关系,为用TCD进行无创颅内压监护研究提供了一定线索。     

经颅多普勒对脑出血微创术的疗效评价

颅内高压是神经科常见的危重症,严重者可出现脑疝,直接危及生命.颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)无创监测是临床应用的发展方向.该研究选择本院神经内科2010年1月至2012年6月发病24h内入院的60例高血压基底节区脑出血患者,均行经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)检查,探讨TCD对脑出血微创碎吸术疗效的评估价值.     

经颅多普勒超声观察甘露醇对脑出血患者脑血流的影响

目的用经颅多普勒超声观察甘露醇对急性期脑出血患者脑血流动力学的影响。方法以大脑中动脉(MCA)和颈内动脉颅外段(EICA)为靶血管,观察30例急性期脑出血患者脑血流变化的趋势及应用甘露醇前后各指标的变化。结果Ⅰ组静滴甘露醇前后MCA和EICA的收缩期峰流速(Vs)、舒张期流速(Vd)、平均流速(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)无明显变化(P>0.05);Ⅱ组用药后MCA的Vd、Vm、Vs增加,PI降低(P<0.05);EICA的Vd增加(P<0.05),Vs、Vm、PI无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论脑损害较轻的患者应用甘露醇可改善脑灌注,甘露醇对严重脑损伤患者难以发挥调节脑血流作用。     

经颅多普勒对脑出血患者颅内压和脑灌注压的预测研究

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(transcranial doppler,TCD)血流动力学参数对脑出血患者颅内压(intracra-nial pressure,ICP)和脑灌注压(cerebral perfusion pressure,CPP)的预测价值。方法对45例脑出血患者138次腰穿前行TCD检查(发病第1、3天常规进行),对TCD资料及脑脊液压力进行分析。结果与对照组比较,脑出血颅高压患者TCD表现出高阻力血流频谱,随着ICP升高,收缩期血流速度(Vs)、平均血流速度(Vm)无明显变化,舒张期血流速度(Vd)减低,血管搏动指数(PI)升高。与健侧比较,出血侧Vs、Vm、Vd均显著降低,PI显著升高(P<0.01)。与小量出血组比较,发病第3天,中、大量出血组的Vm、Vd均显著降低,PI值显著增高(P均<0.05)。与发病第1天比较,发病第3天中、大量出血组Vm、Vd均显著降低,PI显著升高(P均<0.05)。根据出血侧血流动力学参数所得预测颅内压(ICPe)及预测脑灌注压(CPPe)的回归方程分别为:ICPe=-7.096 20.474PI 0.053MAP;CPPe=7.096-20.474PI 0.947MAP。预测和实测的ICP、CPP显著正相关(r=0.796、0.977,P均<0.01),预测差值在5mm Hg内阳性预测率均为89.9%。结论依据出血侧TCD血流动力学参数可较准确预测脑出血患者的ICP、CPP。     

脑静脉窦血栓经颅多普勒超声监测的临床意义

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)监测上矢状窦血栓患者颅内压(ICP)的可行性,研究TCD动脉、静脉参数及频谱形态与ICP的关系,以指导临床治疗、评价疗效及判定预后。方法选择18例上矢状窦血栓形成住院患者,取入院第1、7及14天为观察点,动态监测患者的ICP、脑灌注压(CPP)、波动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、大脑中动脉(MCA)和大脑中深静脉(dMCV)平均血流速度(Vm)以及TCD频谱形态,并与对照组相比较,同时进行相关性分析。结果上矢状窦血栓患者各观察点参数与对照组相比均有显著性差异(t=6.32,P<0.05),随着ICP的升高,患者的dMCV平均血流速度、PI及RI呈上升趋势,MCA平均血流速度和CPP呈下降趋势,在第7天达到高峰,持续到两周时略有恢复,但仍维持在较高水平。ICP与P1呈明显正相关(P<0.01,r=0.859);ICP与MCA-Vm呈明显负相关(P<0.01.r=-0.638);ICP与dMCV-Vm无相关性(r=0.07,P>0.05)。随着ICP的升高,动脉频谱表现为舒张期和收缩期血流的不同步下降,静脉频谱呈现血流升高的特征,表现为血流量与血管径的同步增加。结论TCD对临床可疑脑静脉窦血栓形成的患者是一种有效的筛选检测手段,TCD动态监测脑静脉窦血栓患者动脉和静脉血流的同步变化可以评估ICP增高的程度和脑部灌注情况,为临床治疗提供科学依据。     

精神分裂症经颅彩色多普勒超声检测分析

目的 初步探讨精神分裂症患者的脑动脉血流动力学改变。方法 应用经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCD)检测108例精神分裂症患者,并与31例正常人TCD检测进行对照。结果 精神分裂症患者中有78例(72.2％)TCD诊断异常,对照组中有9例(29.0％)TCD诊断异常,两组异常率有显著性差异(P<0.001);TCD诊断异常主要表现为动脉的痉挛、痉挛伴扩张、弹性下降、硬化及供血不足等;这些异常多发生在大脑前动脉、颈总动脉、基底动脉、椎动脉和大脑中动脉等。结论 精神分裂症患者可能存在脑动脉血流动力学改变,因此造成脑部血流灌注量减少。初步认为,TCD对精神分裂症的病因、诊断和治疗研究可能具有一定的参考价值。     

Noninvasive assessment of the elastance and reserve capacity of the craniovertebral contents via flow velocity measurements in the straight sinus by TCD during body tilting test.

Invasive recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) changes during cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infusion-drainage tests have been used to estimate elastance and reserve capacity of craniovertebral contents. The increase in ICP and its pulse-related oscillations lead to "cuff constriction" of cerebral veins. The purpose of this study is noninvasive assessment of elastance and reserve capacity of craniovertebral contents (RCCC) by measurement of flow velocity (FV) in the straight sinus by transcranial Doppler (TCD) during body tilt tests, which cause changes in ICP. The study was performed in 14 healthy volunteers (age 12-49 y, 6 men) and 32 patients with Intracranial Hypertension (IH) (Benign Intracranial Hypertension, n = 14; Brain Tumors, n = 18). The straight sinus was insonated through the occipital window during body tilt tests (BTT). Tilt table position was changed gradually from head up (+75 degrees) to head down (-45 degrees). It was established that systolic flow velocity and amplitude of FV pulsations (Amp) in horizontal position in patients is usually higher than in healthy volunteers. We found that reserve capacity of craniovertebral contents in patients with IH was usually exhausted. Elastance in patients was usually significantly higher than in healthy volunteers. Evaluation of cerebral venous circulation during body tilt tests clearly differs between the patients with IH and the healthy volunteers. The degree of this difference depends on the localization and character of the pathologic process.     

经颅多普勒超声对单侧MCA重度狭窄或闭塞及侧支循环的诊断与研究

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对单侧大脑中动脉（MCA）重度狭窄或闭塞的诊断价值以及颅内血流动力学的改变与相应软脑膜侧支（LMCs）开放的关系。方法将48例MCA重度狭窄或闭塞患者的TCD检查结果与DSA检查结果进行对比,计算TCD判断大脑前动脉（ACA）和大脑后动脉（PCA）的LMCs开放的特异性与敏感性（％）。结果TCD对MCA重度狭窄或闭塞的诊断与DSA检查的符合率为89．6％,Kappa值为0．79（P〈0．01）,呈高度一致性。以同侧ACA血流速度（iVACA）〉对侧MCA血流速度（cVMCA）为判断ACA的LMCs开放的标准,TCD的敏感性为90．5％,特异性为70．4％,Youden指数（YI）=0．61;以iVPCA〉cVwcA为判断PCA的LMCs开放的标准,TCD的敏感性为45．5％,特异性为84．6％,YI=0．30。结论TCD对MCA重度狭窄或闭塞的诊断准确性较高;TCD能间接判断MCA病变后的LMCs开放情况。     

TCD对糖尿病患者基底动脉血流动力学变化的检测

目的应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）观察81例糖尿病患者的基底动脉（BA）血流动力学变化。方法将81例糖尿病患者TCD检测结果与90例高血压患者进行对照。结果糖尿病组BA的血流增快稍低于MCA，高血压组BA的血流增快则明显低于MCA，2组相比糖尿病组BA的血流增快明显高于高血压组，而且糖尿病组BA的频谱和音频异常率不仅明显高于高血压组的同名动脉，也高于同组的MCA和VA。结论对糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的TCD检测有助于及早发现隐性糖尿病，预防糖尿病患者发生缺血性脑血管病。     

TCD对糖尿病患者基底动脉血流动力学变化的检测

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)观察81例糖尿病患者的基底动脉(BA)血流动力学变化。方法将81例糖尿病患者TCD检测结果与90例高血压患者进行对照。结果糖尿病组BA的血流增快稍低于MCA,高血压组BA的血流增快则明显低于MCA,2组相比糖尿病组BA的血流增快明显高于高血压组,而且糖尿病组BA的频谱和音频异常率不仅明显高于高血压组的同名动脉,也高于同组的MCA和VA。结论对糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的TCD检测有助于及早发现隐性糖尿病,预防糖尿病患者发生缺血性脑血管病。     

Influence of blood pressure and cardiac output on cerebral blood flow and autoregulation in acute stroke measured by TCD

Although the dependence of cerebral perfusion on blood pressure has been well studied, little data is available about the effect cardiac output has on cerebral flow velocity and autoregulation, particularly during acute stroke. To improve cerebral perfusion, we treated 10 patients who suffered from an acute ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery with a hypervolemic hemodilution combined with dopamine-dobutamine. The influence of blood pressure and cardiac output on the blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery was measured using transcranial doppler sonography (TCD). Under the therapy, a dosage-dependent increase of 12% in blood pressure (BP) and 53% increase in cardiac output was observed. There was a significant (p > 0.01) correlation between TCD-mean flow velocity (V_m) and cardiac output (r = 0.33) as well as between V_m and blood pressure (r = 0.52) on the affected side. The unaffected side showed no correlation between V_m and cardiac output (r = 0.01), or between V_m and blood pressure (r = 0.03). Systolic flow velocity increased significantly in both hemispheres. As an expression of increasing cerebral vascular resistance, the pulsating index (PI) increased significantly (p > 0.01) in the affected hemisphere as well as in the unaffected hemisphere. This suggests that during acute stroke blood flow velocity and autoregulation in the affected vascular region depend not only on cerebral perfusion pressure but also on CO levels.     

Depressor effect on blood pressure and flow elicited by electroacupuncture in normal subjects

To clarify the effect of electroacupuncture (Ea) on the activity of the cardiovascular system in normal individuals, hemodynamic parameters including arterial blood pressure (BP), finger blood flow (FBF) and heart rate (HR) as well as paravertebral temperature (PVT) were non-invasively recorded under Ea stimulation. Surface stimulation electrode was placed on the Hoku point (Li-4). Square wave pulses (0.05 ms) were applied from a stimulator with a stimulation frequency of 2 Hz (3 min). The stimulation intensity was five times of sensory threshold. BP and FBF were decreased (68.5+/-6.0%, P<0.01 and 96.8+/-1.1%, P<0.01 of control, respectively, n=7) while HR and PVT were increased significantly (115.0+/-5.1 of control, P<0.05 and 0.054+/-0.004 degree C, P<0.01, respectively, n=7) during Ea treatment. The results suggested an inhibition in sympathetic outflow, which induced vasodilatation of systemic arteriole and decrease in BP and FBF were elicited by Ea stimulation.     

The first in vivo experience of the effects of the continuous intrathecal infusion of clonidine on the locus coeruleus in the regulation of cerebral blood flow: a TCD study

This was a study of the action of continuous intrathecal clonidine infusion on the locus coeruleus in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by means of a test of the activation of the locus coeruleus (cold pressure test, CPT). Method — The effects on CBF of intrathecal clonidine used for analgesic purposes in a patient with a chronic painful benign syndrome were studied by means of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) before and after administering the CPT.Results — TCD with the infusion device activated revealed an increase in CBF velocities compared with those recorded when the device was inactivated. During CPT with the infusion device inactivated, TCD showed a decrease in CBF velocity; this decrease was less when the device was activated.Conclusions — Our results suggest that the intracerebral vascular responses induced by CPT and intrathecal clonidine infusion may be related to a sympathetic regulating mechanism of cerebral vascularization, possibly mediated by locus coeruleus.Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina (Italy)     

Changes in carotid flow velocity induced by direct percutaneous carotid angiography in man

Summary Quantitative percutaneous flow velocity measurements are possible in carotid arteries. The results of the direct percutaneous angiography were measured by means of a Doppler directional flow velocity device and registered on a polygraph. The results indicate an increase in the flow velocity of the injected as well as the non-injected carotid system. This implies that there are no local constrictions of the carotid artery following intervention and, furthermore, it implies a systematic effect of the puncture and injection itself, or of the contrast medium, on the whole cerebral circulation. A diffuse vasodilatation, at least in the cerebral circulation, is postulated. The possible implications are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels Doppler-Sonographie und polygraphischer Registrierung wurde quantitativ percutan der Blutstrom in den Carotiden vor und nach direkter percutaner Arteriographie gemessen. Es ergibt sich hierbei eine Zunahme der Durchflußgeschwindigkeit sowohl auf der Seite der Kontrastmittelinjektion wie auch auf der Gegenseite. Dies bedeutet, daß keine lokale Einengung der A. carotis nach dem Eingriff vorliegt, und im weiteren, daß die Gefäßpunktion und die Injektion oder aber das Kontrastmedium einen systemischen Effekt auf die Gehirnzirkulation ausüben. Es wird eine diffuse Gefäßerweiterung, zumindest im Bereiche der cerebralen Zirkulation, angenommen. Die möglichen Folgerungen werden diskutiert.