肢带型肌营养不良2B型与多发性肌炎的临床及病理鉴别诊断

目的 分析肢带型肌营养不良2B型(LGMD2B)与多发性肌炎(PM)的临床、病理诊断与鉴别诊断要点.方法 对8例首诊为PM,再诊时高度怀疑LGMD2B的患者做开放式骨骼肌活体组织检查,行组织化学及抗dysferlin、dystrophins、sarcoglycans、MHC-Ⅰ、CD8单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色,与4例PM进行临床、病理对比分析.结果 (1)组织化学染色2组患者均呈不同程度的肌纤维变性、坏死,炎细胞浸润;临床可疑LGMD2B患者dystrophins、sarcoglycans蛋白表达正常,dysferlin蛋白表达缺失,MHC-Ⅰ弱或阴性表达,少数炎细胞CD8阳性表达,因此确诊为LGMD2B;4例PM患者肌纤维膜上dysferlin蛋白表达正常,MHC-Ⅰ在肌纤维膜及炎细胞浸润区呈强阳性表达,部分炎细胞CD8阳性表达.(2)LGMD2B与PM临床均表现为近端肌无力,血肌酸激酶显著增高,肌电图呈肌源性异常.LGMD2B肌痛不明显,红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白正常,有别于PM.结论 LGMD2B与PM在临床、骨骼肌组织化学染色病理上相似,易误诊;LGMD2B患者dysferlin蛋白表达缺失及PM患者的MHC-Ⅰ、CD8强阳性表达可作为两者诊断与鉴别诊断的重要方法.     

主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类抗原在特发性炎性肌病中的表达研究

目的 探讨主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类抗原(MHC-Ⅰ)在特发性炎性肌病(IIM)中的表达及其意义.方法 对15例IIM患者(IIM组,多发性肌炎14例、皮肌炎1例)、23例其他肌病患者(OM组,肢带型肌营养不良18例、脂质沉积性肌病4例、糖原累积性肌病1例)及5例无肌病对照者(NC组)的骨骼肌标本进行MHC-Ⅰ免疫组化染色.结果 NC组未见MHC-Ⅰ表达;IIM组肌纤维MHC-Ⅰ阳性率为86.7%(13/15),明显高于OM组(26.1%,6/23)(P<0.005).IIM组MHC-Ⅰ阳性表达的敏感性为86.7%,95%CI:59%～98%;特异性为73.9%,95%CI:55%～91%.结论 IIM患者肌纤维MHC-Ⅰ阳性表达高.MHC-Ⅰ免疫组化染色是一种较好的辅助IIM病理诊断的方法.     

以泡沫细胞浸润为特点的炎性肌肉病伴随大量巨噬细胞一例

目的 报道1例以泡沫细胞浸润为特点的炎性肌肉病伴随大量巨噬细胞的临床和病理特点.方法 患者男性,44岁,因“双上肢无力13个月,加重伴双下肢无力11个月”于2010年6月就诊于我院门诊,病程后期对免疫抑制治疗效果差,既往有类风湿性关节炎病史.肌酸激酶(CK)轻度升高,多种肌炎相关抗体和副肿瘤综合征抗体均为阴性.肌电图示肌源性损害,静止时有强直发放.先后对该患者进行左、右肱二头肌活体组织检查,标本进行组织学、酶组织化学染色和免疫组织化学染色.结果 第1次肌肉活体组织检查显示个别肌纤维坏死和再生,以及CD8阳性T淋巴细胞浸润肌内衣和非坏死肌纤维,肌纤维膜主要组织相容性复合物(MHC) -Ⅰ阳性.第2次肌肉活体组织检查显示束周肌纤维变性,肌束衣的纤维结缔组织呈碎片状改变,可见大量CD6s阳性的泡沫细胞和Touton多核巨细胞浸润.在个别血管周围可见CD20阳性B淋巴细胞和浆细胞,肌内衣中见到散在CDs阳性的T淋巴细胞,MHC-Ⅰ肌纤维膜阳性表达.结论 炎性肌肉病伴随大量巨噬细胞可以表现为肌内衣大量泡沫细胞的浸润,该病可以伴随类风湿性关节炎并对糖皮质激素抵抗.     

dysferlinopathy患者八例临床及分子病理学特点

目的探讨中国dysferlinopathy患者的临床及分子病理学特点。方法分析已确诊的4例肢带型肌营养不良2B型、4例Miyoshi远位型肌营养不良患者的临床、骨骼肌活体组织检查和免疫组织化学染色病理特点。并以Duchenne肌营养不良4例，多发性肌炎和包涵体肌炎各2例作为对照。结果dysferlinopathy患者均以进行性加重的肌无力、萎缩为主要症状，符合进行性肌营养不良的临床表现。组织化学染色示dysferlinopathy患者出现不同程度的肌纤维变性、坏死、再生，结缔组织增生；多数病例可见炎性细胞浸润；抗dysferlin单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色显示8例dysferlinopathy患者均出现dysferlin蛋自在肌纤维膜上和胞质内的缺失。结论（1）dysferlinopathy符合进行性肌营养不良的临床、病理表现；（2）抗dysferlin单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色病理分析是诊断dysferlinopathy的可靠方法，值得临床推广应用。     

散发性包涵体肌炎临床病理分析

目的探讨散发性包涵体肌炎(sIBM)患者的临床及病理特点。方法收集2例于2008年至2010年就诊并明确诊断为s1BM的患者临床、病理资料。两例患者均有股四头肌无力和萎缩,1例出现肢体远端无力和上肢无力。2例患者均进行了肌肉活体组织检查标本的组织学、酶组织化学染色和免疫组织化学染色。结果 2例患者肌酶均轻度升高。肌电图检查示1例呈肌源性损害,1例呈神经源性损害。2例患者的骨骼肌主要病理改变都是肌内衣炎细胞浸润、肌纤维萎缩,肌纤维内嗜碱性镶边空泡。免疫组织化学染色提示CD8+淋巴细胞浸润为主,1例患者镶边空泡肌纤维内Ubiquitin染色阳性。结论本文2例sIBM以股四头肌损害明显,病情缓慢进展,依靠肌肉活检确定诊断。     

dysferlinopathy患者40例临床和病理分析

目的 回顾性分析40例dysferlinopathy患者临床及活检骨骼肌组织化学、免疫组织化学染色病理变化,探讨dysferlinopathy的临床、病理诊断价值.方法 对40例dysferlinopathy患者临床资料进行分析;并对活检骨骼肌进行组织化学、免疫组织化学染色病理分析.结果 患者一般临床表现:进行性加重的肌无力、萎缩;根据病初受累肌群分为:肢带型肌营养不良2B型27例,Miyoshi远端型肌营养不良12例,以及胫骨前肌起病的远端肌病1例;血肌酸激酶水平呈不同程度的升高(134～ 19 795 U/L);全部患者肌电图呈肌源性损害;12例行骨骼肌MRI,其中9例行双侧大、小腿MRI检查,3例行双侧小腿MRI检查;近端肌受累为主4例、腓肠肌受累为主7例、胫骨前肌受累为主1例.骨骼肌活检组织化学染色病理表现:肌纤维变性、坏死和再生活跃,结缔组织不同程度增生,16例可见肌内膜、肌束膜和小血管周围炎性细胞浸润;抗-dysferlin单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色结果显示,30例dysferlinopathy患者肌纤维膜上dysferlin蛋白完全缺失,10例重度减低.结论 本病典型临床表现为进行性加重肌无力、肌萎缩,根据病初受累肌群区分临床表型;血肌酸激酶显著增高,符合膜蛋白破坏型肌营养不良特点;骨骼肌MRI可清晰判断受累肌群范围、程度,帮助判断临床表型及选择合适的骨骼肌活检部位;病理特点为肌营养不良改变,部分患者有炎性细胞浸润,需要结合临床与炎性肌病相鉴别;肌纤维膜dysferlin蛋白缺失或重度减低,是dysferlinopathy分子病理诊断的重要依据.     

强直性肌营养不良症19例骨骼肌病理分析

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良症(DM)骨骼肌病变的病理学特点。方法选择19例经临床和肌电图确诊的强直性肌营养不良症患者为研究对象,骨骼肌标本采用恒冷冰冻切片和酶组织化学染色方法,在光镜下观察骨骼肌组织的病理学变化特点。结果在HE染色,19例患者的骨骼肌标本均可见不同程度的肌纤维萎缩,但变性坏死肌纤维较少见,有7例患者在肌纤维中可见到肌质块。在组织化学MGT染色中,6例患者肌纤维中可见数量不等的破碎红边纤维(RRF),肌质块在MGT染色上呈深绿色,在NADH染色中肌质块呈深蓝色,较HE染色更易识别。在ATP酶染色中,19例患者有11例存在Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常现象,其中9例以Ⅰ型纤维明显占优势,2例以Ⅱ型纤维稍占优势,8例患者肌纤维分布基本正常。结论强直性肌营养不良症的骨骼肌病理改变,除常见的肌核增多内移,肌核聚集成核袋及核链现象以外,肌质块的出现和Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常应视为强直性肌营养不良症重要的特征性病理改变,肌肉活检对本病的诊断与鉴别诊断有一定的临床意义。     

多发性肌炎15例临床与肌肉病理

多发性肌炎１５例临床与肌肉病理孙东华，高凤琴，李维起多发性肌炎和皮肌炎是累及骨骼肌的非特异性炎性疾病。其诊断标准是：（１）近端肌肉无力伴肌痛或萎缩。（２）肌纤维灶性坏死、再生和单核细胞浸润。（３）血清酶谱ＣＰＫ升高。（４）肌电图有多灶性肌原性改变。病...     

JO-1综合征骨骼肌病理改变(附二例报告)

目的总结2例JO-1综合征患者骨骼肌病理改变特点并分析其发病机制。方法采用组织学、酶组织化学和抗CD68单克隆抗体的免疫组化染色对2例JO-1综合征患者骨骼肌活检标本进行病理观察。结果2例患者骨骼肌存在节段性肌束衣玻璃样变性伴随CD68阳性单核细胞浸润。可见散在或小组样分布的小角状萎缩肌纤维。结论JO-1综合征骨骼肌主要病理改变是节段性结缔组织断裂变性和单核细胞浸润,提示抗原靶点可能在成纤维细胞,并可伴发神经源性骨骼肌损害。     

多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肌肉组织浸润的炎细胞亚群分析

目的:探讨多发性肌炎(PM)、皮肌炎(DM)和重迭综合征(IM+)骨骼肌组织损伤的免疫机制。方法:应用抗单个核细胞(MNC)亚群的系列单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学LSAB法染色,分析31例PM/DM患者肌活检组织MNC亚群的定位和分布。结果:肌活检标本中PM组浸润的炎细胞主要位于肌内膜,其次为肌束膜,以CD3+T细胞和巨噬细胞为主,并可见CD8+T细胞和巨噬细胞侵入肌纤维;IM+组炎细胞主要位于肌束膜,巨噬细胞最多,其次为CD3+T细胞;DM组炎细胞以血管周围为主,主要为巨噬细胞。定量分析每高倍视野的CD68+细胞数PM和IM+相比P<0.05,有显著性差异。结论:体液免疫和细胞免疫在PM、DM和IM+发病过程中均起重要作用。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.