薄膜分散-超声法工艺参数对烟酸姜黄素酯纳米粒粒径及包封率的影响

摘 要 目的：探索薄膜分散 超声法制备烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒的工艺参数对其粒径及包封率的影响,以期获得制备粒径小、包封率高的工艺参数。方法: 采用HPLC法测定烟酸姜黄素酯的含量,以烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒粒径及包封率为评价指标,通过正交设计试验法、95%可信区间重叠法统计分析,优选薄膜分散 超声法制备烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒粒径小、包封率高的工艺参数。结果:烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒的最佳工艺参数为：水浴温度40℃,茄型瓶旋转速度80 r·min^-1。制得的固体脂质纳米粒平均粒径为107.8 nm,聚合物分散性指数（PDI）为0.583,包封率为68.91%。结论:茄型瓶旋转速度对薄膜分散 超声法制备烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒的粒径影响较大,而水浴温度对其包封率影响较大,两者兼顾考虑,在优选的工艺条件下,可获得平均粒径较小、包封率较高的烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒。     

HPLC法测定姜黄素-槲皮素复方自微乳的载药量和包封率

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定姜黄素 槲皮素复方自微乳（CUR-QUE-SMEDDS）的载药量和包封率。方法: 采用离心法分离游离药物,HPLC法测定药物含量。色谱柱：Purospher STAR LP C18 柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 4%冰醋酸（50∶50）,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：370 nm,柱温：30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果: 姜黄素和槲皮素的线性范围分别为10.728~96.552 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）和1.08~9.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为99.98%（RSD=1.46%,n=9）和100.34%（RSD=1.06%,n=9）。CUR QUE SMEDDS中姜黄素和槲皮素的包封率分别为（95.97±0.50）% 和（95.91±2.52）%,载药量分别为（25.82±0.15）mg·g^-1和（1.80±0.05）mg·g^-1。结论:该法准确可靠,快速简便,适用于测定CUR-QUE-SMEDDS的载药量和包封率。     

HPLC法测定枳实消痞丸中芸香柚皮苷、柠檬苦素、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚含量

摘 要 目的： 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定枳实消痞丸中芸香柚皮苷、柠檬苦素、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚含量的分析方法。方法: 色谱柱为岛津Shim-pack VP-ODS C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A为乙腈 甲醇(1∶2),流动相B为水,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为20 μl;芸香柚皮苷检测波长为λ1=283 nm,柠檬苦素检测波长为λ2=210 nm,和厚朴酚、厚朴酚检测波长为λ3=294 nm。结果: 芸香柚皮苷、柠檬苦素、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚分别在5.26～105.20μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、7.65～153.00 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 4）、6.21～124.20 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 3）、6.45～129.00 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为99.00％（RSD=0.77％）、98.17％（RSD=1.19％）、98.78％（RSD=0.86％）、97.90％（RSD=0.99%）。结论:该方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于枳实消痞丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定牛磺酸滴眼液中3种抑菌剂含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定牛磺酸滴眼液中3种抑菌剂(羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯)含量的HPLC方法。方法: Phenomenex Gemini C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：1%冰醋酸溶液 甲醇（40〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗60）;流速：1.0ml·min-1;检测波长：254nm;进样量：20 μl;柱温：25℃。结果: 羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯的峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好（r＞0.999）,线性范围分别为1.00～19.94 μg·mL^-1,2.01～20.08 μg·mL^-1,0.21～10.46 μg·mL^-1,加样回收率为99.20%～99.90%,RSD为1.34%～1.54%（n=9）。 结论: 该方法准确、专属性强,稳定且无干扰,可用于牛磺酸滴眼液中抑菌剂的含量分析。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中的2种有效成分

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛含量的高效液相色谱双波长分析方法。方法: 采用ZORBAX Extend C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈和0.035 mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾水溶液（冰醋酸调节pH至3.0）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长分别为364 nm和318 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 在选定的色谱条件下,呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛在0.005～0.05 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,检测限分别为20 ng·mL^-1和26 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为70 ng·mL^-1和90 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为99.4%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）和99.4%（RSD=0.3%,n=9）。结论: 所建立的方法简便快速,专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮及吲哚美辛的检测分析。     

HPLC法同时测定玉真散中天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定玉真散中天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素含量。方法: 色谱柱为Phenomenex Gemini C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,柱温为25℃,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,流动相为甲醇 水梯度洗脱,检测波长为230 nm,进样量为5 μl。结果: 天麻素在2.68~214.00μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.2％,RSD为0.9％（n=6）;升麻素苷在5.22~418.00 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为99.9％,RSD为0.9％（n=6）;5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷在4.57~365.80 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 5）,平均回收率为99.7％,RSD为1.0％（n=6）;欧前胡素在5.22~417.20μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）,平均回收率为99.0％,RSD为0.9％（n=6）;异欧前胡素在5.29~423.20μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为100.2％,RSD为0.8％（n=6）。结论: 该方法简单、准确,可同时测定5种成分的含量,可用于玉真散的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中4个成分的含量。方法: 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-甲醇（B）-磷酸二氢铵溶液（取0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢铵溶液1 000 ml ,加磷酸1 ml,混匀）（C）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温 35℃,变换波长时间为（0～9 min ：225 nm;9～38 min ：450 nm）。结果: 采用HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量,线性范围分别为：对乙酰氨基酚24.680～394.900 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,马来酸氯苯那敏0.201～3.214 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,咖啡因1.129～18.070 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,胆红素0.010～0.165 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;平均回收率分别为：99.25% (RSD=0.46%), 99.29% (RSD=0.32%),99.49% (RSD=0.48%)及99.75% (RSD=0.55%)（n=6）。结论:该法简单,灵敏,准确,重复性好,可用于氨咖黄敏胶囊的含量测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的含量

摘 要 目的：采用顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中的环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法: 色谱柱：DB WAXETRR毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）;载气：氮气;FID检测器;进样口温度：200℃;采用程序升温：初始温度为35℃,保持10 min,以20℃·min^-1升温至220℃,保持5 min。结果: 环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷分别在77.590 1~698.310 9 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,102.166 6~919.499 4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,62.744 7~564.703 2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,12.011 2~108.101 1 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,1.262 8~11.365 6 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性关系良好。5种残留溶剂的平均回收率分别为103.9%,103.5%,104.9%,107.1%,103.4%,RSD值分别为2.3%、2.6%、3.1%、2.8%、4.5%（n=9）。富马酸卢帕他定原料中均未检出此5种残留溶剂。结论:本方法稳定、简便、准确,灵敏度高,适用于富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的测定。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中7种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量。方法: 采用Waters Sunfire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇（A） 0.05%磷酸溶液（B）（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,柱温为25℃,检测波长(0~15 min：在238 nm波长下检测栀子苷和甘草苷;15~50 min：在254 nm波长下检测芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚),进样量为10 μl。结果: 栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为0.13～3.18 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.19～4.84 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.28～7.02 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.13～3.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.61～15.27 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.32～8.03 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.39～9.81 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为98.84%（RSD=0.74%）、99.34%（RSD=0.86%）、99.54%（RSD=0.30%）、99.56%（RSD=0.80%）、99.85%（RSD=0.41%）、99.57%（RSD=0.70%）、99.64%（RSD=0.30%）（n=9）。结论: 本文建立的HPLC含量测定方法,具有操作简便、专属性高、重复性良好、结果准确可靠的特点,可用于茵栀祛黄胶囊的质量控制。     

SPE-HPLC法同时测定安神补脑液中二苯乙烯苷和淫羊藿苷的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立安神补脑液中二苯乙烯苷和淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法: 以XTerra RP C₁₈色谱柱为分离柱,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长：320 nm;柱温：30℃;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;进样量：10 μl。结果:二苯乙烯苷的线性范围为10.62～127.44 μg·ml^-1,r=0.999 6,平均回收率为98.26％,RSD＝1.01％（n=6）;淫羊藿苷的线性范围为0.82～9.89 μg·ml^-1,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为98.59％,RSD＝1.33％（n=6）。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于安神补脑液中二苯乙烯苷和淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.