Beta adrenergic receptor subtypes in the atria: evidence for close coupling of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors to adenylate cyclase

The relationship between occupancy of beta adrenergic receptors and stimulation of adenylate cyclase in dog atrial tissue was examined by studying the binding of [125I]iodopindolol and the activation of adenylate cyclase. Computer-assisted nonlinear regression analysis was used to analyze the inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by beta-1- or beta-2-selective antagonists. The Ki values for each subtype of receptor for the selective antagonists resulting from studies of the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity were similar to those determined in studies of the inhibition of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol. To compare further the occupancy of beta-1 or beta-2 adrenergic receptors with the activation of adenylate cyclase mediated by each class of receptor, computer modeling of the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by the beta-1-selective agonist norepinephrine was carried out. The EC50 values of norepinephrine for each receptor subtype, as measured in studies of norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, were similar to the Ki values for the inhibition by norepinephrine of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol to each receptor subtype. The data led to the conclusion that beta-1 adrenergic receptors make up about 70% of the total number of beta adrenergic receptors and mediate 70% of the increase in adenylate cyclase activity produced by isoproterenol. These results suggest that the relationship between occupancy of each class of receptor and activation of adenylate cyclase is linear and that, when agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity is used as a functional response, neither spare beta-1 nor spare beta-2 adrenergic receptors exist in the atrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Selective regulation of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors by atypical agonists

The interactions of the atypical agonists pindolol and celiprolol with beta adrenergic receptors were compared with those of the full agonist, isoproterenol. Studies were carried out using intact cells as well as membranes prepared from C6 glioma cells. Computer-assisted analysis of dose-response curves resulting from the inhibition of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol by the beta-1 and beta-2 selective compounds ICI 89,406 and ICI 118,551 revealed that approximately one-third of the beta adrenergic receptors on these cells were beta-1 receptors. Addition of GTP to the binding assay simplified the dose-response curve for inhibition of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol by isoproterenol and diminished the potency of the agonist. GTP had no effect on the binding of pindolol or celiprolol, suggesting that these drugs do not induce the formation of a ternary complex with the receptor and the guanine nucleotide-binding protein for stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. When added to the growth medium of intact C6 cells, isoproterenol induced a 40-fold increase in cyclic AMP accumulation. Pindolol and celiprolol, however, caused no elevation of enzyme activity. Addition of isoproterenol to the growth medium of intact cells resulted in an 80% decrease in the density of both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors within 8 hr. Growing cells in the presence of pindolol or celiprolol induced a 50% decrease in the density of beta-2 receptors, which was inhibited by beta adrenergic antagonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Labeling in vivo of beta adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat after administration of [125I] iodopindolol

The amount of radioactivity in vivo in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat has been studied after tail-vein injections of (-)- [125I] iodopindolol (IPIN). The content of radioactivity in cortex and cerebellum 1 to 4 hr after IPIN administration was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with I-propranolol (1 mg/kg) given i.v. 5 min before IPIN; only a small effect of I-propranolol was seen in brainstem and spinal cord. The maximum reduction in radioactivity caused by I-propranolol was approximately the same in cortex and cerebellum (about 60-65%) and occurred 2 hr after IPIN administration. I-Propranolol was approximately 1500-fold more potent than d-propranolol in reducing radioactivity. Pretreatment of rats with other lipophilic drugs that act at beta receptors was able to reduce the binding of IPIN in vivo; in contrast, pretreatment of rats with drugs which do not have direct agonist or antagonist activity at beta adrenergic receptors (desmethylimipramine, metergoline, diazepam, fluoxetine, phentolamine and haloperidol) had no effect. Experiments using ICI 118, 551, a beta-2 antagonist and betaxolol, a beta-1 antagonist, indicated that the majority of radioactivity in the cortex in vivo was bound specifically to the beta-1 subtype of the receptor whereas in the cerebellum the majority of specific binding was to the beta-2-subtype. When the specific binding of IPIN to beta adrenergic receptors was measured in vitro in seven regions of the CNS, at a ligand concentration of 30 pM, a high correlation was found with the I-propranolol displaceable radioactivity measured in vivo (r = 0.97, P less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Quantitative autoradiography of central beta adrenoceptor subtypes: comparison of the effects of chronic treatment with desipramine or centrally administered l-isoproterenol

This study compares the regulation of the subtypes of central beta adrenoceptors produced by treatment of rats with desipramine (10 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 10 days) to that caused by central infusion of l-isoproterenol (5 micrograms/hr for 7 days). Beta adrenoceptors were measured by quantitative autoradiography of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol ([125I]IPIN) to coronal sections of rat brain as well as the binding of this radioligand to homogenates of certain areas of brain. Administration of desipramine caused significant reductions in the total specific binding of [125I]IPIN in many areas of the brain, including regions of the amygdala, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus. This reduction in the total specific binding of [125I]IPIN was primarily the result of a reduction in its binding to beta-1 adrenoceptors in most brain regions. With the exception of the paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, no desipramine-induced change in the binding of [125I]IPIN to beta-2 adrenoceptors was observed in any region of the brain. Treatment of rats with desipramine did not alter the binding of [125I]IPIN to the caudate putamen, globus pallidus or the cerebellum. Intracerebroventricular fusion of the nonselective beta adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol, reduced the maximum binding site density of the binding of [125I]IPIN to homogenates of cerebellum and hypothalamus, but not to homogenates of cerebral cortex. Autoradiography of the binding of [125I]IPIN to brain sections from rats treated with isoproterenol revealed reductions in many subcortical areas and the cerebellum. In contrast to the effects produced by treatment with desipramine, reductions in the binding of [125I]IPIN after infusions of isoproterenol were a result of a decrease in the binding of [125I]IPIN to beta-2 adrenoceptors in most brain regions. Infusion of isoproterenol reduced the binding of [125I]IPIN to beta-2 adrenoceptors in 10 areas of brain in which the binding of the ligand to beta-1 adrenoceptors was not affected significantly. Inasmuch as there is a selective regulation of beta-1 adrenoceptors by the norepinephrine uptake blocker, desipramine, it may be inferred that these receptors are under the influence of endogenous norepinephrine. By contrast, the density of central beta-2 adrenoceptors are regulated more easily by an exogenous beta adrenoceptor agonist, even one like isoproterenol which is a full agonist at both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors.     

Interaction of beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists with brain beta adrenergic receptors in vivo

There is interest in knowing whether beta adrenergic antagonists or agonists, when administered systemically, can enter the brain to interact with central beta adrenergic receptors. To study this, the reduction in the radioactive content in the brain of rats after administration of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol (IPIN) by systemically administered beta agonists or antagonists was measured. Previous studies show that after the i.v. administration of IPIN the binding in vivo to various areas of the central nervous system has the characteristics expected of binding to beta adrenergic receptors. Of the antagonists tested, pindolol and butylpindolol showed potent interactions with beta receptors in both cortex and cerebellum whereas atenolol and practolol did not interact at doses up to 30 mg/kg. CGP-12177 showed moderate potency in inhibiting IPIN binding in vivo. We have shown previously that propranolol and alprenolol inhibit IPIN binding with high potency in cortex and cerebellum. At high doses, butoxamine, a beta-2 antagonist, reduced the binding of IPIN in the cerebellum but not in the cortex. Of the agonists tested, clenbuterol and prenalterol caused a significant dose-dependent reduction of the binding of IPIN, with clenbuterol being more potent. Isoproterenol, salbutamol, salmefamol and dobutamine had no effect. With the exception of CGP-12177, the affinity of the drugs for central beta adrenergic receptors measured in vitro was correlated significantly with their ability to inhibit IPIN binding in vivo whereas their degree of lipophilicity was not correlated significantly with potency in vivo. The inhibition of IPIN binding in vivo from brain areas can be used to evaluate whether drugs penetrate into brain and interact with central beta adrenergic receptors.     

Beta adrenoreceptors in the rabbit bladder detrusor muscle

This study examines the beta adrenergic receptors of the rabbit detrusor smooth muscle, employing [125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) as a ligand for the binding of beta adrenergic receptors. Saturation binding experiments on the isolated membrane fraction yielded a KD for ICYP of 14.7 pM and a maximum binding of 147.6 fmol/mg of protein. Displacement of labeled ICYP by a series of beta adrenergic agents yielded the following KD values for the combined high and low affinity binding sites: I-propranolol, 0.76 nM; ICI 118,551, 1.7 nM; zinterol, 38.0 nM; metoprolol, 3.5 microM; and practolol, 61.4 microM. When these displacement experimental results were compared to KD values from other reported binding studies with ICYP for beta adrenoreceptors, both the order of potency and the KD values indicated primarily beta-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes. Computer program Scatfit analysis of the displacement curves indicated a single slope and affinity constant for all five beta adrenergic agents. Hofstee plots for zinterol, ICI 118,551 and metoprolol, however, were not linear and indicated that minor populations of beta-1 adrenoreceptors were also present as both high and low affinity binding sites could be defined. It is concluded that the primary receptor population is beta-2 and that this tissue is heterogenous with a small population of beta-1 adrenoreceptors representing approximately 13 to 23% of the total beta adrenoreceptor population.     

Species differences in the localization and number of CNS beta adrenergic receptors: rat versus guinea pig

The localization and number of beta adrenergic receptors were directly compared in the brains of rats and guinea pigs. The time course of association and saturability of [125I]cyanopindolol (CYP) binding to slide-mounted tissue sections was similar in rats (Kd = 17 pM) and guinea pigs (Kd = 20 pM). The beta-1 and beta-2 receptor subtypes were examined through the use of highly selective unlabeled receptor antagonists, ICI 118,551 (50 nM) and ICI 89,406 (70 nM). Dramatic species differences between rats and guinea pigs were observed in the neuroanatomical regional localization of the beta adrenergic receptor subtypes. For example, in the thalamus prominent beta-1 and beta-2 receptor populations were identified in the rat; however, the entire thalamus of the guinea pig had few, if any, beta adrenergic receptors of either subtype. Hippocampal area CA1 had high levels of beta-2 adrenergic receptors in both rats and guinea pigs but was accompanied by a widespread distribution of beta-2 adrenergic receptors only in rats. Quantitative autoradiographic analyses of 25 selected neuroanatomical regions 1) confirmed the qualitative differences in CNS beta adrenergic receptor localization, 2) determined that guinea pigs had significantly lower levels of beta adrenergic receptors than rats and 3) indicated a differential pattern of receptor subtypes between the two species. Knowledge of species differences in receptor patterns may be useful in designing effective experiments as well as in exploring the relationships between receptor and innervation patterns. Collectively, these data suggest caution be used in extrapolation of the relationships of neurotransmitters and receptors from studies of a single species.     

Quantitative analysis of the selectivity of radioligands for subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors

In tissues with two classes of binding sites for a drug, it is common to estimate the proportion of each class of binding site by inhibiting the binding of a radioligand with a selective unlabeled ligand. Accurate estimates of the density of each class of binding site, however, will be obtained only if the radioligand is nonselective or used at a concentration that saturates both classes of binding sites. A method of simultaneous regression analysis of multiple inhibition curves, using the program MLAB on the PROPHET system, was used to quantify the selectivity of radioligands for beta-1 or beta-2 adrenergic receptors. The selectivity of [125I]iodopindolol, [125I]iodocyanopindolol, [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol and [3H]dihydroalprenolol for beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors was assessed by inhibiting the binding of each radioligand with the beta-1-selective unlabeled ligand ICI 89,406 at increasing concentrations of the radioligand, using membranes prepared from C6 glioma cells, which have both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Scatchard plots for all four radioligands were linear, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.95. [125I]Iodopindolol and [125I]iodocyanopindolol were 3.2- and 2-fold selective, respectively, and [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol and [3H]dihydroalprenolol were 5.8- and 2.3-fold selective, respectively, for beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Values obtained for the densities of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors and the affinities of the receptors for ICI 89,406 were independent of the radioligand used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A beta adrenoceptor with atypical characteristics is involved in the relaxation of the rat small intestine

In several studies in guinea pig ileum or rat colon a beta adrenoceptor with characteristics distinct from beta-1 or beta-2 receptors has been observed and has been denoted as "atypical" beta adrenoceptor. In this study the relaxation of the rat small intestine was investigated, using isolated segments of the rat jejunum. Several beta-1 or beta-2 agonists and antagonists were tested on the rat jejunum preparation, and it was found that nonselective and selective antagonists for beta-1 or beta-2 receptors showed a relatively low affinity, compared to their affinity for beta-1 or beta-2 receptors. BRL 37344, an agonist which has been reported to be selective for the atypical beta adrenoceptor, was more potent although a partial agonist compared to isoprenaline, whereas it is clearly less active than isoprenaline on beta-1 or beta-2 receptors. These findings indicate that beta adrenergic relaxation of the rat small intestine is mediated via atypical beta adrenoceptors. Efforts were made to confirm these findings with binding studies on small intestinal 45,000-g membranes. Competition radioligand binding experiments were performed with the radiolabeled ligand [125I]iodocyanopindolol and the various antagonists which were also tested in the intact rat jejunum preparations. Receptor binding experiments only revealed beta adrenoceptors of the beta-2-subtype, which does not correspond with the results obtained in the jejunum relaxation. Probably the beta-2 receptors found in the binding studies are located on circular smooth muscle cells or on epithelial cells, whereas longitudinal smooth relaxation is mediated by atypical beta adrenoceptors. Atypical beta adrenoceptors were not measured in binding studies probably because [125I]iodocyanopindolol is an unsuitable ligand to label atypical intestinal beta adrenoceptors.     

Thyroid status and adrenergic receptor subtypes in the rat: comparison of receptor density and responsiveness

The density and functional responsiveness of adrenergic receptor subtypes were determined in tissues from control, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. There was a decrease in sensitivity to isoproterenol in spontaneously beating right atria, electrically driven left atria and field-stimulated vas deferens associated with hypothyroidism, with no change in maximum response. Hyperthyroidism increased the potency of isoproterenol in right atria, but not in left atria or vas deferens. The maximal response to isoproterenol was greatly reduced in hyperthyroid left atria. The potency of procaterol, a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors in right atria, was unaltered in hyper- or hypothyroidism, although the maximum stimulation by procaterol was increased in hyperthyroidism. Scatchard analysis of specific [125I]pindolol binding showed that beta adrenergic receptor density was greater in hyperthyroidism than in hypothyroidism in left atria, right atria, ventricles, vas deferens and cerebral cortex, although the proportions of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes did not change. There was no change in the responsiveness of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors mediating contraction of caudal artery and vas deferens or mediating [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation in cerebral cortex in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid rats, although the maximal contraction of caudal artery was significantly reduced in hyperthyroidism. Scatchard analysis of specific [125I]BE 2254 binding showed that alpha-1 adrenergic receptor density was significantly decreased in the ventricles from hyperthyroid rats and increased in the ventricles of hypothyroid rats, but was unchanged in vas deferens, caudal artery and cerebral cortex. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor density in cerebral cortex, determined by Scatchard analysis of specific [3H] rauwolscine binding, was not altered in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Selective regulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors by the chronic administration of the lipophilic beta adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol: an autoradiographic study

Many antidepressant drugs, when administered chronically to rats, have been shown to produce decreases in the density of beta adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system. The centrally active beta adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol is currently being evaluated clinically as an antidepressant. The chronic administration of this drug to rats resulted in a large decrease in the density of beta adrenergic receptors in some areas of the rat brain but not in others. Thus, autoradiographic studies revealed that the total density of beta adrenergic receptors in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, but not in layers 1 to 3 or layer 4 of the cerebral cortex, was decreased. To examine whether this regional selectivity occurred because of differences in plasticity of cerebellum and cortex or because cerebellum contains mainly beta-2 adrenergic receptors and cortex contains mainly beta-1 adrenergic receptors, separate analyses of the subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors were performed in each area. These experiments indicated that the decrease in receptor density was entirely specific for beta-2 adrenergic receptors, whereas the density of beta-1 receptors was unchanged. Thus, even in layers 1 to 3 and layer 4 of the cerebral cortex, beta-2 receptor density was decreased, with no change in beta-1 receptor density. Using the autoradiographic assay for ligand binding, it was shown that clenbuterol has equal affinity for beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, indicating that the selective effect of this drug was not due to a selective affinity for beta-2 receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Agonist-induced changes in beta adrenergic receptor density and receptor-mediated responsiveness in slices of rat cerebral cortex.

Incubation of slices of rat cerebral cortex with the beta adrenergic receptor agonist (-)-isoproterenol led to a 30 to 50% decrease in the number of binding sites for [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol and to a 60 to 80% decrease in isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. The density of beta adrenergic receptors was also decreased following incubation with (-)-norepinephrine but not with (+)-isoproterenol or dopamine and the decrease in receptor density was blocked by co-incubation with the beta adrenergic receptor antagonist sotalol. The half-time for loss of receptors was approximately 3 min and recovery was observed during a 1 hr reincubation of tissue slices or following exposure to guanine nucleotides. A decrease in beta adrenergic receptor density was also observed following chronic treatment with desmethylimipramine which blocks norepinephrine reuptake and thus potentiates the effects of neurally released norepinephrine at adrenergic receptors. The loss of receptors induced in vitro could be reversed by reincubation or by exposure to guanine nucleotides. In contrast, the loss of receptors induced in vivo was not affected by these procedures.     

Pharmacological characterization of chick and frog beta adrenergic receptors in primary cultures of myocardial cells.

In membrane preparations derived from primary cultures of chick myocardial cells, beta adrenergic receptors modeled for a single low-affinity site for both betaxolol (beta-1-selective) and ICI 118551 (beta-2-selective) displacement of [125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP), indicating that the chick beta receptor is pharmacologically distinct from both mammalian beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors with respect to these antagonists. However, the highly beta-1-selective compound CGP 20712A was able to distinguish two binding sites on ICYP competition curves, a high-affinity "beta-1 site" (75%) and a low-affinity "beta-2 site" (25%). Also, in chick heart cell membranes the relative ability of agonists to displace ICYP produced a profile typical of beta-1 adrenergic receptors with a rank order of potency or efficacy of: isoproterenol greater than epinephrine = norephinephrine. When agonist-mediated adenylyl cyclase stimulation was assessed the order of potency was slightly different, isoproterenol greater than epinephrine greater than or equal to norepinephrine. Additionally, antagonism of isoproterenol stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by CGP 20712A yielded a Kb value (1.16 +/- 0.35 x 10(-7) M) intermediate between the high and low-affinity binding sites of CGP 20712A, suggesting that the low-affinity site is coupled to adenylyl cyclase. In membrane preparations of frog myocardial cells, ICYP/antagonist competition curves modeled for a mixed population of receptors, with subtype percentages varying from 50:50 beta-1:beta-2 to 100% beta-2 depending on the specific antagonist used and the individual cell preparation. For ICYP/agonist competition binding experiments the relative ability to displace ICYP was isoproterenol greater than epinephrine = norepinephrine, a profile typical of beta-1 adrenergic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Autoradiographic localization and densitometric analysis of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in the canine left anterior descending coronary artery

The location and proportions of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in canine coronary arteries (0.5-2 mm) has been examined by autoradiography. X-ray film and nuclear emulsion-coated coverslips were exposed to sections of coronary artery previously incubated with [125I]iodocyanopindolol (50 pM) in the absence and presence of ICI 118,551 (70 nM) to block beta-2 adrenoceptors, CGP 20712A (100 nM) to block beta-1 adrenoceptors or (-)-propranolol (1 microM) to define nonspecific binding. The medial smooth muscle of the coronary artery had an even distribution of beta-1 adrenoceptors and two populations of beta-2 adrenoceptors, one evenly distributed and the other highly localized. Beta-2 adrenoceptors were also located on nerve tissue and in the adventitia. There was no evidence for localization of beta adrenoceptors on endothelial cells. Quantitative autoradiography was performed using computer-assisted image processing and the program AVID. The binding of [125I]cyanopindolol was saturable (KD = 50 pM) and competition binding curves with the beta-1 selective antagonist CGP 20712A and beta-2 selective antagonist ICI 118,551 showed beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in the proportions of 85:15% in both 0.5- and 2-mm arteries.     

Genetic influence on the regulation of beta adrenergic receptors in mice

The regulation of beta adrenergic receptors was investigated in inbred mouse strains in which previous studies revealed differences in the regulation of dopamine receptors. The density of beta adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex of BALB/J mice was about one-third of that in CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice. Strain differences in the binding of [125I]iodohydroxypindolol to beta adrenergic receptors were due to changes in the density of beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Chronic administration of propranolol did not result in an increase in the density of beta adrenergic receptors receptors in cortices of C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice were observed. In contrast, pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in increases in the density of beta adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex of all three strains. Analysis of the effects of these treatments on the subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors revealed that the changes were restricted to changes in the density of beta-1 receptors. The failure to observe a response to propranolol in CBA/J mice expands the extent of deficits reported previously in this strain for striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity after chronic treatment with haloperidol (Severson et al., Brain Res. 210: 201-215, 1981). CBA/J mice may be a useful model for genetic analysis of mechanisms for the control of receptor sensitivity and to investigate the impairments of the regulation of catecholaminergic receptors observed in aged rodents.     

Serotonergic neurons do not influence the regulation of beta adrenoceptors induced by either desipramine or isoproterenol.

It has been suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-containing neurons influence the regulation of central beta adrenoceptors caused by antidepressants. [3H]Dihydroalprenolol ( [3H] DHA) was the radioligand used in these previous studies to measure beta adrenoceptors. In this study, we compared the binding characteristics of [3H]DHA with those of [125I]iodopindolol ( [125I]PIN) and used [125I]IPIN to study effects of lesioning serotonergic nerves on the regulation of beta adrenoceptors. A comparison was made in homogenates prepared from rat frontal cortex of the specific binding of [3H]DHA with that of [125I]IPIN to beta adrenoceptors. Nonlinear regression analysis of saturation experiments of [3H]DHA binding to cortical homogenates indicated that a two-component binding model fit the data significantly better than a one-component model. A dissociation constant value of 0.47 +/- 0.16 nM and a Bmax value of 62 +/- 7 fmol/mg protein were obtained for the high-affinity site. The low-affinity site was poorly defined. Rosenthal transformations of the saturation isotherms for [3H]DHA binding were clearly curvilinear. By contrast, nonlinear regression analysis of saturation experiments of the binding of [125I]IPIN indicated that the binding of this radioligand was described adequately by a one-component model and yielded a dissociation constant value of 147 +/- 10 pM with a Bmax of 80 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein. Rosenthal transformations of the [125I]IPIN data were linear. From such data, it was inferred that [3H]DHA binds to some site in addition to beta adrenoceptors, whereas [125I]IPIN does not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Changes in the density of beta adrenergic receptors in rat lymphocytes, heart and lung after chronic treatment with propranolol

Abrupt withdrawal after the chronic administration of propranolol results in clinical syndromes that suggest adrenergic hypersensitivity. Furthermore, propranolol administration has been shown to lead to an increase in the density of beta adrenergic receptors on human lymphocytes. The present studies were designed to assess the relevance of changes measured in lymphocytes to changes that may occur in solid tissues. Direct measurement of the density and properties of beta adrenergic receptors in membrane fragments was performed in vitro using the radioligand [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. Chronic infusion of propranolol by s.c. implanted osmotic minipumps generated sustained plasma concentrations of propranolol sufficient to cause chronic blockade of beta adrenergic receptors. Infusion of propranolol for 7 days resulted in significant increases in the density of beta adrenergic receptors in rat ventricles, lungs and lymphocytes. A computer-assisted graphic analysis of results obtained in studies with drugs selective for beta-1 or beta-2 receptors revealed increases in the densities of both beta-1 an beta-2 adrenergic receptors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that change in beta adrenergic receptors on lymphocytes are qualitatively similar to alterations in beta adrenergic receptors in solid tissues not routinely accessible in humans. Increases in the densities of beta-1 and/or beta-2 adrenergic receptors in solid tissues may be related to some of the untoward effects observed in humans after abrupt discontinuation of propranolol administration.     

Autoradiographic localization of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in guinea pig atrium and regions of the conducting system

[125I]Cyanopindolol binding to slide mounted guinea pig atrial sections was time-dependent (Ki = 2.4 X 10(8) M-1 min-1, K-1 = 1.2 X 10(-3) min-1) saturable (24-32 pM) and stereoselective with respect to the isomers of propranolol. Competition binding curves with the beta-1 selective antagonist CGP 20712A and beta-2 selective antagonist ICI 118,551 revealed the presence of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in the proportions of 85 to 15%. X-ray film exposed to sections of guinea pig heart incubated previously with [125I]cyanopindolol with or without ICI 118,551 (70 nM) or CGP 20712A (100 nM) or (-)-propranolol (1 microM) showed a high density and even distribution of beta-1 adrenoceptors and a lower density and even distribution of beta-2 adrenoceptors over the myocardium. Beta-2 adrenoceptors also were located in the epicardium, the adventitia of the pulmonary artery, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava and the endothelium of the superior and inferior vena cava. Development of nuclear emulsion-coated coverslips confirmed these observations and, in addition, localized beta-2 adrenoceptors to nerve tissue and the aortic valve. In the papillary muscle and surrounding Purkinje cells there was a high density and even distribution of beta-1 and a much lower density of beta-2 adrenoceptors. The atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and ventricular Purkinje system also contained both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors and in comparison with the surrounding myocardium, these tissues had a slightly greater density of beta-2 adrenoceptors.     

Characterization of a bromoacetylated derivative of pindolol as a high affinity, irreversible beta adrenergic antagonist in cultured cells

We have utilized cultured cell lines to test the utility of N8-(bromoacetyl)-N1-[3-(4-indolyoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]-(Z)-1,8-diam ino- p-menthane, BIM, a recently synthesized, irreversible beta adrenergic antagonist. Previously available irreversible antagonists of beta adrenergic receptors have generally exhibited low affinity (typical IC50 values greater than or equal to 1 microM). By contrast, S49 lymphoma cells incubated with 10 nM BIM for 120 min and then washed extensively showed a 70% loss in beta adrenergic receptors, as measured by [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding. This loss, which could be prevented by propranolol, represented a decrease in receptor number without a change in affinity of the remaining receptors for [125I]iodocyanopindolol. The BIM-induced decrease in binding sites was persistent in membranes incubated for several hours after BIM treatment. BIM did not inactivate alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on Madin Darby canine kidney cells, alpha-2 adrenergic receptors on human erythroleukemia cells, nor did BIM treatment alter guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate-mediated regulation of agonist binding to the beta adrenergic receptors in S49 cell membranes. BIM treatment decreased cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in S49 cells in response to the beta adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, but increased prostaglandin E1-stimulated cAMP accumulation (P = .09) without altering cAMP production in response to forskolin. The inactivation of beta receptors in S49 cells by BIM (IC50 = 0.30 nM) correlated closely with the loss in beta adrenergic receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in these cells (IC50 = 0.59 nM), implying the absence of substantial receptor reserve for this response. We conclude that BIM is a potent, irreversible, selective beta adrenergic antagonist for the study of beta adrenergic receptors in cultured cells.     

The positive chronotropic effect induced by BRL 37344 and CGP 12177, two beta-3 adrenergic agonists, does not involve cardiac beta adrenoceptors but baroreflex mechanisms.

The presence of a beta-3 adrenoceptor (in addition to the classical beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors) and its involvement in the control of heart rate was investigated in the dog. Experiments were carried out in conscious normal and sinoaortic denervated dogs (i.e. animals deprived of baroreceptor pathways). In normal dogs, infusion of isoproterenol, BRL 37344 (4-[-[(2-hydroxy-(3-chlorophenyl) ethyl)-amino]propyl]phenoxyacetate) (a beta-3 adrenergic agonist) or CGP 12177 (4-[3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy]benzimidazol-2- one) (a beta-1 beta-2 adrenergic antagonist reported to act as an agonist for the beta-3 adrenergic receptor) increased heart rate with an order of potency: BRL 37344 > isoproterenol > CGP 12177. [125I]Cyanopindolol binding (2-2000 pM) was saturable and Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of an homogenous population of binding sites. KD was 12.8 +/- 18.5 pM and maximum binding was 94.2 +/- 12.5 fmol/mg of protein. Competition binding studies on dog heart membranes using 150 pM [125I] cyanopindolol indicated an order of potency (CGP 12177 > isoproterenol > BRL 37344) different from that observed in cardiovascular studies. Isoproterenol stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in heart membranes from normal dogs, whereas CGP 12177 and BRL 37344 were without any stimulating action. The positive chronotropic effects of isoproterenol, BRL 37344 and CGP 12177 were accompanied with a reduction in arterial blood pressure. In sinoaortic denervated animals, isoproterenol infusion provoked tachycardia and hypotension. BRL 37344 and CGP 12177 were without any significant effect on heart rate but induced a rapid and dramatic hypotension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)