Arthroscopically assisted combined posterior cruciate ligament/posterior lateral complex reconstruction

This article presents the minimum 2-year results (range, 24 to 54 months) of 21 arthroscopically assisted posterior cruciate ligament/posterior lateral complex (PCL/PLC) reconstructions, evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively using the Tegner, Lysholm, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales, and the KT 1000 knee ligament arthrometer (Medmetric Corp., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.). There were 15 male and 6 female patients; 6 right and 15 left; and 10 acute and 11 chronic knee injuries. All injuries were PCL/PLC knee ligament injuries. PCLs were reconstructed using allograft Achilles tendon, or autograft patellar tendon. Posterior lateral instability was successfully treated with long head of biceps femoris tendon tenodesis. Tegner, Lysholm, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales significantly improved preoperatively to postoperatively (P = .0001). PCL screen and corrected posterior KT 1,000 measurements improved from preoperative to postoperative status (P = .0009, and P = .0096, respectively).     

自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨重建前十字韧带的比较研究

目的 比较自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨(bone patellar tendon bone,B-PT-B)重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的临床疗效.方法 107例ACL断裂患者随机分为三组:36例采用自体B-PT-B(自体组),36例采用深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(异体组),35例采用γ射线照射深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(γ射线组).由同一术者采用标准关节镜技术完成ACL重建.结果 自体组(36例)平均随访39.5个月、异体组(34例)36.3个月、γ射线组(33例)37.6个月.(1)自体组术中髌骨骨折1例、术后膝前痛2例,异体组出现迟发感染1例.自体组手术时间较异体组、γ射线组长,术后发热天数较异体组、γ射线组短.(2)自体组、异体组轴移试验、Lachman试验或前抽屉试验及KT-2000检测结果 的差异无统计学意义,与γ射线组比较差异均有统计学意义.γ射线组ACL重建失败率(36%)高于自体组(8%)、异体组(9%).三组Daniel单腿水平跳跃试验、IKDC评分及Lysholm-Tegner运动水平评分的差异无统计学意义.结论 深低温冷冻异体与自体B-PT-B重建ACL短期疗效接近.经γ射线照射后异体B-PT-B重建ACL的膝关节前后及旋转稳定性均降低.     

自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨重建前十字韧带的比较研究

目的 比较自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨(bone patellar tendon bone,B-PT-B)重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的临床疗效.方法 107例ACL断裂患者随机分为三组:36例采用自体B-PT-B(自体组),36例采用深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(异体组),35例采用γ射线照射深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(γ射线组).由同一术者采用标准关节镜技术完成ACL重建.结果 自体组(36例)平均随访39.5个月、异体组(34例)36.3个月、γ射线组(33例)37.6个月.(1)自体组术中髌骨骨折1例、术后膝前痛2例,异体组出现迟发感染1例.自体组手术时间较异体组、γ射线组长,术后发热天数较异体组、γ射线组短.(2)自体组、异体组轴移试验、Lachman试验或前抽屉试验及KT-2000检测结果 的差异无统计学意义,与γ射线组比较差异均有统计学意义.γ射线组ACL重建失败率(36%)高于自体组(8%)、异体组(9%).三组Daniel单腿水平跳跃试验、IKDC评分及Lysholm-Tegner运动水平评分的差异无统计学意义.结论 深低温冷冻异体与自体B-PT-B重建ACL短期疗效接近.经γ射线照射后异体B-PT-B重建ACL的膝关节前后及旋转稳定性均降低.     

One-stage arthroscopically assisted anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate 15 consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous isolated, arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: A bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft was used as the PCL substitute and doubled hamstring tendons were used as the ACL graft. The IKDC evaluation form and the HSS, Lysholm, and Tegner clinical rating scales were used to make clinical evaluations. Anteroposterior translation was measured with the KT-2000 arthrometer and stress view radiography. Results: At final IKDC evaluation, 3 patients (20%) were graded A, 7 (46.7%) were graded B, 3 (20%) were graded C, and 1 patient (6.7%) was graded D. One patient underwent revision surgery in another hospital for severe postoperative residual laxity. Two C-graded patients had an unsatisfactory outcome as a result of serious complications related to knee injuries. All patients with a grade A or B returned to sports activity. At stress view examination, mean posterior side-to-side translation measured at the lateral tibial plateau was 5.8 ± 1.1 mm and the mean translation at the medial tibial plateau was 7.3 ± 1.5 mm; the mean anterior dislocation was 3.3 ± 0.4 mm. The preoperative HSS score rated an average of 32 ± 9. Postoperatively, the average score reached was 89.6 ± 8.3. The preoperative Lysholm score was 65.5 ± 9.1 (range, 48 to 78) in patients with chronic lesions and at follow-up was 95.1 ± 4.5 (range, 88 to 100). The average Tegner activity score decreased in patients with chronic lesions from 6.9 ± 1.7 (range, 4 to 9) before injury to 5.5 ± 1.6 (range, 2 to 9) at follow-up (P = .053 ). At follow-up, 7 patients (50%) returned to their preinjury level after surgery. Conclusions: These results show the effectiveness and safety of simultaneous arthroscopic reconstruction of both cruciate ligaments using autografts that can adequately restore satisfactory stability, even in the presence of minimal peripheral laxity (1° or 2°). We conclude that the use of autografts can restore ligament function with good patient compliance and without significant surgical complications.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 7 (September), 2001: pp 700–707     

Arthroscopically assisted combined anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the multiple ligament injured knee: 2- to 10-year follow-up

Purpose: This study presents the 2- to 10-year results of 35 arthroscopically assisted combined anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) reconstructions evaluated preoperative and postoperatively using Lysholm, Tegner, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, stress radiography, and physical examination. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: This study population included 26 men and 9 women with 19 acute and 16 chronic knee injuries. Ligament injuries included 19 ACL/PCL/posterolateral instabilities, 9 ACL/PCL/medial cruciate ligament (MCL) instabilities, 6 ACL/PCL/posterolateral/MCL instabilities, and 1 ACL/PCL instability. All knees had grade III preoperative ACL/PCL laxity and were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively with arthrometer testing, 3 different knee ligament rating scales, stress radiography, and physical examination. Arthroscopically assisted combined ACL/PCL reconstructions were performed using the single-incision endoscopic ACL technique and the single femoral tunnel–single bundle transtibial tunnel PCL technique. PCLs were reconstructed with allograft Achilles tendon (in 26 cases), autograft bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) (in 7 cases), and autograft semitendinosus/gracilis (in 2 cases). ACLs were reconstructed with autograft BPTB (16 cases), allograft BPTB (12 cases), Achilles tendon allograft (6 cases), and autograft semitendinosus/gracilis (1 case). MCL injuries were treated with bracing or open reconstruction. Posterolateral instability was treated with biceps femoris tendon transfer, with or without primary repair, and posterolateral capsular shift procedures as indicated. Results: Postoperative physical examination revealed normal posterior drawer/tibial step-off in 16 of 35 (46%) knees. Normal Lackman and pivot-shift test results were found in 33 of 35 (94%) knees. Posterolateral stability was restored to normal in 6 of 25 (24%) knees, and tighter than normal knee results were found in 19 of 25 (76%) knees evaluated with the external rotation thigh foot angle test. In this group, 30° varus stress testing was normal in 22 of 25 (88%) knees, and grade 1 laxity was found in 3 of 25 (12%) knees. 30° valgus stress testing was normal in 7 of 7 (100%) surgically treated MCL tears, and in 7 of 8 (87.5%) brace-treated knees. Postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer testing mean side-to-side difference measurements were 2.7 mm (PCL screen), 2.6 mm (corrected posterior), and 1.0 mm (corrected anterior) measurements, a statistically significant improvement from preoperative status (P = .001). Postoperative stress radiographic side-to-side difference measurements measured at 90° of knee flexion and 32 lb posteriorly directed proximal force were 0 to 3 mm in 11 of 21 (52.3%) knees, 4 to 5 mm in 5 of 21 (23.8%), and 6 to 10 mm in 4 of 21 (19%) knees. Postoperative Lysholm, Tegner, and HSS knee ligament rating scale mean values were 91.2, 5.3, and 86.8, respectively, showing a statistically significant improvement from preoperative status (P = .001). Conclusions: Combined ACL/PCL instabilities can be successfully treated with arthroscopic reconstruction and the appropriate collateral ligament surgery. Statistically significant improvement is noted from the preoperative condition at 2- to 10-year follow-up using objective parameters of knee ligament rating scales, arthrometer testing, stress radiography, and physical examination. Postoperatively, these knees are not normal, but they are functionally stable. Continuing technical improvements will probably improve future results.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 7 (September), 2002: pp 703–714     

Hamstring tendon autograft versus LARS artificial ligament for arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a long-term follow-up

Introduction

Surgical reconstruction has been increasingly recommended for the surgical management of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) ruptures. While the choice of tissue graft still remains controversial. Currently both hamstring tendon autograft (HTG) and ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) artificial ligament are widely used but there are seldom reports on the comparisons of their clinical results. Our study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of these two grafts.

Materials and methods

Thirty-five patients with unilateral PCL rupture were enrolled in this retrospectively study. Sixteen of them received arthroscopically assisted PCL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts (HTG group) and nineteen using LARS ligaments (LARS group). All cases were followed up for 46–57 months with a mean of 51 months. Follow-up examinations included radiographic assessment, Lysholm score, Tegner score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) rating scales and KT-1000 test.

Results

All patients improved significantly at the final follow-up compared with the examinational results preoperatively and there were no significant differences between HTG group and LARS group with respect to the results of radiographic assessment, Lysholm score, Tegner score, IKDC rating scales and KT-1000 test.

Conclusions

Similar good clinical results were obtained after PCL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts and LARS ligaments. Both LARS ligament and hamstring tendon autograft are ideal grafts for PCL reconstruction.     

Revision of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon allograft and autograft: 2- and 5-year results

Introduction

The most common failure reasons of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft are incorrect positioning of the drill channels and insufficient fixation. In many cases, one-stage revision with patellar tendon graft and the appropriate corrections are possible. For previous use of the ipsilateral patellar tendon third, an allograft seems favorable for reconstruction. So far, no study compared the results of revision surgery of autologous versus allogenous patellar tendon grafts for revision surgery of the ACL in a 5-year follow-up.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical outcome and stability results 2?years (19.2?±?5.8?months) and 5?years (68.8?±?6.8?months) after revision of ACL reconstruction using middle-third patellar tendon allografts and autografts. The allografts were cleansed by mechanical means only. There were 15 patients in the allograft group and 14 in the autograft group. Patients with isolated re-rupture of the ACL graft were included in the study. Clinical results were evaluated by International Knee Documentation Committee 2000 forms (IKDC), Lysholm score, Tegner activity score, and visual analog scale. Stability was evaluated by means of KT-1000 arthrometer, Lachman test, and pivot-shift test. Location of drill holes was evaluated radiologically. Gonarthritis was graded according to Kellgren and Lawrence on the basis of radiographs.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups in anterior translation, manual examination for stability, IKDC 2000 findings, Tegner activity score, or Lysholm score. Extension deficits were more frequent in the autograft group at the first follow-up (P?=?0.010). Lateral gonarthritis and femoral tunnel widening were more common in the allograft group at the second follow-up (P?=?0.049 and P?=?0.023, respectively). Pain on walking downhill was significantly more frequent in the allograft group at the second follow-up (P?=?0.027).

Conclusions

The functional results with allografts that had not undergone irradiation or chemical sterilization were comparable to those with autografts in ACL revision surgery. Allografts represent a good alternative to autogenous patellar tendons in revision surgery.     

Arthroscopically assisted combined anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

This article presents the minimum 2-year results (range, 24 to 48 months) of 20 arthroscopically assisted combined anterior cruciate ligament/posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) reconstructions, evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively using the Tegner, Lysholm, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales, and the KT 1000 knee ligament arthrometer (Medmetric Corp, San Diego, CA). There were 16 men or boys, 4 women or girls; 9 right, 11 left; 10 acute, and 10 chronic knee injuries. Ligament injuries included 1 ACL/PCL tear, 2 ACL/PCL/medial collateral ligament (MCL)/posterior lateral corner tears, 7 ACL/PCL/MCL tears, and 10 ACL/PCL/posterior lateral corner tears. ACLs were reconstructed using autograft or allograft patellar tendons. PCLs were reconstructed using allograft Achilles tendon, or autograft patellar tendon. MCL tears were successfully treated with bracing. Posterior lateral instability was successfully treated with long head of the biceps femoris tendon tenodesis. Teguer, Lysholm, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales significantly improved preoperatively to postoperatively (P = .0001). Corrected anterior KT 1000 measurements improved from preoperative to postoperative status (P = .0078).     

自体腘绳肌腱和同种异体半腱肌腱双束重建前十字韧带的比较研究

目的 对比自体腘绳肌腱和同种异体半腱肌腱双束重建前十字韧带的初期临床疗效.方法 2006年2月至8月,对单纯前十字韧带完全断裂患者分别采用自体腘绳肌腱(简称自体组,38例)和同种异体半腱肌腱(简称异体组,23例)行前十字韧带双束重建手术.客观指标包括:双侧膝关节前向松弛度差异、Lachman试验、轴移试验和双下肢周径差别;应用Tegner评分表、Lysholm评分表和IKDC评分表进行膝关节功能的主观评估.结果 自体组平均随访27个月,异体组平均随访26个月.末次随访时Lachman试验:自体组35例阴性,3例Ⅰ度阳性;异体组20例阴性,2例Ⅰ度阳性,1例Ⅲ度阳性.两组各有1例轴移试验阳性.双侧膝关节前向松弛度差异:自体组34例差异范围0～2 mm,4例3～5mm;异体组20例0～2mm,2例3～5 mm,1例>10 mm.双下肢周径差别:自体组(0.62±0.43)cm,异体组(0.57±0.42)cm.Tegner评分:自体组(6.21±0.84)分,异体组为(6.17±1.15)分.Lysholm评分:自体组(95.00±4.40)分.异体组(94.57±8.83)分.IKDC评分:自体组(90.26±2.92)分,异体组(89.48±7.27)分.结论 应用自体腘绳肌腱和同种异体半腱肌腱双束重建前十字韧带均能取得优良的初期临床结果.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effect of graft choice on functional outcome in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

A prospective, randomised, 5-year follow-up study was designed to compare the functional results between patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Primary reconstruction was performed in 32 patients using the central third of the patellar ligament and in 32 patients using double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. All reconstructions were performed by a single surgeon, with identical surgical technique and rehabilitation protocol. Of the total 64 patients in the study, 54 (85%) were available for the 5-year follow-up. No statistically significant differences were seen with respect to Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) classification, clinical and KT-2000 arthrometer laxity testing, single-legged hop test and anterior knee pain. Graft rupture occurred in two patients (8%) in the patellar tendon group and in two patients (7%) in the hamstring tendon group; 23 patients (88%) in the patellar tendon group and 23 patients (82%) in the hamstring tendon group returned to their pre-injury activity level. Good subjective outcome and stability can be obtained by using either graft; no statistically significant differences were found in functional outcome between the grafts.     

The effect of Workers’ Compensation on clinical outcomes of arthroscopic-assisted autogenous patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in an acute population

Purpose: To assess the effect of Workers’ Compensation (WC) benefits on subjective outcomes of patients following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Type of Study: Prospective study of ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone in an acute population. Methods: From October 1991 through June 1997, 1,015 patients underwent ACL reconstruction, 769 with bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts; 235 met the criteria for this study. All chronic injuries, failed and/or bilateral reconstructions were excluded making the total population 139. The final populations included 115 patients in a non-WC group and 24 patients in a WC group. Average follow-up for was 34.5 months for the WC group and 33.6 months for the non-WC group. All patients had equal objective evaluations, which allowed the subjective criteria to be analyzed. Results: The results revealed a significant difference in the subjective data of patients with WC benefits. Uniformly, WC patients rated subjective criteria as far worse than the non-WC group in postoperative stages. The average of the 15-item visual analog scale showed statistically significant (P <.01) differences between the WC and non-WC groups. Average postoperative Tegner scores were 3.05 for the WC group and 6.02 for the non-WC group, which was statistically significant. The WC group did not return to their preinjury Tegner score. Conclusions: The data show that the patients’ perception of their knee function drastically differs from the objective findings on examination; therefore, it should be anticipated that the WC patient might have lower subjective outcomes from surgical treatment when compared with their non-WC counterparts.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 2 (February), 2001: pp 132–137     

Bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft versus LARS artificial ligament for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The optimized graft for use in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is still in controversy. The bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autograft has been accepted as the gold standard for ACL reconstruction. However, donor site morbidities cannot be avoided after this treatment. The artificial ligament of ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) has been recommended for ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to compare the midterm outcome of ACL reconstruction using BPTB autografts or LARS ligaments. Between July 2004 and March 2006, the ACL reconstruction using BPTB autografts in 30 patients and LARS ligaments in 32 patients was performed. All patients were followed up for at least 4 years and evaluated using the Lysholm knee score, Tegner score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, and KT-1000 arthrometer test. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the data of Lysholm scores, Tegner scores, IKDC scores, and KT-1000 arthrometer test at the latest follow-up. Our study demonstrates that the similarly good clinical results are obtained after ACL reconstruction using BPTB autografts or LARS ligaments at midterm follow-up. In addition to BPTB autografts, the LARS ligament may be a satisfactory treatment option for ACL rupture.     

Medium-Term Course of Clinical Function and Progression of Osteoarthritis after Primary Reconstruction of Anterior Cruciate Ligament: 5- to 8-Year Results

This retrospective study reveals medium-term postoperative results in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone-tendon-bone autograft of the middle third of the patellar ligament, 5 to 8 years after surgery. A total of 44 patients with a mean age of 34.7 years was followed up for an average of 72.5 months. Objective stability of the knee was evaluated by means of Lachman, pivot shift, anterior drawer and KT-1000 arthrometer measurements. 95.5% of the knees were stable, with a side-to-side difference < 3 mm. The evaluated knee score systems showed excellent results. Mean Lysholm score amounted to 95.5 points, and with the Tegner activity score, 81.8% of the patients regained their pre-injury activity level. Using IKDC grading, 88.6% of the knees were rated normal (A) or nearly normal (B), and asked for a personal assessment of their knee function, 93.2% of the patients rated it A or B, expressing a high grade of satisfaction with the result of surgery. The postoperative course of osteoarthritis showed a deterioration on the IKDC scale in 5 knees (11.4%), 2 with grade C signs of progressive osteoarthritis. A highly significant correlation (p < 0.01) was observed for progression of osteoarthritis and laxity of reconstruction >: 2 mm in the KT-1000 measurement. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using a bone-tendon-bone autograft of the patellar ligament leads to good medium-term results with minimal progression of osteoarthritis. Restoration of ligamentous stability of the knee is important in preventing or retarding the progression of osteoarthritis following anterior cruciate ligament injury.     

Transcondylar screw fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of 2 different methods of femoral fixation for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Type of Study: Double-blind prospective study. Methods: Fifty-five patients were prospectively evaluated at 2-year follow-up. In group A, 24 patients underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone and interference screw fixation. In group B, 31 patients underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone and transcondylar screw fixation. Patients were evaluated by using the IKDC form, Lysholm-II form, Tegner scoring system, and KT-2000 arthrometer. Results: In group A, final IKDC clinical evaluation achieved 0% grade A, 62.5% grade B, 25% grade C, and 12.5% grade D. In group B, 29.1% achieved grade A, 54.8% grade B, 12.9% grade C, and 3.2% grade D. The difference was statistically significant (P < .05). The injured versus normal side-to-side KT-2000 difference at maximum manual loading was 3.68 mm (SD, 1.71) in group A and 1.64 (SD, 2.05) in group B (P < .0001). Conclusions: This prospective study could not provide significant data suggesting that 1 method of fixation is superior to the other. Therefore, we consider both methods comparable in terms of stability and functional outcome at short-term follow-up. Transcondylar fixation offers the following advantages: fixation without intra-articular hardware, greater bone-to-bone fixation, and the possibility of fixation with breakage of the posterior femoral tunnel wall. Moreover, this method may be a useful alternative in revision ACL surgery.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 7 (September), 2001: pp 717–723     

自体腘绳肌腱单束与双束重建前交叉韧带临床结果的Meta分析

目的 基于已发表的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials, RCTs）,对关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱单束或双束重建前交叉韧带的整体疗效比较进行Meta分析。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane library、Springerlink数据库,收集自体腘绳肌键单束对比双束重建前交叉韧带的RCTs,检索时间及语种不限。两名研究人员按照指定的纳入标准及排除标准独立对文献进行筛选,提取有关数据资料,并采用Cochrane Collaboration工具表对文献质量进行评价。采用Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析,比较两种重建方式术后国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee, IKDC）主观评分和客观评分、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm膝关节评分、Tegner膝关节评分、KT-1000或KT-2000关节活动度测量仪测量的数值,评价手术疗效。结果 纳入19篇RCTs,共1 190例研究对象,其中单束重建组580例,双束重建组610例。两组间在IKDC主观评分[MD=-0.90,95% CI（-3.07,1.27）,P=0.42]、IKDC客观评分[RR=0.98,95% CI（0.94,1.02）,P=0.38]、Lachman试验结果[RR=0.81,95% CI（0.63,1.05）,P=0.11]、Lysholm膝关节评分[MD=0.40,95% CI（-1.24,2.05）,P=0.63]、Tegner膝关节评分[MD=-0.08,95% CI（-0.47,0.33）,P=0.74]、KT-1000或KT-2000测量值[MD=0.30,95% CI（-0.05,0.64）,P=0.09]方面,差异均无统计学意义。轴移试验结果在两组间的差异具有统计学意义[RR=0.85,95% CI（0.74,0.97）,P=0.02]。结论 对于膝关节功能恢复和前直向稳定性,用自体腘绳肌腱单束或双束重建前交叉韧带的临床结果无明显差异;而对于恢复膝关节旋转稳定性,双束重建技术优于单束重建。     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in men and women: An outcome analysis comparing gender

Purpose: Recent studies have shown that female athletes suffer a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears than comparable male athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect gender has on outcome in ACL reconstruction using bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. Type of Study: Retrospective case review and outcome study. Methods: A retrospective review of a single surgeon’s practice revealed 279 ACL reconstructions that met our criteria for inclusion. Two-hundred forty-nine of these patients (91%) were contacted. Two-hundred (72%) were evaluated with physical examination, KT-1000 testing, functional testing, and radiographic evaluation. Outcome was assessed with Tegner, Lysholm, modified HSS, and Cincinnati Knee rating scales, as well as the SF-36 health survey and a self-administered questionnaire. There were 137 men and 63 women. Data were evaluated with Wilcoxon rank sum testing, analysis of variance testing, χ-square analysis, and the Student t test. The level of significance was set at P <.05. Results: Postoperatively, no differences were noted on Lachman, anterior drawer, pivot shift, or functional testing in either groups. Male patients had a significantly greater mean prone heel height difference (1.80 v 1.10 cm, P =.0018) and mean KT-1000 maximum manual side-to-side difference (0.76 v 1.73 mm, P =.014). However, no differences were noted in the percentage of patients with greater than 5-mm side-to-side difference, with 5 men (4%) and 2 women (3%) classified as arthrometric failures. No differences were noted in mean Tegner, Lysholm, Noyes Cincinnati, and modified HSS scores. Men had significantly lower HSS radiographic scores (24.98 v 26.22, P =.0016). Men and women were compared with gender-matched controls for SF-36 testing, and women scored higher compared with controls than did men in the Role Physical, Body Pain, and General Health categories. No differences were noted in either group regarding donor-site pain, patellofemoral crepitance, or problems with stair climbing. Ninety-six percent of men and 98% of women would have had the surgery over again given similar circumstances. Conclusions: Objective criteria failed to detect clinically significant differences in physical examination and arthrometric results between men and women. Knee rating scale scores were similar. Comparable outcome with high satisfaction and equal success can be expected in both men and women undergoing ACL reconstruction using bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. No basis exists for the inclusion of gender as a determining factor regarding the decision to perform ACL reconstructive surgery with bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 6 (July-August), 2001: pp 588–596     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft

BACKGROUND: Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is indicated in the ACL-deficient knee with symptomatic instability and multiple ligaments injuries. Bone patellar tendon-bone and the hamstring tendon generally have been used. In the present study, we describe an alternative graft, the quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft, by using arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. METHODS: From March of 1996 through March of 1997, a quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft was used in 12 patients with ACL injuries. RESULTS: After 15 to 24 months of follow-up, the clinical outcome for those patients with this graft have been encouraging. Ten patients could return to the same or a higher level of preinjury sports activity. According to the International Knee Documentation Committee rating system, 10 of the 12 patients had normal or nearly normal ratings. Recovery of quadriceps muscle strength to 80% of the normal knee was achieved in 11 patients in 1 year. CONCLUSION: The advantages of the quadriceps tendon graft include the following: the graft is larger and stronger than the patellar tendon; morbidity of harvest technique and donor site is less than that of patellar tendon graft; there is little quadriceps inhibition after quadriceps harvest; there is quicker return to sports activities with aggressive rehabilitation. A quadriceps tendon-patellar autograft is a reasonable alternative to ACL reconstruction in patients who are not suitable for either a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft or a hamstring tendon autograft.     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the double press-fit technique: An alternative to interference screw fixation

Purpose: Patellar tendon autograft fixation in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is commonly accomplished using interference screws. However, improper insertion of the screws may reduce primary stability, injure the posterior femoral cortex, or displace hardware into the joint. Even if placed properly, metallic screws interfere with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. In case of revision surgery, removing screws may be difficult and leaves bone defects. Type of Study: Retrospective study. Methods: An arthroscopic technique was developed that achieves patellar tendon autograft fixation by press-fit without any supplemental internal fixation. Forty patients were examined clinically and by KT-1000 arthrometer 28.7 months (range, 22 to 40 months) postoperatively. Results: The mean difference in side-to-side laxity was 1.3 mm (SD 2.2) and the results according to the IKDC score were as follows: 7 A, 28 B, 5 C, and 0 D. Conclusions: The double press-fit technique we present avoids all complications related to the use of interference screws and creates an ideal environment for osseous integration of the bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. Concurrently, it achieves a stable fixation of the autograft and allows early functional rehabilitation. However, fixation strength depends on bone quality and the arthroscopic procedure is demanding.     

Allograft versus autograft patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A 5-year follow-up

Purpose: To compare the long-term results of allograft versus autograft central one-third bone–patellar tendon–bone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 2 groups of 30 patients were evaluated subjectively and objectively at an average follow-up of 63 months (range, 55 to 78 months). Type of Study: A prospective nonrandomized study. Methods: All surgeries were performed endoscopically by a single surgeon using metal interference screw fixation between May 1991 and November 1992. Early aggressive rehabilitation was employed and follow-up visits at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 60 months noted swelling, pain, range of motion, and patellofemoral crepitus, and Lachman test, pivot shift test, and side-to-side arthrometer differences. Results: Results were analyzed using 2-sample t test and χ-square analysis. Average age at surgery for autografts was 25 years (range, 14 to 49) and for allografts was 28 years (range, 14 to 53). The presence of meniscal tears were similar (allografts, 23 tears; autografts, 19 tears). At follow-up, no statistically significant difference was found for the presence of pain, giving way, effusion, Lachman and pivot shift results, or arthrometer measurements. Two patients, 1 allograft and 1 autograft had complete rupture of their grafts. There was no late stretching out of either graft and patients stable at 2 years were stable at 5 years, with the exception of the 1 ruptured graft in each group. Conclusions: A trend toward a greater incidence of glide on pivot testing was seen in the allografts (4 allografts v 2 autografts) but was present at 2 years and did not change at 5 years. A trend toward greater loss of extension in autografts (2.47°) than allografts (1.07°) was seen at 5-year follow-up, not seen at 2 years.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 1 (January), 2001: pp 9–13     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Allograft versus autograft

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the minimal 2-year outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) allografts versus autografts, both augmented with an iliotibial band tenodesis. Type of Study: Retrospective review. Methods: Forty-six of 52 BPTB ACL reconstructions using allografts and 33 of 37 BPTB ACL reconstructions using autografts were followed up at a mean of 2.75 and 3.36 years, respectively. All patients had an iliotibial band tenodesis. Evaluations included the Lysholm II scale, a questionnaire, physical examination findings, and KT-1000 arthrometry. Results: No statistically significant differences were seen between groups in Lysholm II scores or in any subjective category. Most patients (91% allograft; 97% autograft) had good to excellent Lysholm II scores. Sixty-five percent of allograft patients and 73% of autograft patients returned to their preinjury activity level. More allograft patients complained of retropatellar pain (16% v 9% for autograft patients). Fifty-three percent of allograft patients versus 23% of autograft patients had a flexion deficit of 5° or more when compared with the normal contralateral side. When comparing KT-1000 side-to-side differences, we found no significant differences between groups. Ninety-one percent of both groups had maximum side-to-side differences less than 5 mm. Three allograft patients (6.5%) had traumatic ruptures at 12, 19, and 43 months postoperatively versus none in the autograft group. All three allograft patients who sustained postoperative traumatic ruptures had received fresh frozen, nonirradiated allografts. Conclusions: Results of ACL reconstruction using allografts or autografts augmented with an iliotibial band tenodesis were comparable. The BPTB autograft should remain the gold standard, although the BPTB allograft in ACL reconstruction is a reasonable alternative.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 5 (May-June), 2003: pp 453–462