6389例孕中期高危孕妇胎儿染色体核型产前诊断结果分析

目的通过对6389例孕中期不同产前诊断指征高危孕妇的胎儿羊水染色体核型分析,探讨胎儿染色体异常核型的类型及发生频率,为有效开展产前诊断提供基础数据。方法经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取6389例高危孕妇羊水20ml,进行细胞培养,制备染色体标本,分析胎儿染色体核型。结果 6389例孕妇中,羊水细胞培养成功6348例,成功率为99.36%。检出异常染色体核型243例,异常检出率为3.80%。不同产前诊断指征分组中的异常检出率不同,以高龄孕妇组异常率最高,为4.47%。结论羊水细胞染色体核型分析是产前诊断的重要手段,高龄孕妇、母血清筛查高风险及超声显示的胎儿异常是产前诊断的重要指征。综合应用多种筛查及诊断方法,对于预防和控制出生缺陷意义重大。     

羊水穿刺产前诊断指征与羊水胎儿染色体核型关系研究

目的研究羊穿产前诊断指征与羊水胎儿染色体异常关系。方法选取我院2011年8月-2017年12月2499例有产前诊断指征的孕妇,并行羊膜腔穿刺检查羊水细胞染色体核型,分析不同产前诊断指征羊水胎儿异常染色体核型检出率和异常染色体核型构成情况。结果 (1)高龄孕妇组、产前血清学筛查高风险组、产前血清学筛查临界风险组、不良妊娠组、染色体异常组、超声异常组、产前无创DNA高风险组、其他原因组、同时具备多个指征组羊水胎儿异常染色体核型(不包括多态性变异)检出率分别是2.65%、4.44%、3.80%、1.67%、35.71%、7.49%、77.78%、10.91%、21.36%。(2)不同产前诊断指征组羊水胎儿异常染色体核型构成也有所不同,产前无创DNA高风险组羊水胎儿染色体异常均为数目异常,染色体异常组10例羊水胎儿染色体异常(不包括多态性变异)9例为结构异常,1例为21三体伴结构异常,其他产前诊断指征组羊水胎儿染色体异常(不包括多态性变异)既有数目异常也有结构异常。结论对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇应进行胎儿染色体核型诊断,发现染色体异常胎儿,对预防出生缺陷有重要意义。     

羊水染色体异常核型和异常核型产前诊断指征分析

目的通过分析羊水胎儿细胞染色体异常核型及异常核型对应产前诊断指征,了解异常核型的类型以及异常核型对应产前诊断指征分布。方法对有产前诊断指征的孕妇,行羊膜腔穿刺取羊水细胞培养,检查胎儿染色体核型。结果(1)51例羊水染色体异常,异常类型有三体综合征(包括21-三体、18-三体及其嵌合体)、性染色体异常、平衡易位、衍生染色体、标记染色体嵌合体和其他类型,其中三体综合征例数最多为28例,占异常核型比例为54.90%,其次为平衡易位13例,占25.49%,衍生染色体、标记染色体嵌合体和其他类型例数均较少。(2)51例羊水染色体异常核型对应产前诊断指征中产前血清学筛查高风险单一指征例数最多,为14例,占27.45%,其次为指征是高龄+不良生育史和夫妻之一染色体异常,均为6例,分别占11.76%。20例21三体综合征对应的产前诊断指征中与高龄(包括单纯高龄或高龄+其他指征)有关10例,占50.00%,对应的产前诊断指征仅为单一指征(包括无创DNA筛查高风险、产前血清学筛查高风险、高龄、B超筛查异常)有11例,占55.00%,这11例中产前血清学筛查高风险单一指征例数最多,为5例。6例18三体综合征对应产前诊断指征分布未见明显差异。6例性染色体异常对应的产前诊断指征中产前血清学筛查高风险单一指征例数最多,为4例,占66.67%。13例平衡易位对应的产前诊断指征中夫妻之一染色体异常例数最多,为6例,占46.15%。结论羊穿进行羊水染色体检查是产前诊断的可靠方法,能有效降低染色体异常胎儿的出生。高龄和仅有单一产前诊断指征孕妇仍需要进行羊水染色体检查,避免染色体异常胎儿出生。     

7915例羊水细胞染色体核型分析及产前诊断策略

目的通过各产前诊断指征孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型分析探讨产前诊断策略。方法对各产前诊断指征孕妇选择羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水并统计分析染色体核型。结果各产前诊断指征中占比例最高的分别为血清学筛查高风险(4641例)、高龄(1774例)和超声异常(569例)。7915例羊水细胞染色体核型共检出异常核型265例,检出率为3.35%,其中检出率最高的指征是夫妇一方是染色体异常或平衡易位携带者(23.18%),其次是超声异常(9.83%)。染色体数目异常188例,其中常染色体非整倍体异常以21,18三体最为常见,性染色非整倍体异常以45,X最为常见;结构异常77例,以平衡易位为主。21三体主要分布在高龄、血清筛查高风险及超声异常中,尤以高龄最为显著。结论 1通过羊膜腔穿刺及染色体核型分析仍然是产前诊断胎儿染色体异常的金标准;221三体是最常见的染色体异常;3无创产前DNA检测技术不能取代血清学筛查,更不能取代羊膜腔穿刺和超声检查,它们合理组合应用方能更好地进行产前诊断。     

淄博市1085例羊水细胞染色体结果分析

目的探讨各种介入性产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法 2013年1月至2014年12月因各种原因在我院进行羊膜腔穿刺者1085例,均在超声引导下,抽取适量羊水进行细胞培养及染色体核型分析。比较不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常核型检出率的关系。结果羊水培养成功1083例,成功率99.81%。检出异常核型55例,异常率为5.08%(55/1083),其中染色体数目异常37例,占异常核型的67.27%;结构异常12例,占21.82%;其他异常6例,占10.91%。各种产前诊断指征中,高龄(分娩时孕妇年龄35岁)506例,检出异常核型19例,异常检出率为3.75%;母血清学筛查高风险520例,异常核型22例,检出率4.23%;无创产前DNA检测(NIPT)高风险9例,异常核型7例,检出率77.77%。结论掌握好各种产前诊断指征,对高危孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺及染色体核型分析可有效提高胎儿染色体病的检出率,减少出生缺陷的发生。     

探讨不同的产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系

目的探讨不同的细胞遗传学产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法选取我院2013年10月至2016年10月有产前诊断指征的孕妇460例,均在孕18-23w行超声引导下羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取适量羊水进行细胞培养及染色体核型分析。比较不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常核型检出率的关系。结果羊水培养成功率100%。检出异常核型40例,异常率为8.69%(40/460),其中染色体数目异常27例,结构异常7例,其他异常6例。各种产前诊断指征中,高龄孕妇(预产期孕妇年龄≥35岁)82例,检出异常核型7例,异常检出率8.54%;中孕期母血清学筛查高风险280例,异常核型13例,检出率4.64%;NT增厚孕妇(NT≥3.0mm)70例,异常核型10例,检出率14.29%;无创产前DNA检测高风险11例,异常核型10例,检出率90.91%。结论掌握好各种产前诊断指征,对高危孕妇进行必要的产前介入诊断和染色体核型分析,可有效提高胎儿染色体异常的检出率,减少出生缺陷儿的发生。     

1212例不同产前诊断指征羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的对阳性病例统计分析,以期对临床大夫掌握羊水诊断的指征有指导意义。方法回顾我院2016年1月-12月共1212例具有产前诊断指征行羊膜腔穿刺术的病例,分析不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。结果 1212例羊水标本共检测出异常核型71例,其中包括染色体数目、结构异常48例,染色体多态23例。异常检出率(不包括多态性)3.96%。不同穿刺指征的阳性检出率分别为无创DNA高风险组78.57%,夫妻一方染色体异常组62.50%,超声异常组5.19%,高龄孕妇组2.65%,唐氏筛查高风险组2.17%,不良孕产史组0%。结论 1、羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞染色体核型分析仍然是诊断胎儿染色体异常的经典方法;2、无创DNA筛查准确率虽然很高,但是不能取代血清学唐氏筛查以及羊膜腔穿刺术;3、应慎重把握超声软指标行侵入性产前诊断的指征。     

太原地区961例产前诊断胎儿染色体核型分析

目的了解产前诊断指征在胎儿染色体异常诊断中的价值,以指导产前遗传咨询。方法对961例有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺染色体核型分析,比较不同产前诊断指征的染色体异常检出率。结果961例孕妇共检出异常核型42例,总的染色体异常检出率为4．37％,其中夫妇一方有染色体异常组染色体异常检出率最高,为66．66％,其次是B超检查胎儿异常组,为16．7％,高龄组为：4．91％,血清生化筛查组为：2．88％,不良孕产史组为：1．75％,不良接触史及用药史组染色体异常检出率最低,为0％。结论产前遗传咨询应重视夫妇一方染色体异常的检查及产前超声筛查,对有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺术,羊水细胞培养分析胎儿染色体核型,以预防染色体异常儿的出生。     

176例产前诊断染色体异常核型相关因素分析

目的为了解染色体异常核型种类、主要异常核型的年龄分布,以及与产前诊断原因的关系,为遗传咨询与产前诊断提供资料。方法对有产前诊断指征的孕妇,取羊水或脐血进行细胞培养、染色体核型分析。结果在4214例产前诊断对象中,检出胎儿染色体异常176例,异常检出率为4．2％。其中,常染色体异常占84．1％,性染色体异常占15．9％。常染色体与性染色体异常核型均以数目异常为最多,分别占59．5％与89．3％。在产前诊断对象中,染色体异常、三体、Down’s综合征检出率年龄组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。因B超异常、唐氏高风险和血清筛查异常者检出的染色体异常核型例数分别占总例数的50％与29．0％。结论常染色体数目异常发生的频率最高。产前诊断对象中生育年龄对异常核型、三体和Down’s综合征检出率的影响均不显著。超声检查异常、唐氏高风险和血清筛查异常是产前诊断的重要指征。     

徐州地区孕中期筛查高风险孕妇的羊水细胞染色体分析

目的分析孕中期筛查高风险孕妇的羊水细胞染色体核型,探讨羊膜腔穿刺术对产前诊断胎儿染色体病的意义.方法对428例孕中期筛查高风险孕妇在B超介导下行羊膜腔穿刺术,取羊水常规细胞培养和染色体制备,并对核型结果进行分析.结果在B超介导下行羊膜腔穿刺术均获得一次性穿刺成功.术后随访无一例胎儿丢失.羊水细胞培养成功并进行核型分析424例,培养成功率为99.06%.染色体核型正常408例(96.2%),异常核型16例(占3.8%),其中21三体综合征4例,1例超雌,22p 2例,平衡易位3例,15p 2例,1例两性畸形,2例Y染色体异常,其它异常1例.结论高龄、唐氏征筛查高风险、夫妇一方染色体异常、Free-HCGβ MOM值偏高,是产前诊断最主要的指征,三体综合征仍为孕期主要的异常核型.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.