Indirect testimony of stress conduction from mandible to skull in maxillofacial trauma: morphological changes of temporomandibular joint disc]

There were cerebral injuries accompanied in maxillofacial high velocity projectile wound.Owing to the special anatomic relationship between skull and facial bones,the stress conduction of bone was an important factor of cerebral injury in maxillofacial wound.In this experiment,the canine mandibular regions were wounded by steel spheres,which weight 1.03g,impacting velocity at 1400m/s,to produce severely maxillofacial firearm wounds.The morphological and pathological changes of temporomandibular joint disc of wounded side were observed with light and electron microscopes.The microscopic injuries of disc,including arrangement disorder of figre,spotty edema and some fibrous dissolution,etc,were found.These results have provided an indirect evidence of injurous mechanism of the cerebral injury accompaning maxillofacial high enery misslle wound.     

颌面部火器伤伴发颅脑损伤病理特点及临床意义

狗12只(正常对照2只),用重1.03g、射速1300m/s钢珠致伤颌面部、造成重型颌面部火器伤,伤后即时、6小时分别开颅,检查颅脑损伤情况,切取脑组织标本行光、电镜观察。实验发现颌面部重型火器伤时伴有颅脑损伤,病理特点为颅脑区域性出血及脑挫伤,组织学观察神经组织主要为细胞、髓鞘的变性改变,提示临床处理中应注意颅脑并发症。     

犬颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤的生物力学研究

目的：研究颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤的特点及与生物力学参数的关系。方法：将1．0gTNT当量的球型爆炸源置于不同部位,对犬的颌面部引爆致伤,记录并采集致伤过程中的生物力学数据,采用SPSS10．0统计软件包．对数据进行t检验。结果：由于球型爆炸源在面部不同部位引爆,各组间的应力、加速度、应变的测量结果有显著性差异（P〈0.05或〈0．01）,而且颌面部与颅脑伤情也完全不同。结论：冲击波压力、颅颌骨冲击加速度及颅颌骨应变,是颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤致伤效应的重要生物力学参数。     

颌面部撞击伤伴发颅脑损伤的实验研究

目的 :研究颌面部撞击伤合并颅脑损伤的致伤机制和损伤特点。方法 :采用水平气动式撞击机分别以 4 77m/s± 0 5 3m/s(A组 )、9 16m/s± 0 6 5m/s(B组 )和 13 95m/s± 0 6 7m/s(C组 )的速度撞击兔左侧面中部 (n =6 )。观察致伤后动物的生命体征的变化 ,并对颌面部软组织、脑组织进行损伤的大体和光、电镜观察 ,测定致伤后 6h血清中脂质过氧化物 (LPO)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) ,一氧化氮 (NO)的含量变化和脑含水量 ,同时记录致伤瞬间脑内压力和头颅冲击加速度。结果 :形态学改变低速和中速致伤组 (A和B组 )主要以局部损伤为主 ,高速致伤组 (C组 )则同时合并颅脑损伤。兔致伤后 6h血清中LPO、SOD值以及脑含水量C组显著高于A、B组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而NO值明显低于A、B组 (P <0 0 5 )。头颅加速度和颅内压峰值C组均明显高于A、B两组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :致伤瞬间头颅冲击加速度响应和脑内压力变化是造成颌面部损伤合并颅脑损伤的重要生物力学因素     

The relationship between head injury and facial trauma: a case–control study

Introduction

In spite of anatomic proximity of the facial skeleton and cranium, there is paucity of information in the literature regarding the relationship between head injuries and facial trauma. The objective of our investigation was to evaluate the pattern of head injuries in patients with maxillofacial trauma, and to study their relationship.

Material and methods

We evaluated 2,692 patients with maxillofacial trauma admitted to the Besat hospital, Hamedan, Iran between 2007 and 2010. Patients with associated head injury (302 cases; study group) were compared with those without head injury (2,390 cases; control group).

Results

In our cohort, the rate of head injuries associated with facial bone fractures was 23.3 %. The most common associated head injury was concussion, followed by cerebral contusion and skull fractures. In the unadjusted analysis, motorcycle and car accidents were significantly more frequent in the study group, while stumbling, sports injuries, and work-related injuries were significantly more common in the control group (p?<?0.001). Except for Lefort III fractures which was not significantly different between groups, all facial fractures occurred more frequently in the study group (p?<?0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that motorcycle accidents (211-fold), car accidents (139-fold), violence (69-fold), falls (66-fold), frontal sinus fractures (84.5-fold), and Lefort II fractures (27-fold) were the strongest predictors of head injuries.

Discussion

Present study revealed that fracture of facial bones, especially bones that are in anatomic proximity to the cranium and need a high magnitude of trauma energy to be fractured, was marker for an increased risk of head injuries.     

不同种类高速投射物颌面损伤特点的实验研究

选用７．６２ｍｍ,５．５６ｍｍ弹丸,射速为１３００－１４００ｍ／ｓ的１．０３ｇ钢球和１．０ｇ钢球和１．０ｇ炮弹破片分别致伤肥皂靶、离体猪头和活体犬下颌骨区,观察４种高速投资射物致伤时的瞬时空脸形态和颌面伤情切取犬面部伤道周围肌组织行光镜、透射电观察,发现在同种类高速投射物致作形成不同的瞬时空腔,颌面部致伤时有着没的损伤特点。文中对凳面部的创伤弹道学特点和不同种类高速投射物颌面损伤特点的差异进行了讨     

Small-vessel pathology and anastomosis following maxillofacial firearm wounds: an experimental study

This experiment was designed to provide a biological basis for early reconstruction of maxillofacial defects caused by firearms using free vascularized flap transfer. The pathologic changes of small-vessel injury, injury mechanism, and the feasibility for early anastomosis of these vessels in the maxillofacial region following high-velocity missile wounds were studied. Dogs' faces were wounded by a steel sphere, weighing 0.7 g and 1.03 g, with an initial velocity of 1,300 m/s or 1,500 m/s. Angiography and high-speed x-ray photography were used to record the effect of injury to blood vessels and other tissues. The pathologic changes in the small blood vessels in the wounds were studied by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Anastomosis of small vessels in the wound was performed at different times after injury. There were temporary cavity effects and small vascular injury in the wounds. The pathologic changes of the small vessels included microthrombus formation, endothelial loss, breaks in the internal elastic layer, and necrosis. Degeneration of cells was found to end 3 cm from the wound edge. Anastomosis of the vessels performed 3 days after injury provided good short-term patency. These results suggest that the operation for repairing facial defects should be performed 3 days after injury.     

颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤动物模型的建立

目的 :建立颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤动物模型。方法 :将 0 .12 5gTNT当量的球型爆炸源置于不同距离对兔的颌面部引爆致伤 ,观察致伤效果。结果 :由于球型爆炸源在面部不同部位距不同距离引爆 ,各组间的应力测量结果有显著性差异 ,而且颌面部与颅脑伤情也完全不同。结论 :使用本模型可以复制出不同程度的颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤的伤情 ,是一种较理想的标准动物模型     

Maxillofacial injuries in military personnel treated at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine June 2001 to December 2007

Since its formation in June 2001, the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM) at Birmingham University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has treated most of the British military personnel who have sustained serious maxillofacial injuries while serving abroad. We retrospectively analysed all recorded maxillofacial injuries of personnel evacuated to the RCDM between June 2001 and December 2007. We know of no existing papers that describe oral and maxillofacial injuries of military personnel, or workload in the 21st century. During the period 119 personnel with maxillofacial injuries were evacuated to the RCDM for treatment 83% of whom were injured in Iraq or Afghanistan. In total 61% (72/119) of injuries were caused by improvised explosive devices, 9% (11/119) were gun shot wounds, and 1% were caused by aircraft incidents. A further 29% (35/119) of patients had injuries not associated with battle. The most common injuries were facial lacerations (106/119). There were 54 facial fractures of which 17 primarily affected the maxilla, and 15 the mandible. Associated injuries were to the brain (24%), torso (26%), upper limb (39%), and lower limb (31%). The number of maxillofacial injuries has risen over the last 7 years, and has also increased in proportion to the total number of injured soldiers evacuated between 2005 and 2007.     

口腔颌面部创伤111例患者的伤情分析

目的:总结和探讨"7·23"重特大动车事故发生后一线医院收治的口腔颌面部创伤患者的伤情特点。方法 :对温州市11家医院收治的111例动车事故中口腔颌面部创伤患者的病例资料进行统计和分析。结果:111例口腔颌面部创伤患者中男女比例为1.27∶1;21～30岁(33.3%)为受伤高峰年龄段。在颌面部创伤中,颌面部软组织伤占81.1%,颌面部骨折占11.7%,牙外伤(牙槽突创伤)患者占7.2%。3例下颌骨骨折患者共发生5处骨折,占骨折的29.4%,发生率最高。合并损伤多发,以四肢损伤和胸部损伤最为多见,分别占31.1%和25.7%。结论:动车事故中口腔颌面部创伤多发,但以软组织伤最为常见,颌骨骨折中下颌骨骨折居多;复合伤多,最常见的是四肢和胸部的损伤。     

Biomechanics of Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma

The forces to the cranium and facial skeleton can be applied from an anteroposterior, superior, inferior and lateral directions. These forces with level and location of point of impact will determine the pattern of injury. Fractures of the cranium rarely extend into the region of facial skeleton. On the other hand, fractures originating in the facial skeleton can extend into the cranium. This has got implications as facial fractures are associated with head injury. Understanding the biomechanics of craniomaxillofacial trauma gives an insight in understanding the pattern of injury. We have briefly reviewed the literature and discussed biomechanics of craniofacial trauma, and how it influences head injury.     

Maxillofacial trauma in fatally injured victims of motor vehicle accidents

A survey of 84 victims of maxillofacial injuries sustained in road traffic accidents is presented. The material was based on the files of the Finnish National Board of Traffic Accident Investigation of the Insurance Companies, comprised the years 1972-1983 and covered the whole country. 86% of the victims were occupants of motor cars; only 24% had worn seat belts. Similarly only two of the eight motor-cyclists had worn a helmet. The majority of all victims also had other head injuries but only 24% had brain injuries; over 50% had a chest injury. In 20 cases the facial injury was thought to be the definitive fatal trauma. In the remaining cases the other injuries could have been responsible for the fatal outcome. However, aspiration of blood from the facial wounds, unconciousness and an injured thorax probably all contributed to death which in 87% was immediate. Thirty-six of the 64 victims who had not used a seat-belt or helmet could certainly, or probably, have been saved by either the belt or the helmet. The possibilities of preventing fatal maxillofacial injuries in road traffic are discussed.     

1001例口腔颌面部创伤患者临床分析

目的:通过对1001例口腔颌面创伤患者回顾分析,了解口腔颌面部创伤患者的流行病学特点。方法:对第四军医大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科2008年8月—2011年3月期间收治的1001例口腔颌面创伤患者的病历资料进行统计分析。结果:1001例口腔颌面创伤患者男女比为2.80∶1;20～29岁(30.07%)为发病的高峰年龄段;交通事故(48.45%)在致伤原因中居首位。在口腔颌面创伤中,下颌骨骨折573例,发生率最高。合并伤以眼部最多见(171例),其次为颅脑伤和四肢创伤。结论:口腔颌面创伤患者以骨折多见。骨折发生的数量、部位等与致伤原因、受力性质及相应部位的解剖结构有关。眼部创伤、颅脑创伤及四肢创伤为最常见的并发症,应予以充分重视,治疗时不可忽视全身状况。     

间接性TMJ损伤的生物力学初步研究

目的：研究间接性TMJ损伤时下颌骨不同部位在致伤过程中的生物力学改变情况。方法：采用颏部撞击法对6个新鲜羊头颅以4kg和10kg的压力推动0．845kg的圆柱形钢质抛射体进行撞击，对头颅加速度、双侧下颌骨体部、髁突颈部以及颞骨部的应变变化情况进行检测，应用新研制的生物撞击系统数据采集与分析软件对采集到的信号进行分析。结果：随撞击速度的增加，头颅加速度和各检测部位的应变也随之加大，髁突颈部可产生最大应变，颞骨部应变明显减小，说明颞颌关节的存在可减小颏部撞击伤对颅脑的损伤。在外力作用于颏部时，髁突颈部受到的应力最大，因而较其他部位容易发生骨折。当髁突颈部所受应力超出其自身生理范围时，即发生髁突骨折。结论：撞击速度和下颌骨内应力的变化是衡量下颌部损伤，特别是颞颌关节部损伤的重要生物力学参数。     

颌面部破冲复合伤模型的建立与研究

目的：建立颌面部破冲复合伤模型，并初步研究颌面部爆炸伤的特点。方法：采用雷管作爆炸源，滑膛枪发射钢珠模拟破片，同步测速及测压系统检测致伤参数，建立致伤模型。整个致伤模型为一同步控制系统，由破片发射触发。由破片对犬颌面部致伤，雷管悬于弹着点上方，爆距设计为5、10、15cm。记录致伤参数（撞击速度、能量吸收、体表压力），观察动物伤情。结果：该模型能稳定地模拟犬颌面部的爆炸伤，爆炸冲击波压力随爆距减小而急剧升高。犬颌面部伤情严重。损伤范围广，并有心、肺、脑等脏器的损伤，损伤程度随能量吸收与冲击波压力的升高而加重。结论：该破冲复合伤模型能较真实地模拟爆炸伤的致伤效果，可用于颌面部爆炸伤的基础理论及临床救治研究。颌面部爆炸伤具有伤情重、致伤因素复杂的特点。     

Variations in the aftercare of facial wounds: a survey of maxillofacial clinicians

Good aftercare of traumatic wounds reduces the risk of infection and improves functional and aesthetic outcomes. Inconsistencies in the instructions given by oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgeons to patients with facial lacerations have previously been noted. We therefore sent anonymous online surveys to OMF clinicians in the United Kingdom to investigate the extent of the variation in aftercare advice given to patients who have had traumatic lacerations of the skin of the head and neck. Respondents were asked about their current practice, including instructions on how to clean wounds, the provision of cleaning materials, use of topical dressings, and advice regarding dry time; also the number of days before the removal of sutures, and specialist review of facial wounds. A total of 63 responded. There was considerable variation within and between grades regarding the advice given. Advice varied and there was no consensus in any of the areas questioned. Robust evidence on the aftercare of traumatic lacerations is lacking. To develop practical guidelines for advice there is a need for further research in the area and further discussion about the aftercare of lacerations.     

156例颅颌面骨折治疗的临床分析

目的回顾性研究颅颌面骨折患者的治疗方法。 方法选取佛山市中医院口腔颌面外科2017年1月至2019年12月收治的156例颅颌面骨折患者,经过急诊CT确诊有颅脑外伤并颌面部骨折患者为纳入标准。首先于脑外科处理颅脑外伤,给予护脑、抗炎、脱水等对症处理,病情稳定后手术治疗行颌面部骨折切开复位内固定术,术中麻醉注意保持血压稳定,术后继续脑外科及口腔科专科对症治疗,并康复治疗3 ~ 6个月。 结果156例颅颌面骨折损伤患者中,16例患者张口受限,9例有面瘫症状,其余患者康复满意。 结论颅颌面骨折患者治疗应评估好手术时机择期手术,围手术期应密切观察患者颅脑病情变化。     

Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in two cases of osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis.

Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OS-CS) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by linear striations of the long bones, osteosclerosis of the cranium, and extraskeletal anomalies. Osteosclerosis of the cranial and facial bones can lead to disfigurement and to disability due to the pressure on the cranial nerves. We report two cases of OS-CS where surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion was performed for widening the extremely narrow maxilla. One should be aware of the disease-related problems and the possible complications that might occur with this type of patient.     

Evaluation of immediate phase of management of missile injuries affecting maxillofacial region in iraq

In the past two years Iraq was, and still is, subjecting to a confluence of conventional war, civil unrest, guerrilla and terrorist attacks as well as an increasing crime rates. This study evaluates the immediate phase of management of 100 patients suffering from missile injuries to the maxillofacial region. Patients were treated in the maxillofacial unit in the Specialized Surgeries Hospital Medical City, Baghdad during one year (from 2003 to 2004). We had 79 men and 21 women. Age ranged from three to 72 years (mean 37.5 years). The majority of injuries were caused by rifle bullets (49%) followed by fragments (29%), handgun bullets (15%), airgun pellets (6%), and shotgun (1%). Injuries consisted mainly of mandibular fractures found in 56 patients.Urgent airway management was needed in (27%) of patients. Nineteen patients were presented with active bleeding which would not stop without intervention. Most entrance and exit wounds as well as retained missiles were located in the cheek (54.8%, 39.4%, and 27.5% respectively). There were three mortalities due to complications related to head injury.Distribution of missiles used in any conflict reflects the type of this conflict, the prevailing local conditions, and the technological efficiency of weapons used by the opposing teams. Particularly challenging are missile injuries that involve the face, not only because of problems with reconstructing bone and soft tissue defects but also because of emergent problems with airway obstruction and neurovascular compromise.     

Gun-shot wounds of the face under conditions of local and boundary conflicts

Analysis of the incidence, types, and severity of maxillofacial wounds inflicted during local and boundary conflicts showed increased incidence of the most severe wounds with injuries to both jaws. The efficiency of medical care rendered to victims with facial wounds is determined by the level of specialized training of nurses and physician's assistants.