北京市顺义区6岁以上儿童少年血脂异常患病现状及影响因素研究

目的了解北京市顺义区6岁以上儿童少年血脂异常患病现状及膳食影响因素。方法采用单纯随机抽样法对顺义区6岁以上儿童少年进行膳食及生活习惯问卷调查,测量身高、体重和腰围,检测血浆TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C,比较血脂正常与异常儿童少年膳食影响因素差异性。结果顺义区儿童少年血脂异常检出率为16.1%,血脂异常的主要类型是高TG、高LDL-C以及高TC,检出率分别为8.0%、7.6%、5.4%。儿童少年血浆TC水平与膳食纤维的摄入量、身高存在负相关关系(P0.05);血浆TG水平与维生素C的摄入量存在负相关关系(P0.05),与身高、体重、腰围存在正相关关系(P0.01);血浆HDL-C水平与身高、体重、腰围存在负相关关系(P0.01);血浆LDL-C水平与膳食纤维的摄入量存在负相关关系(P0.05),与腰围存在正相关关系(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,腰围是儿童少年高甘油三酯血症和血脂异常的危险因素(OR=1.260,95%CI 1.144~1.388;OR=1.061,95%CI 1.041~1.081);体重是低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的危险因素(OR=1.057,95%CI 1.027~1.087;OR=1.048,95%CI 1.030~1.066);膳食烟酸摄入量是高胆固醇血症的保护因素(OR=0.868,95%CI 0.775~0.973),膳食维生素C摄入量是高甘油三酯血症的保护因素(OR=0.987,95%CI 0.975~0.999)。结论北京市顺义区6岁以上儿童少年血脂异常患病率形式严峻,血脂异常与体重、膳食结构密切相关。     

成人体质指数与血脂异常的相关性分析

目的分析成人体质指数(BMI)与血脂异常的相关性,为防制血脂异常提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在温州市瓯海区抽取≥18周岁的户籍居民3 938人进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。比较不同BMI人群胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平及指标异常检出率,采用多元线性回归模型分析BMI与血脂水平的相关性。结果实际调查3 938人,完成问卷和体检项目3 905人,占99.16%。体重过低、正常、超重和肥胖分别占3.99%、55.01%、32.91%和8.09%。超重及肥胖人群TC、TG、LDL-C水平高于正常人群,而HDL-C水平低于正常人群(均P0.05)。高TC血症、高TG血症、低HDL-C血症和高LDL-C血症以及血脂异常总检出率分别为16.13%、17.46%、17.98%、12.60%和39.90%,均随BMI增大呈上升趋势(P0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,BMI值与TG和LDL-C呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关(β’=0.205、0.120、-0.158,均P0.05)。结论成人BMI与血脂异常相关,与TG、HDL-C和LDL-C关系更为密切。     

新疆哈萨克族及汉族成年居民血脂异常调查

目的探讨新疆地区哈萨克族和汉族成年居民血脂异常的分布特点及患病现状,为该地区血脂异常防治提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取年龄≥18岁的哈萨克族、汉族居民7 362人,进行流行病学调查,检测其甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平。结果哈萨克族人群TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C分别为(1.26±1.01)、(4.58±1.32)、(2.42±0.87)和(1.31±0.61)mmol/L;汉族人群分别为(1.65±1.32)、(4.62±1.08)、(2.22±0.94)和(1.63±0.70)mmol/L;哈萨克族人群人群血脂异常标化总患病率为41.7%,男性45.7%,女性39.3%,其中高TG血症、高TC血症、低HDL-C血症患病率依次为19.1%、13.0%、18.8%;汉族血脂异常标化总患病率为37.6%,男性43.6%,女性33.9%,其中高TG血症、高TC血症、低HDL-C血症患病率依次为32.1%、12.1%、4.3%。结论哈萨克族是血脂异常的高发人群,高LDL-C血症和低HDL-C血症患病率明显高于汉族,而LDL-C水平男性高于女性,HDL-C水平女性高于男性,提示男性比女性发生血脂异常的危险更高。     

北京地区健康人血脂水平和血脂谱现状调查

目的:调查北京地区人群血脂水平和血脂谱现状,为血脂水平划分和血脂异常防治提供客观依据。方法:生活水平较好的男性1752例,女性761例为调查对象,从20～90岁,每10岁1个年龄组各分为7组。按血脂测定标准化方法测定总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)4项血脂水平。结果:TC水平最高男性为5.30mmol/L、女性为5.99mmol/L,高水平年龄在71～80岁;TG水平最高男性为1.87mmol/L,女性为1.77mmol/L,年龄在41～70岁;HDL-C最低水平为1.25mmol/L,各年龄段均在合适水平;LDL-C最高男性为3.46mmol/L,女性为3.78mmol/L,年龄在71～80岁。健康人异常脂蛋白血症发生率(按我国“血脂异常防治建议”血脂水平划分方案划分)为TC36.7%,TG31.22%,HDL-C2.84%,LDL-C12.68%。结论:健康人TC、HDL-C、LDL-C整体水平与90年代相似;TG水平比90年代明显增高。血脂谱以异常高TC占首位,依次为TG、LDL-C、HDL-C。高TG血症发生率(31.22%)与高TC血症发生率(36.7%)相差不多,应重视高TG血症防治。建议人群血脂水平为TC:合适水平<5.72mmol/L;边缘升高5.72～6.24mmol/L;危险水平>6.24mmol/L。TG:合适水平<2.00mmol/L;边缘升高2.00～3.39mmol/L;危险水平>3.39mmol/L。HDL-C:>1.04mmol/L为安全水平;<0.     

不同表型高脂血症血脂指标相关性

目的探讨不同表型高脂血症中甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)间相关性。方法选择江西省南昌市体检人群1 471人,检验血脂相关指标,采用SPSS 15.0统计软件进行相关性分析。结果TC与TG仅在正常和绝对高脂血症组中呈正相关(r0.38);TC和HDL-C仅在边缘高TG组中呈正相关(r0.43);TC与LDL-C在正常、边缘升高、绝对高TC、绝对高LDL-C血症组中呈正相关。TG和LDL-C在正常组呈正相关(r=0.31),但在TC升高的高脂血症中却呈负相关(r≥0.60);TG与HDL-C除在边缘高TG血症组呈正相关外,在其他组均呈负相关。HDL-C与LDL-C在正常和边缘混合型高脂血症组中呈负相关(r≥0.20),而在绝对高TC血症及混合型高脂血症组呈正相关(r≥0.31)。结论血脂指标间相关性在正常与不同表型高脂血症组间存在较大差异。     

应用食物频率法评价普米族膳食多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与高血压、血脂异常的关系

目的研究普米族膳食中多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入与高血压、血脂异常的关系。方法选择云南省怒江州兰坪白族普米族自治县18岁以上376例普米族居民为研究对象,采用问卷调查收集研究对象过去一年中各种食物的摄入频率及摄入量、现病史和家族史情况;测量研究对象血压;采集调查对象空腹血测定甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)。结果普米族居民的膳食脂肪摄入量较高,占RNI的198.5%;三大产能营养素的供能比失衡,但n-3PUFA、EPA、DHA的人均摄入量并不高。普米族居民高血压患病率为15.4%;血脂异常类型主要表现为低高密度脂蛋白血症,占54.8%,高胆固醇血症占8%,高甘油三酯血症占19.1%,TC或TG异常人群占25.0%。PUFAs与血脂异常、n-6PUFA与高血压呈负相关关系。结论普米族居民应减少油脂类及高脂肪食物的摄入,增加富含DHA、EPA类食物的摄入,以防止心血管疾病的发生与发展,降低血脂。     

北京市区儿童营养状况与血脂谱水平相关性分析

目的 :　了解儿童营养状况与血脂谱水平的相关性。方法 :　对北京市朝阳区 3 1 6名7～ 1 1岁儿童进行血脂谱水平检测、膳食调查及体格检测。结果 :　儿童脂肪供能比为 3 6.2 1 % ,超出标准上限 (2 5 %～ 3 0 % ) ,60 .1 %儿童每日胆固醇摄入量≥ 3 0 0 mg;儿童每日胆固醇摄入量与TC、apo B水平呈正相关 ,糖类供能比与 HDL-C水平正相关 ;高胆固醇摄入组儿童 TC、LDL-C、apoAI水平大于低胆固醇组 ;超重 /肥胖儿童 TC、TG、LDL-C、apo B、Lp(a)水平高于体重正常组及体重不足组 ,并随肥胖程度的增加而增加 ;男童腰臀围比与 TC、TG、LDL-C、apo B水平正相关 ,与HDL-C负相关。结论 :　超重 /肥胖 (尤其向心性肥胖 )、不合理膳食与儿童血脂异常关系密切 ,可以作为早期诊断血脂异常高危儿童的指标     

成人血脂异常与高血压关系

目的探讨成人血脂异常与高血压的关系。方法利用江苏省2010年成人慢性病及其危险因素监测数据,运用双变量相关和非条件logistic回归方法,分析血脂水平与血压及血脂异常与高血压的关系。结果江苏省成人高血压患病率为49.1%,血脂异常率为35.0%,均为男性高于女性,患病率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,分布差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。双变量相关分析结果表明,TC、LDL-C和TG与收缩压和舒张压均成正相关;HDL-C与收缩压成正相关,但与舒张压成负相关。非条件logistic回归分析显示,血脂异常、TC升高、HDL-C降低、LDL-C升高和TG升高均与高血压显著相关;TC、LDL-C、TG每增加1个标准差(s)和HDL-C每降低1个s,高血压患病风险分别增加23%、20%、55%和6%。结论血脂异常与高血压密切相关,是重要公共卫生问题,应加强血脂异常和高血压的综合防治。     

中国成人膳食生糖负荷现状调查

目的了解目前中国居民碳水化合物的消费情况与成人膳食生糖负荷的现状。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,根据食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食生糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)。分析中国成人膳食GL的性别、年龄和城乡分布,分析不同膳食GL/4184kJ水平居民的膳食结构,探索中国成人膳食GL/4184kJ的合理范围。结果我国成人膳食GL92%来源于粮谷类。每人每日膳食GL平均为269.5,农村287.3,城市233.0,农村高于城市。青年平均为279.0,中年272.2,老年238.8,青年最高,其次是中年,最低是老年。男性平均为292.8,女性249.0,男性高于女性。低膳食GL/44184kJ的人群膳食碳水化合物供能比低,脂肪供能比高,粮谷类消费低,脂肪消费高,超重和肥胖发生率高。结论粮谷类是我国成人膳食GL的最主要来源。我国居民低膳食GL/4184kJ的人群粮谷类消费过低,脂肪消费过高,膳食结构不合理。城市居民较农村居民更为严重。以人群粮谷类食物摄入量、碳水化合物供能比、脂肪供能比在推荐的合理范围为依据,初步认为中国成人的膳食GL/4184kJ适宜范围为80~120。     

高糖膳食与PGC-1α基因多肽性相互作用对血脂比值的影响

目的探讨过氧化物酶增殖物活化受体辅激活因子-lα基因(PGC-lα)Gly482Ser多态性对健康青年血脂比值的影响及在高糖低脂(HC/LF)膳食诱导的血脂比值变化中的作用。方法 56名(22.89±1.80岁)健康青年志愿者,给予7d平衡膳食和6dHC/LF膳食,分别于d1、d8及d14清晨取空腹静脉血,测定血脂水平,计算甘油三酯/高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(TG/HDL-C)、log(TG/HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)/HDL-C值、总胆固醇(TC)/HDL-C。提取基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切法分别分析PGC-1αGly482Ser位点多态性。分析不同基因型受试者间血脂比值差异。结果无论是整体水平还是男女分组后,TG/HDL-C、log(TG/HDL-C)、LDL-C/HDL-C以及TC/HDL-C基础值、HC/LF膳食前和HC/LF膳食后在GG基因型受试者和A等位基因携带者之间均没有统计学差异。与HC/LF膳食前相比,在男性,HC/LF膳食后GG基因型受试者TC/HDL-C显著降低,A等位基因携带者除TC/HDL-C显著降低外,LDL-C/HDL-C也显著降低。在女性,HC/LF膳食后GG基因型受试者TC/HDL-C显著降低,A等位基因携带者除TC/HDL-C显著降低外,LDL-C/HDL-C也显著降低,TG/HDL-C、log(TG/HDL-C)却显著升高。结论 PGC-lαGly482SerA等位基因与HC/LF膳食后LDL-C/HDL-C降低有关,与女性TG/HDL-C、log(TG/HDL-C)升高相关联,具有明显的性别差异。     

Association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids

BACKGROUND: The effect of dietary carbohydrate on blood lipids has received considerable attention in light of the current trend in lowering carbohydrate intake for weight loss. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids. METHODS: Blood samples and 24-hour dietary and physical activity recall interviews were obtained from each subject at quarterly intervals for five consecutive quarters between 1994 and 1998 from 574 healthy adults in Central Massachusetts. Relationships between serum lipids and dietary carbohydrate factors were assessed using linear mixed models and adjusting for other risk factors known to be related to blood lipids. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal results were reported. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analysis results from this study suggest that higher total carbohydrate intake, percentage of calories from carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI) and/or glycemic load (GL) are related to lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and higher serum triacylglycerol levels, while higher total carbohydrate intake and/or GL are related to lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. In a one-year longitudinal analysis, GL was positively associated with total and LDL-C levels, and there was an inverse association between percentage of calories from carbohydrate and HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that there is a complex and predominantly unfavorable effect of increased intake of highly processed carbohydrate on lipid profile, which may have implications for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Further studies in the form of randomized controlled trials are required to investigate these associations and determine the implications for lipid management.     

Three distinct clustering patterns in metabolic syndrome abnormalities are differentially associated with dietary factors in Korean adults

Dietary factors are not consistently associated with metabolic syndrome abnormalities. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesized that distinct clustering patterns exist in metabolic syndrome abnormalities and that those patterns are differentially associated with dietary factors. To test this hypothesis, we examined distinct clustering patterns of metabolic syndrome abnormalities and their association with dietary factors in Korean adults. A total of 141 subjects were recruited through the Family Medicine Division of the General Hospital in Seoul. Subjects who had complete data on waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid indicators, and no medication usage were included in this study. Dietary intake data were obtained by multiple 24-hour recalls (2-4 days) through on-site or telephone interviews. To identify clustering patterns of metabolic syndrome abnormalities, factor analysis was used for waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Three distinct clustering patterns were identified: (1) high blood pressure, (2) dyslipidemia, and (3) high blood glucose. The high blood pressure pattern was significantly associated with higher alcohol intake and lower carbohydrate intake. The dyslipidemia pattern was significantly associated with a diet of high glycemic index and glycemic load. The high blood glucose pattern was associated with lower carbohydrate intake. Metabolic syndrome abnormalities had 3 distinct clustering patterns independently associated with dietary factors. Diets with high glycemic index and glycemic load were strongly linked with the dyslipidemia pattern, and high alcohol intake was linked with the high blood pressure pattern in Korean adults.     

厦门市城区居民膳食血糖负荷和膳食胰岛素负荷的 现况调查

摘要:目的　了解厦门市城区居民碳水化合物消费情况及膳食血糖负荷及膳食胰岛素负荷的现状,调查膳食血糖负荷及膳食胰岛素负荷与生化指标。方法　根据全国营养调查方案,2010年10-12月对厦门市城区的6个社区居委会成年居民进行调查,采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法对其中的291人进行膳食调查、身体测量及生化指标测量;根据膳食血糖生成指数（GI）和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食血糖负荷（GL）;根据膳食胰岛素指数（II）和能量及食用频率计算膳食胰岛素负荷（IL）。结果　被调查的厦门市城区成年居民的平均膳食血糖指数为75.2;平均膳食血糖负荷为179.1;平均膳食胰岛素指数为30.4,平均膳食胰岛素负荷为247.2。粮谷类对膳食GL、IL的贡献达92.0%、83.1%。不同GL、IL水平的被调查人群的身体测量及生化指标间的差异无统计学意义;通过多元线性回归分析并未发现膳食GI、GL、II、IL与糖尿病的患病风险有明显的相关性。结论　粮谷类食物是厦门市城区居民膳食GL、IL的主要来源,低膳食GL的人群粮谷类消费低,脂肪消费高,膳食结构不合理;并未发现膳食GL、IL与身体测量及生化指标之间的联系。     

北京市顺义区成人居民血脂异常患病现状及膳食影响因素研究

目的了解北京市顺义区成人血脂异常患病现状及膳食影响因素。方法采用随机整群分层抽样的调查方法对顺义区18岁以上常住居民进行膳食及生活习惯问卷调查,医学体检,测量其血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,比较血脂正常与异常人群膳食影响因素的差异性。结果顺义区946名成人中有466名居民血脂异常,血脂异常的检出率为49.3%。其中有26名混合型高脂血症患者,混合型高脂血症的检出率为2.7%。农村地区成人的能量、脂肪、碳水化合物要明显高于城市地区(P<0.05),成人膳食钠、植物油、食盐的摄入量均超过了《中国居民膳食指南》中推荐标准。血脂异常患者与正常人群脂肪与碳水化合物的供能比存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,腰围、体重、脂肪、胆固醇的高摄入量是顺义区居民血脂异常的危险因素,而烟酸、维生素C的高摄入量是血脂异常的保护因素。结论北京市顺义区成人血脂异常与膳食结构密切相关,不合理的膳食生活方式可能是造成血脂异常的主要因素。     

Associations between Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Studies investigating the associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) among Chinese populations are strikingly limited. To assess the associations between dietary GI and GL values and CMRF, including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia in Chinese adults, we extracted data of 7886 apparently healthy adults from the 2009 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary GI and GL values were calculated using data collected from three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Fasting lipid, glucose, and uric acid concentrations were measured and CMRF were defined on the basis of established criteria. There were no significant associations between dietary GI values and CMRF, and analyzing the data by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and region did not alter these results. Dietary GL values were positively associated with prevalence of hyperuricemia in all participants (Q4 compared with Q1: odds ratio (OR) = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.87; p-trend = 0.0030) and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in participants ≥ 60 years old (Q5 compared with Q1: OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.68; p-trend < 0.0010). Higher dietary GL but not GI values were associated with increased prevalence of hyperuricemia in apparently healthy Chinese adults and hypercholesterolemia in older Chinese adults. Further studies are required to confirm the public health implication of these findings.     

Association of glycemic load with cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study

ObjectiveAssociations between dietary glycemic load (GL) and cardiovascular disease risk factors, including plasma lipoprotein/lipid levels, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism factors, in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were examined.MethodsA random sample of 878 Observational Study participants (postmenopausal women 50–79 y of age) with baseline blood measurements (647 white, 104 black, 127 Hispanic) was included. Dietary GL was estimated from baseline food-frequency questionnaires, which assessed dietary intake over the previous 3 mo. At the baseline visit, participants completed demographic and health habit questionnaires, fasting blood samples were collected, anthropometric measurements were completed, and blood pressure was assessed.ResultsIn all participants combined, GL was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P for trend = 0.004) and positively associated with log₁₀-transformed triacylglycerols (P = 0.008). Although there were no statistically significant interactions of race/ethnicity with associations between GL and cardiovascular disease risk factors, stratified results were suggestive, showing that GL was positively associated with total cholesterol (P = 0.018) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.038) in Hispanics. In white subjects, there was a trend of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with higher GL (P = 0.003), whereas GL was positively associated with log₁₀-transformed triacylglycerols (P = 0.015). Associations between GL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and between GL and triacylglycerols also differed by body mass index, although the interactions were not statistically significant.ConclusionAmong these generally healthy postmenopausal women, GL was associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Suggestive effects of race/ethnicity and body mass index on these associations need to be confirmed in larger studies.     

Effect of Diets Differing in Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Review of Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trials

Despite a considerable amount of data available on the relationship between dietary glycemic index (GI) or load (GL) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, in aggregate, the area remains unsettled. The aim of the present review was to summarize the effect of diets differing in GI/GL on CVD risk factors, by examining randomized controlled-feeding trials that provided all food and beverages to adult participants. The studies included a low and high GI/GL diet phase for a minimum of four weeks duration, and reported at least one outcome related to CVD risk; glucose homeostasis, lipid profile or inflammatory status. Ten publications representing five trials were identified. The low GI/GL compared to the high GI/GL diet unexpectedly resulted in significantly higher fasting glucose concentrations in two of the trials, and a lower area under the curve for glucose and insulin in one of the two studies during an oral glucose tolerance test. Response of plasma total, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations was conflicting in two of the studies for which data were available. There was either weak or no effect on inflammatory markers. The results of the five randomized controlled trials satisfying the inclusion criteria suggest inconsistent effects of the GI/GL value of the diet on CVD risk factors.     

The associations between blood lipids and the Food Guide Pyramid: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: Dietary recommendations are based on nutrients, foods, and food groups, but the relationship between the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) food groups and serum lipids has not been studied. METHODS: NHANES III data were obtained for US adults who met the following criteria: aged 20-59 years, reliable participant, and typical 24-h recall. We examined whether serum lipids (serum total cholesterol (STC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triacylglycerol) were related to FGP food group intake (dairy, fruit, grain, meat, and vegetable). RESULTS: A sample of 9111 participants qualified for this analysis. Fruit intakes were inversely related to STC, HDL-C, and LDL-C (P = 0.012, P = 0.001, and P = 0.014, respectively) and directly related to triacylglycerol levels (P = 0.003). Grain intake was inversely associated with both STC and HDL-C (P = 0.020 and P = 0.000). Dairy and meat intakes were directly related to LDL-C (P = 0.026 and P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Food groups are related to serum lipids. Universal definitions for food groups are needed in research and nutrition education. Studying the relationships between food groups and serum lipids is important for future dietary recommendations related to serum lipids.     

Associations between Dietary Animal and Plant Protein Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors—A Cross-Sectional Study in China Health and Nutrition Survey

Available data investigating the associations between dietary animal and plant protein intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) among populations with habitual plant-based diets are heterogenous and limited in scope. The current study was to assess the associations between dietary animal and plant protein intakes and CMRFs, including lipid and lipoprotein profiles, glucose homeostasis biomarkers, low-grade chronic inflammatory biomarker and uric acid in Chinese adults. Data of 7886 apparently healthy adults were extracted from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. Dietary protein (total, animal and plant) intakes were assessed with three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls, and CMRFs were measured with standard laboratory methods. Substituting 5% of energy intake from animal protein for carbohydrates was positively associated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and uric acid (all p < 0.05). Substituting 5% of energy intake from plant protein for carbohydrates was inversely associated with non-HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, and positively associated with HDL-C and glycated hemoglobin (all p < 0.05). Some of these associations varied in subgroup analyses by BMI, sex, age or region. There were no significant associations between animal or plant protein intakes and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The public health implication of these findings requires further investigation.