不同维持剂量咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的疗效比较

目的:比较两种不同维持剂量枸橼酸咖啡因防治早产儿呼吸暂停的疗效。方法:选择2014年1月至2015年8月在北京大学深圳医院住院且胎龄臆32周的原发性呼吸暂停早产儿72例,随机分为A组[枸橼酸咖啡因维持量为20 mg/(kg·d)] 和B组[枸橼酸咖啡因维持量为10 mg/(kg·d)] 各36例,比较两组呼吸暂停频率及辅助通气情况,观察患儿支气管肺发育不良、坏死性小肠结肠炎、早产儿视网膜病及严重脑室内出血等并发症发生情况及药物相关不良反应。结果:A组在呼吸暂停时间及氧疗时间均短于B组(P<0.05);两组nCPAP辅助通气时间及拔管后重新插管例数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组主要不良反应(心动过速、喂养不耐受、体质量增加时间)比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组患儿恢复出生体质量时间长于B组(P<0.05);两组主要并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:20 mg/(kg·d) 维持剂量咖啡因能改善早产儿呼吸暂停情况且不良反应发生率未明显增加,但是否为最优剂量仍需进一步研究。     

湿化高流量鼻导管通气联合枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停反复 发作疗效观察

目的:探讨枸橼酸咖啡因联合湿化高流量鼻导管通气（HHFNC）对早产儿反复呼吸暂停（AOP）的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2016年6月至2017年12月收治的胎龄30~34周反复发作呼吸暂停早产儿的临床资料,按治疗方式不同分为HHFNC联合枸橼酸咖啡因组和鼻塞式持续气道正压通气（nCPAP）联合枸橼酸咖啡因组,比较两组患儿治疗效果、不良反应、并发症发生率、住院时间及住院费用,并于矫正胎龄40周时行发育筛查测验（DST）智力量表评估,观察发育商（DQ）/智力指数（MI）的差异。结果：HHFNC组鼻黏膜损伤、腹胀的发生要低于nCPAP组（P<0.05）;HHFNC组住院费用低于nCPAP组（P<0.05）;枸橼酸咖啡因联合HHFNC治疗反复发作AOP有效率与nCPAP组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组患儿ROP、BPD、颅内出血等并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组矫正胎龄40周的DST智力量表评估（DQ/MI）比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：枸橼酸咖啡因联合HHFNC治疗反复发作的AOP疗效与nCPAP相当,不良反应发生率低,费用低,同时不影响早产儿早期智力运动发育,HHFNC模式可作为早产儿反复发作AOP的一种有效治疗手段。     

枸橼酸咖啡因联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对极低出生体质量儿呼吸管理的临床效果

目的:研究枸橼酸咖啡因联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(n CPAP)在极低出生体质量儿(VLBW)呼吸管理中的临床疗效。方法:将120例出生体质量<1 500 g的早产儿,按入院时间编号,奇数设为治疗组,偶数设为安慰剂组。治疗组给予枸橼酸咖啡因联合n CPAP进行早期呼吸支持,对照组给予等量生理盐水及n CPAP治疗。对两组患儿呼吸暂停发生率、呼吸暂停症状消失时间、呼吸机使用率、撤机时间、住院时间、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)发生率等进行统计分析。结果:两组患儿呼吸暂停发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但呼吸暂停症状消失时间、呼吸机使用率、撤机时间、平均住院时间、BPD发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:枸橼酸咖啡因联合n CPAP应用于VLBW早期呼吸支持,不仅能缩短VLBW呼吸暂停持续时间,减少呼吸机使用率及使用时间,还能减少BPD发生率,能更好提高VLBW生存质量。     

枸橼酸咖啡因与氨茶碱联合纳洛酮治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的疗效观察

目的：对比枸橼酸咖啡因与氨茶碱联合纳洛酮治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的临床效果和安全性。方法选择本院NICU2013年1月至2013年11月期间收治的34例呼吸暂停早产儿作为对照组,另选择本院NICU2014年1月至2014年11月期间收治的33例呼吸暂停早产儿作为观察组,对照组给予氨茶碱联合纳洛酮治疗,观察组给予枸橼酸咖啡因治疗,回顾分析两组患儿治疗的有效率和不良反应发生率。结果观察组有效29例（88％）,对照组有效24例（70％）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;两组患儿的不良反应发生率从心动过速、喂养不耐受、烦躁不安、高血糖、电解质紊乱方面比较,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停疗效优于氨茶碱联合纳洛酮,不良反应发生率低。     

咖啡因对早产儿支气管肺发育不良的预防效果及对血管内皮生长因子水平的影响

目的 探讨咖啡因对早产儿支气管肺发育不良（BPD）的预防效果及对血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平的影响。方法 选取2020年5月至2021年4月邵阳学院附属第一医院新生儿科收治的42例早产儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组21例。对照组给予常规对症处理,治疗组在对照组的基础上给予咖啡因治疗。比较两组早产儿的住院时间、体重增长速率、需氧时间、BPD发病率、死亡率以及出生后第1、3、7、14、21天时外周血血清中VEGF的表达水平。结果 治疗组早产儿的住院时间和需氧时间均短于对照组,体重增长速率快于对照组,BPD发病率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组早产儿的死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗组早产儿第7、14、21天血清中的VEGF表达水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 VEGF的表达水平与咖啡因治疗BPD时间相关,有一定的临床意义。     

脂肪乳在早产儿黄疸静脉营养中的应用探讨

目的：探讨胆红素〉170μmol／L的早产儿在静脉营养时对脂肪乳的耐受性。方法：我院新生儿科收治的血清胆红素峰值均〉170ttmol／L,体质量〈2500g,孕周〈37周,不能经口喂养的早产低体质量儿100例,随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。观察组按早产儿管理指南能量要求逐日增加脂肪乳用量,对照组胆红素〉170μmol／L时限制脂肪乳用量为1g／k,两组患儿均进行光疗。分别于生后第1天、第3天、第5天、第7天、第10天观察两组患儿血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、血脂指标,对两组患儿体质量变化情况及低血糖发生率进行比较。结果：两组血清总胆红素、直接胆红素及血清胆固醇在第1天、第3天、第10天比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。血清甘油三酯在第5天、第7天时两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。观察组体质量下降幅度较对照组低,恢复至出生体质量日龄明显缩短,观察组患儿低血糖发生率明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：出现黄疸的早产儿在及时光疗情况下不应限制脂肪乳用量。     

枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的临床应用效果观察

目的观察枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的效果。方法随机抽取2016年12月至2017年12月在我院出生的86例早产儿,对照组为氨茶碱治疗,观察组为枸橼酸咖啡因治疗。结果观察组与对照组在治疗后不良反应发生率的对比,有统计学意义(P <0.05)。观察组与对照组在治疗后总有效率的对比,有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论对呼吸暂停的早产儿实施枸橼酸咖啡因治疗,能够充分降低患儿治疗后不良反应的发生率,改善患儿生活质量的同时提高治疗效果。因此,在早产儿呼吸暂停治疗中,可以广泛的采用枸橼酸咖啡因治疗。     

咖啡因治疗超低出生体质量儿呼吸暂停的最佳剂量探究

目的探讨咖啡因联合药物治疗超低出生体质量儿呼吸暂停的最佳剂量。方法将208例超低出生体质量呼吸暂停患儿随机分为低剂量组和高剂量组各104例。所有患儿均给予呼吸中枢兴奋剂、抗生素抗感染、营养支持等基本对症治疗和重症护理,低剂量组给予咖啡因5mg/kg静脉注射,高剂量组给予咖啡因8mg/kg静脉注射,连续治疗1周,比较2组治疗效果及不良反应事件发生率。结果低剂量组呼吸暂停发生率、平均用氧时间及机械通气百分比略高于高剂量组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低剂量组不良反应事件发生率低于高剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论低剂量的枸橼酸咖啡因联合药物治疗超低出生体质量儿呼吸暂停具有显著的治疗效果,并减少了大剂量使用所致的不良反应事件的发生。     

预防性持续低剂量咖啡因治疗超低出生体质量儿呼吸暂停疗效观察

目的：观察预防性持续低剂量咖啡因在超低出生体质量儿呼吸暂停治疗中的临床疗效。方法将超低出生体质量儿208例随机分为试验组和对照组各104例。试验组患儿在出生后尚未发生呼吸暂停时给予持续低剂量咖啡因治疗,对照组患儿在发生呼吸暂停后才开始接受咖啡因治疗。比较并评价2组患儿治疗效果。结果试验组在患儿出生1周内呼吸暂停发生率和体质量增至2.0kg前呼吸暂停发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组反复发生呼吸暂停而使用呼吸机的百分率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论持续低剂量咖啡因用于预防超低出生体质量儿呼吸暂停,能够有效缓解患儿的病症。     

枸橼酸咖啡因与湿化高流量鼻导管通气治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的疗效比较

目的 对比分析枸橼酸咖啡因联合常规给氧与氨茶碱联合湿化高流量鼻导管通气（HHFNC）治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的临床疗效。方法 选取2014年12月至2016年12月邢台市第三医院新生儿科收治的原发性呼吸暂停早产儿72例,采用随机数字表法均分为A、B两组,各36例,均以常规治疗为基础方案,当患儿呼吸暂停发作 ≥ 3次/天或呼吸暂停需皮囊加压给氧才能恢复呼吸时,A组应用枸橼酸咖啡因联合常规给氧方案治疗,B组应用氨茶碱联合HHFNC治疗。对比两组患儿治疗有效率、临床结局、不良反应、中转插管式机械通气情况。结果 A组显效22例（61.1%）,B组显效20例（55.6%）,但两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。A组院内死亡、支气管肺发育不全、神经系统发育异常、总不良反应发生率、中转插管式机械通气率、通气时间、住院时间与B组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 枸橼酸咖啡因联合常规给氧方案与采用氨茶碱联合HHFNC方案治疗早产儿呼吸暂停,临床疗效接近。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.