脊柱损伤病人术前深静脉血栓发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的 观察脊柱损伤病人术前下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的发生情况,并分析其危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年3月至2017年12月西安市红会医院收治的422例脊柱损伤病人的临床资料,根据入院时下肢静脉超声诊断结果将其分为DVT组和非DVT组。先通过单因素分析比较两组间的年龄、性别、骨折部位、受伤至首次行超声检查时间、吸烟、入院时实验室检查（纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、血红蛋白、血细胞比容）、合并内科疾病（原发性高血压、糖尿病、冠心病）、美国脊髓损伤协会（American Spinal Injury Association, ASIA）分级、颈部及下肢超声检查结果等因素,再采用Logistic回归分析确定其独立危险因素。结果 422例脊柱损伤病人中,术前并发DVT者83例（19.7%）,未发生DVT者339例（80.3%）。分析DVT组与非DVT组的组间数据,ASIA分级、合并有原发性高血压、吸烟、血红蛋白及血细胞比容水平、受伤至首次超声检查时间、伴发大血管斑块形成、伴发大血管硬化比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析发现,ASIA分级为A级或B级（P=0.005,OR=6.153,95%CI：0.065~0.607）、合并原发性高血压（P=0.019,OR=2.270,95%CI：0.255~0.882）、吸烟（P=0.006,OR=2.116,95%CI：0.230~0.780）、受伤至首次超声检查时间＞7 d（P=0.033,OR=1.956,95%CI：1.054~3.628）、伴发大血管硬化（P=0.006,OR=1.299,95%CI：1.078~1.565）为脊柱损伤病人术前DVT的独立危险因素。结论 脊柱损伤病人术前DVT的发生率较高,其中ASIA分级为A级或B级、合并原发性高血压、吸烟、受伤至首次超声检查时间＞7 d、伴发大血管硬化是脊柱损伤病人术前DVT发生的独立危险因素。     

髋部骨折24小时内及延迟入院的下肢深静脉血栓发生情况分析

目的 探讨髋部骨折病人骨折后24 h内下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的发生率及危险因素,并对超过24 h住院病人血栓发生率的变化进行分析。方法 回顾性分析西安交通大学医学院附属红会医院2014年10月至2018年3月收治的1 183例髋部骨折病人资料,根据受伤时间至入院时间进行分组。分析24 h内住院的374例髋部骨折病人资料,根据入院时下肢静脉彩超结果分为DVT组和非DVT组,对两组病人的年龄、性别、身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）、骨折类型、美国麻醉医师协会（America Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA）分级、入院时的实验室检查、是否多发伤、是否合并内科疾病等可能危险因素进行单因素分析;采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定其独立危险因素;对超过24 h住院的病人进行DVT发生率的变化情况分析。结果 在髋部骨折后24 h内入院的374例髋部骨折病人中,未发生DVT有292例,发生DVT有82例,血栓发生率为21.93%（82/374）。分析DVT组和非DVT组之间的数据,年龄（P=0.005）、骨折部位（P＜0.001）、入院时血红蛋白（P=0.002）、入院时红细胞压积（P=0.004）之间的差异有统计学意义;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄、骨折部位是髋部骨折24 h内形成DVT的独立危险因素。粗隆间骨折［P=0.002,OR=2.510,95%CI：（1.397,4.510）］和粗隆下骨折［P=0.023,OR=4.798,95%CI：（1.237,18.605）］发生DVT的风险分别是股骨颈骨折发生DVT风险的2.51倍、4.80倍。45~59岁、60~75岁、≥75岁年龄段病人分别是＜45岁病人发生DVT风险的3.12、3.20、6.45倍。24 h内入院的病人DVT发生率最低,延迟住院后DVT发生率逐渐升高,在受伤后8~14 d入院的病人DVT发生率最高,达到48.86%。结论 髋部骨折后24 h内就会发生DVT,DVT的类型以远端血栓为主,也会发生近端血栓,年龄≥75岁、股骨粗隆下骨折的病人发生DVT的风险最高。髋部骨折后,随着入院时间的推迟,DVT的发生率逐渐升高。入院后应当第一时间对DVT进行诊断和预防,防止发生致命性肺栓塞。     

合并症对股骨颈骨折人工全髋关节置换术后髋关节功能的影响

目的 探讨何种合并症对股骨颈骨折人工全髋关节置换术（total hip arthroplasty,THA）术后髋关节功能及死亡率有影响;美国麻醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）分级和Charlson合并症指数（Charlson Comorbidity Index,CCI）是否是术后髋关节功能水平降低及死亡率升高的危险因素。方法 纳入2020年1月至2022年1月于苏州大学附属张家港医院就诊并接受THA的175例老年股骨颈骨折病人,年龄为65~86岁,其中男42例,女133例,收集包括合并症在内的临床资料,术后12个月随访使用Harris髋关节评分（Harris Hip Score,HHS）评价髋关节功能并进行回顾性分析。采用Logistic回归分析术后12个月髋关节功能不良和死亡事件发生的危险因素。结果 脑血管疾病［OR=6.917,95% CI（2.983,16.023）,P＜0.001］、痴呆［OR=11.531,95% CI（1.774,74.963）,P=0.010］、中重度肾功能不全［OR=12.629,95% CI（2.998,53.197）,P=0.001］、肿瘤（不伴转移）［OR=63.118,95% CI（5.419,734.360）,P=0.001］、ASA分级［OR=25.305,95% CI（3.337,191.905）,P=0.002］和CCI［OR=12.367,95% CI（1.876,81.451）,P=0.009］为术后12个月髋关节功能不良的危险因素;心肌梗死［OR=52.985,95% CI（3.575,785.248）,P=0.004］、帕金森病［OR=58.850,95% CI（5.618,616.464）,P=0.001］以及ASA分级［OR=16.643,95% CI（2.264,122.486）,P=0.006］是术后12个月死亡的危险因素。结论 在股骨颈骨折THA术后髋关节功能恢复方面,脑血管疾病、痴呆、中重度肾功能不全和肿瘤是需要被特别关注的合并症;为降低术后12个月死亡率,应对合并心肌梗死和帕金森病的病人加强护理、支持和合并症治疗。此外,CCI和ASA分级在THA术后髋关节功能评估方面有一定的临床意义,ASA分级同样可以用于术后死亡率的评估。     

术前不明原因C-反应蛋白和红细胞沉降率升高对初次全膝关节置换术后早期假体周围感染的影响

目的 探讨术前不明原因的C-反应蛋白（CRP）和红细胞沉降率（ESR）升高对初次全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty，TKA）术后早期假体周围感染（periprosthetic joint infection，PJI）的影响。方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2021年10月在我院因膝骨关节炎行TKA治疗的病人，均排除CRP、ESR升高的明显诱因，经纳入和排除标准获得882例，男293例，女589例，年龄为（67.00±7.91）岁（43~98岁）。根据病人术前血CRP和ESR水平将病人分为四组：双阳组44例，CRP阳性组27例，ESR阳性组176例，双阴组635例。评估四组病人行TKA术后90 d内PJI的发生率，通过二元Logistic回归分析CRP和ESR升高的风险因素。结果 双阳组、CRP阳性组、ESR阳性组和双阴组术后90 d内的PJI发生率分别为6.82%（3/44）、0（0/27）、2.27%（4/176）、1.10%（7/635），四组的感染率比较，差异有统计学意义（P=0.022）。合并糖尿病（OR=2.629，95% CI：1.535~4.502，P＜0.001）和身体质量指数（BMI）高（OR=2.575，95% CI：1.867~3.552，P＜0.001）是术前CRP水平升高的风险因素；女性（OR=2.701，95% CI：1.810~4.031，P＜0.001）、高BMI（OR=1.207，95% CI：2.435~3.942，P＜0.001）和合并糖尿病（OR=1.827，95% CI：1.218~2.739，P=0.004）是术前ESR水平升高的风险因素。结论 术前不明原因CRP和ESR升高增加初次TKA术后90 d内PJI发生风险，应结合性别、BMI、是否合并糖尿病，最后确定能否进行手术，是否需要围术期的额外治疗来预防和降低PJI的发生。     

经皮椎间孔镜下腰椎间盘切除术后效果不佳的相关因素分析

目的 探讨经皮椎间孔镜下腰椎间盘切除术（percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy, PELD）后效果不佳的原因。方法 回顾性分析三峡大学附属仁和医院骨科2014年1月至2018年12月采用PELD手术治疗的346例腰椎间盘突出症病人的临床资料,其中男146例,女200例,年龄为17~68岁。比较术后效果良好和效果不佳病人之间在年龄、性别、术前美国麻醉医师协会（America Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA）分级、是否髓核残留、是否椎间孔减压成型、是否规范康复训练、术中出血与否、是否合并腰椎管狭窄、术后有无并发症、是否椎间盘复发这10个方面的差异,对上述结果中有差异的变量进一步采用二分类Logistic回归分析导致PELD术后效果不佳的危险因素。结果 346例病人平均随访12个月,其中31例术后效果不佳,发生于术后3~30个月,平均为16个月。术后效果良好和效果不佳病人间在年龄、是否髓核残留、是否椎间孔减压成型、是否规范康复训练、是否合并腰椎管狭窄、术后有无并发症以及是否椎间盘复发这7个方面比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示：髓核残留［OR=4.008,95% CI（1.643,9.773）,P=0.002］、合并腰椎管狭窄［OR=9.134,95% CI（3.604,23.150）,P＜0.001］、椎间盘复发［OR=2.489,95% CI（0.948,6.533）,P=0.044］及术后有相关并发症［OR=2.031,95% CI（0.912,5.892）,P=0.041］是PELD术后效果不佳的危险因素。椎间孔减压成型［OR=0.483,95% CI（0.280,10.833）,P=0.009］是PELD术后效果的保护因素。结论 突出椎间盘髓核残留、合并腰椎管狭窄、椎间盘复发及术后相关并发症是PELD术后效果不佳的危险因素,需严格把握手术适应证、椎管内及椎间孔彻底减压,可减少术后效果不佳的发生。     

髋部骨折术前双下肢深静脉血栓发生率及其危险因素分析

目的 探讨髋部骨折术前双下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的发生率及其危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2014年9月至2017年10月西安红会医院收治的997例髋部骨折病人资料,男382例,女615例;平均年龄为72.3（17~102）岁。其中股骨颈骨折493例,股骨转子间骨折470例,股骨转子下骨折34例。根据术前双下肢静脉彩超结果分为双下肢血栓组、非双下肢血栓组。对年龄、性别、骨折类型、受伤至手术的时间、术前的实验室检查（血红蛋白、红细胞比容、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体）、合并内科疾病（原发性高血压、糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、合并两种以上的内科疾病、无内科疾病）等可能危险因素进行单因素分析,再采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定其独立危险因素。结果 997例髋部骨折病人中66例（6.62%）术前发生双下肢DVT。双下肢血栓组与非双下肢血栓组病人的性别、骨折类型、术前D-二聚体水平、术前纤维蛋白原水平、合并内科疾病比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）;而两组病人年龄、受伤至手术时间、术前血红蛋白水平、术前红细胞比容比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄＞60岁［95%CI（1.153,12.367）,P=0.028］、受伤至手术时间＞7 d［95%CI（1.087,3.178）,P=0.023］为髋部骨折术前双下肢DVT的独立危险因素。结论 髋部骨折术前双下肢DVT的发生率约为6.62%;病人的年龄＞60岁、受伤至手术时间＞7 d是髋部骨折术前双下肢DVT的独立危险因素。     

肝癌切除术后胸腔积液危险因素的Meta分析

背景与目的 全球范围内肝癌发病率呈现上升趋势,严重影响人类健康。肝切除术通常作为肝癌首选治疗方法,但术后并发症较高,远期疗效待提高。胸腔积液是肝切除术后常见并发症,研究发现血清白蛋白水平、饮酒、右肝切除等与肝切除术后胸腔积液的发生关系密切,但目前尚无统一定论。本研究旨在通过Meta分析的方法探讨肝癌患者肝切除术后并发胸腔积液的危险因素,为降低肝切除术后胸腔积液发生率提供依据。方法 检索多个国内外数据库,收集建库至2020年10月公开发表的关于肝癌患者肝切除术后胸腔积液影响因素的文献,按纳入标准和排除标准进行文献筛选,制定数据提取表提取数据后,应用RevMan 5.3软件对各项指标进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入13篇病例对照研究文献,合计5 422例患者,Meta分析显示,肝癌患者肝切除术后胸腔积液的主要危险因素有高龄（MD=5.03,95% CI=1.85~8.21）、术前血清白蛋白低（OR=-1.28,95% CI=-2.14~-0.42）、有饮酒史（OR=1.46,95% CI=1.03~2.06）、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病（OR=3.15,95% CI=1.15~8.59）、乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒感染（OR=0.98,95% CI=0.72~1.34;OR=2.17,95% CI=1.18~4.00）、腹水（MD=7.13,95% CI=3.53~14.40）、肿瘤直径大（MD=1.30,95% CI=0.27~2.33）、肝门长时间阻断（MD=3.24,95% CI=1.65~4.83）、术中出血量大（MD=482.99,95% CI=183.24~782.74）、手术时间长（MD=67.14,95% CI=47.49~86.79）、右肝肿瘤切除（MD=10.29,95% CI=4.60~22.99）、术后总胆红素（TBIL）水平高（MD=19.83,95% CI=6.17~33.49）、术后凝血酶原时间长（MD=2.15,95% CI=0.19~4.10）、术后白蛋白低（MD=-4.06,95% CI=-7.07~-1.06）。不确定因素有术前TBIL、肝硬化、糖尿病。结论 本研究确定14项肝切除术后并发胸腔积液的危险因素,针对这些危险因素采取相应预防措施,有利于降低肝切除术后胸腔积液发生。本研究结果仍有待未来大样本、更严谨的多中心随机对照试验来验证。     

肌肉减少症对胰十二指肠切除术后临床结局影响的Meta分析

背景与目的 肌肉减少症可导致机体四肢功能障碍、生活质量下降、死亡等不良事件风险增加。关于肌肉减少症对胰十二指肠切除术（PD）患者影响的研究较少,结论也不一致。本研究系统评价肌肉减少症对接受PD术患者术后临床结局的影响,以期通过有效干预来改善临床结局。方法 利用PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、CNKI、维普、万方数据库检索相关文献,检索时间为建库至2022年6月1日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的质量和偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3软件对数据进行分析。结果 纳入14项研究,共计2 198例患者,其中肌肉减少症组737例,非肌肉减少症组1 461例,均为队列研究。Meta分析结果显示,两组的手术时间和伤口感染、尿路感染、胆汁漏、术后出血等并发症发生率均无明显差异（均P>0.05）;与非肌肉减少症组患者比较,肌肉减少症组患者术前BMI（WMD=-1.22,95% CI=-1.82~0.62,P<0.001）、术前白蛋白水平（WMD=-0.30,95% CI=-0.41~0.19,P<0.001）均较低;术中出血量较多（WMD=88.12,95% CI=6.94~169.31,P<0.05）;术后总体并发症（OR=3.53,95% CI=2.52~4.94,P<0.001）、Clavien-Dindo ≥3级并发症（OR=1.57,95% CI=1.17~2.12,P=0.003）、菌血症（OR=4.46,95% CI=1.42~13.98,P=0.01）、肺炎（OR=2.07,95% CI=1.31~3.25,P=0.002）、胰瘘（OR=1.34,95% CI=1.05~1.72,P=0.02）发生率较高;住院时间延长（OR=3.18,95% CI=1.97~4.39,P<0.001）,病死率增加（OR=3.17,95% CI=1.55~6.50,P=0.002）。结论 PD术患者术前合并肌肉减少症的比例较高。合并肌肉减少症对患者的临床结局有不利影响,并发症发生率和病死率增加,住院时间延长。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡的危险因素分析

目的 探讨Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡（persistent coronal imbalance,PCI）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年1月在西安交通大学附属红会医院行后路脊柱融合术且随访2年以上的112例Lenke 5C型AIS病人的临床资料。根据病人术后2年的冠状面平衡状态分为PCI组和非PCI组。PCI定义为术后冠状面失衡持续时间≥2年。测量并比较两组病人术前、术后即刻和术后2年的各项冠状面参数和矢状面参数;采用脊柱侧凸研究学会-22评分量表（Scoliosis Research Society-22,SRS-22）评估病人临床疗效。并进一步对上述相关因素进行多元二分类Logistic回归分析确定PCI的独立危险因素。结果 112例病人中,50例（44.6%）术后发生即刻冠状面失衡,其中12例（10.7%）冠状面失衡持续至术后2年。多元二分类Logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大［比值比（odds ratio,OR）=1.841,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）：1.147~2.132,P=0.001］、术前胸弯柔韧性较差（OR=1.308,95% CI：1.041~2.015,P=0.016）、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大（OR=2.291,95% CI：1.120~4.719,P=0.001）、术前下端固定椎（lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV）倾斜角较大（OR=2.141,95% CI：1.491~3.651,P=0.011）、术后即刻冠状面失衡（OR=5.512,95% CI：4.531~6.891,P=0.001）是发生PCI的独立危险因素。PCI组术后2年SRS-22量表满意度和总分均显著低于非PCI组（P＜0.05）。结论 年龄较大、术前胸弯柔韧性较差、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大、术前LIV倾斜角较大和术后即刻冠状面失衡是预测PCI的重要参数。PCI对Lenke 5C型AIS病人后路脊柱融合术后临床效果产生不良影响。     

脊髓损伤术后深静脉血栓形成的相关因素分析

目的：初步探讨脊髓损伤术后深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的高危因素为预防DVT提供一定的参考价值。方法：选取2016年1月至2017年12月因胸腰段椎体爆裂骨折致脊髓损伤的85例患者作为研究对象,所有患者随访6个月,其中失访5例,最终纳入80例。根据是否出现深静脉血栓分为DVT组35例和对照组45例。采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件对数据进行统计分析,并用多因素Logistic回归分析脊髓损伤术后的高危因素。结果：80例脊髓损伤患者术后中有35例发生深静脉血栓,发生率约43.7%。DVT组平均年龄（47.77±10.76）岁高于无DVT组的（37.35±10.20）岁（χ²=19.56,P=0.000）;DVT组体重指数≥ 28 kg/m²,合并糖尿病、吸烟史,无肢体气压治疗及踝泵练习患者的发生率高（P<0.05）;脊髓损伤ASIA分级A级的发生率DVT组（48.5%）高于无DVT组（20%）（P<0.05）。采用MedCalc 15.8软件绘制ROC曲线：当年龄>45岁时,深静脉血栓发生率较高,其特异度：84.4%,敏感性：72.6%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示下列因素：患者年龄>45岁[OR=1.665,95% CI（1.102-2.516）],糖尿病病史[OR=3.273,95% CI（1.291-8.295）],吸烟史[OR=3.302,95% CI（1.267-8.605）],脊髓损伤ASIA分级A级[OR=5.736,95% CI（3.152-11.74）],无肢体气压治疗及踝泵练习[OR=3.013,95% CI（0.116-0.789）]具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,是深静脉血栓形成的高危险因素。结论：脊髓损伤患者术后DVT的发生率仍很高,当年龄>45岁、合并糖尿病病史、吸烟史、脊髓损伤ASIA分级A级等其中一个或多个危险因素时,应提前予以预防措施等对预防深静脉血栓的形成具有重要意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.