鼻内镜下额窦手术

目的：探讨应用鼻内镜进行额窦手术。方法：总结201例鼻内镜下额窦手术。其中额窦炎症性病变190例，额窦粘液囊肿10例，额窦骨瘤1例，合并其它鼻腔病变247侧。术前行鼻窦CT扫描，结合术中鼻内镜准确定位额窦开口，清除或纠正额窦开口及其周围结构病变或变异，以建立良好的符合生理性的额窦通气引流通道。结果：术后随访3～18个月，全部病例症状消失或改善，无一例复发，无术后严重并发症。结论：鼻内镜下额窦手术不失为一种安全、有效及微创的手术方式，适用于大多数额窦病变。     

Long-term results after endoscopic sinus surgery involving frontal recess dissection

OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term follow-up on a cohort of patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery with identification and preservation of the natural frontal outflow tract. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Retrospective chart review, telephone interview, and endoscopic evaluation on a previously studied cohort of patients at a university affiliated medical center. RESULTS: Two hundred patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery were previously studied and reported after short-term (mean = 12.2 mo) follow-up. One hundred fifty-two (76%) patients were available for long-term (mean 72.3 mo) follow-up and assessment of subjective symptoms. Fifty-seven of 152 (37.5%) patients also had nasal endoscopy for evaluation of objective findings. The percentage of patients responding to telephone interview reporting overall improvement after surgery was 92.4%. Endoscopic assessment revealed patency of the frontal sinus in 67.6% of the patients after initial surgery. Thirteen additional patients had patent sinuses after revision procedures, bringing overall patency rate to 71.1%. We found statistically significant correlation of asthma and smoking and poor subjective and objective outcome. CONCLUSION: Long-term assessment of subjective and objective findings in our previously reported cohort of patients who underwent frontal sinus surgery indicates that the frontal sinus, similar to any other sinus, can be successfully treated surgically by preserving the natural frontal sinus outflow tract.     

额窦引流系统及鼻内镜额窦手术研究进展

鼻内镜额窦手术是鼻内镜鼻窦手术中的难点，手术风险和失败率较高，受到临床广泛关注。手术成功的重要前提是充分理解额窦引流系统，该系统包括：额漏斗、额窦口、额隐窝。额窦引流系统结构复杂，特别是额隐窝解剖变化大，解剖复杂。在对额窦引流系统和额隐窝的不断认识中，先后提出了5种分类方法：Bent and Kuhn分类、改良Bent and Kuhn分类、鼻丘-筛泡分类、欧洲鼻腔鼻窦解剖分类及国际额窦解剖分类。根据手术技巧和手术范围的不同，先后提出了Stammberger剥蛋壳技术、Friedman术式“钩突径路”额窦开放术、改良Lothrop 手术等鼻内镜额窦开放技术。根据额窦开放和手术切除的范围，有Draf分型和国际额窦鼻内镜术分类两种手术分级方法。随着对额窦引流系统解剖认识的不断加深和手术器械的改进及手术技巧的不断提高，目前的鼻内镜额窦手术不再局限于某些技巧或方法，更常见的是根据额隐窝气化和解剖情况，充分切除额隐窝开放额窦。本文对额窦引流系统分类、鼻内镜下额窦手术技术及手术分级的发展和现状进行了回顾和总结，分析了鼻内镜额窦手术的相关问题，以求提高手术成功率，减少手术并发症。     

Objective outcome after functional endoscopic sinus surgery: prediction factors

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: After failure of medical treatment, chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis require surgical management. However, little is known about the predictive factors for objective outcome after sinus surgery. The aims of the study were to correlate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical factors to healing outcome and to establish their respective predictive values. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: Eighteen patients who had surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis and 18 who had surgery for nasal polyposis at the Ghent University Hospital (Ghent, Belgium) were followed for a 6-month period. In all, 76 operated sides were independently considered. The healing quality was evaluated by endoscopy weekly and then monthly for a period of 6 months. A logistic regression analysis with healing quality at month 6 as outcome was performed on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors. RESULTS: Previous sinus surgery (P =.0006) and initial disease (P =.0430) were found to be highly predictive for the healing outcome at month 6, patients with nasal polyposis or previous surgery showing significantly worse objective outcome (P =.0034 and P <.0001, respectively). The preoperative computed tomography scan had no predictive value with respect to the extent of surgery (P =.0281). Postoperative parameters had less predictive value. CONCLUSION: Initial disease and its severity as reflected by the extent of surgery and surgical antecedents were the best predictors for the objective outcome at 6 months after sinus surgery. Whereas the first postoperative phase showed similar characteristics for all patients, the healing course differed between patients from month 1 to the end point.     

Influence of age on the surgical outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patient age is associated with the surgical outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with polypectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, controlled case series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 60 patients who were diagnosed as having chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis (NP) that was refractory to medical treatment. Three groups were classified according to patient age: pediatric (5-18 yr), adult (19-65 yr), and geriatric (over 65 yr). We collected 20 patients in each age group after applying the exclusion criteria. The extent of the polyps and the Lund-Mackay score were calculated for each patient, and they underwent ESS with polypectomy. We compared the objective endoscopic findings and subjective improvements in symptoms among the groups 6 months after the procedure. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in polyp extent or Lund-Mackay score between the three age groups. The objective surgical outcome based on the endoscopic findings was worst in the pediatric group (45%), whereas the geriatric group showed the best results (90%). The differences in objective outcome among the three groups were significant, and patient age was a predictive variable for surgical result based on multiple logistic regression analysis. No major complications occurred, and the overall improvement in subjective symptoms was statistically significant in all three age groups at 6 months postoperatively. The subjective surgical outcome did not differ statistically between the groups, with the exception of olfactory disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that patient age influences the objective postoperative outcome in the endoscopic treatment of CRS with NP, and that ESS is an effective and reliable method for improving the subjective symptoms in patients of all age groups despite the statistically different objective surgical outcomes between the groups.     

A prospective study of olfaction following endoscopic sinus surgery with adjuvant medical treatment

Few studies on the outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery have assessed the effect of this treatment on the sense of smell. We have collected data prospectively on 115 patients, before and 6 weeks after surgery. All patients had bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis. Visual analogue and a 4-grade, patient-rated symptom score related to olfaction was collected. Patients were also asked after surgery whether their sense of smell was normal, better, a little better, the same, a little worse or worse. Paired phenylethyl methyl ethyl carbinol olfactory detection thresholds were determined for 102 of the patients. All parameters showed a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001). Acoustic rhinometry was performed pre- and postoperatively in 96 patients. The improvement in all olfactory symptom scores was found to correlate with the increase in nasal volume (Spearman rank correlation: visual analogue score, P < 0.005; 4-grade scale, P = 0.03; ‘better, same, worse’ scale, P = 0.001).     

Endoscopic and quality-of-life outcomes after revision endoscopic sinus surgery

OBJECTIVES: First, to examine the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on endoscopic and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes after revision ESS as compared to primary ESS. Second, to evaluate whether or not other risk factors and/or co-morbidities influence the relationship between revision surgery status and outcomes of ESS. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study with an internal comparison group. METHODS: Preoperative computed tomography scores, pre and postoperative endoscopy scores, and two validated disease-specific QOL instruments, the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), were collected on a prospective cohort of patients undergoing ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis. Data were analyzed using Pearson's chi and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: Mean preoperative Lund-Mackay computed tomography scan scores were similar in primary and revision surgery patients. In patients without polyps, revision ESS patients were 3.88 times more likely to improve on endoscopy scores than primary ESS patients (95% confidence interval 1.70, 8.83; P = .001). In nasal polyp patients, there was no difference by revision status (odds ratio 0.48; 95% confidence interval 0.15, 1.59; P = .23). The odds of improving on the RSDI (odds ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.25, 1.04, P = .065) and CSS (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.51, 1.89, P = .950) were not significantly different by revision status. CONCLUSIONS: Both revision and primary ESS patients improved after ESS with regard to endoscopy, RSDI, and CSS scores. In non-polyp patients, revision ESS patients were more likely to improve on endoscopy scores than primary ESS patients; there was no difference in polyp patients by revision status. Revision ESS patients and primary ESS patients were equally as likely to improve on two QOL instruments.     

Combined external and endoscopic frontal sinusotomy with stent placement: a retrospective review

OBJECTIVES: To examine the long-term results of combined external and endoscopic frontal sinusotomy using frontal sinus stents and to compare our results with those reported for the endoscopic Lothrop procedure. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective review of 40 patients with chronic frontal sinusitis refractory to medical management who underwent a total of 62 combined external and endoscopic frontal sinusotomies with stent placement. All procedures were performed by the senior author at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative nasofrontal duct patency and subjective patient improvement based on the last clinical examination. RESULTS: The overall patency rate of the nasofrontal duct was 79% (95% confidence interval [CI] of +/-10%.) The overall subjective patient improvement rate was 78% (95% CI of +/-14%.). The average length of stent placement was 5 weeks. The mean patient follow-up time was 12 months. There were no surgical complications. The nasofrontal duct patency rate and patient improvement rate from our study did not differ statistically from results reported by other authors using the endoscopic Lothrop procedure. CONCLUSION: We have found endoscopic frontal sinusotomy, in conjunction with external frontal sinusotomy and placement of frontal sinus stents, to be as effective in obtaining frontal sinus patency rates and overall patient improvement rates as the endoscopic Lothrop procedure.     

Paranasal sinus exostoses: Possible correlation with cold temperature nasal irrigation after endoscopic sinus surgery

Exostoses of the external auditory canal (EEAC) are a commonly encountered clinical exam finding; however, exostoses in other locations are vanishingly rare. The postoperative paranasal sinuses are penetrated with cold water solutions, the reputed etiological agent for EEAC, and development of exostoses in this unexpected location may be observed endoscopically. The surprising appearance of these protuberant lesions within the sinuses could be mistaken for more ominous processes, subjecting the patient to biopsy, surgery, or unnecessary medical therapy. The radiologic appearance of exostoses within the paranasal sinuses is herein reported for the first time, and care is taken to distinguish these bony lesions from the osteoneogenesis of chronic inflammation. Laryngoscope, 2013     

Important clinical symptoms in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of individual Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RSTF) symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in 201 patients treated with FESS. The prevalence and severity of individual RSTF major and minor symptom scores graded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared. Correlation between absolute improvement in individual symptom scores at 1-year postoperative was performed. RESULTS: One-hundred fifty-eight of 201 patients met inclusion criteria giving a response rate of 78%. The average age was 49.4 (range 18-80) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. The preoperative leading mean symptom scores were postnasal drip (5.8 +/- 0.3), nasal obstruction (5.7 +/- 0.3), and facial congestion (5.1 +/- 0.3). These symptoms were also the most prevalent with 82%, 84%, and 79% of patients reporting these symptoms, respectively. Postoperative symptom improvements were significant (P < .0001) across all RSTF domains except fever. The highest percentage improvement was seen with facial congestion (93%), nasal obstruction (92%), and postnasal drip (85%). Multivariate analysis revealed significant (P < .0001) high correlation between improvements of facial pain/pressure with facial congestion (R = 0.72), facial congestion with nasal obstruction (R = 0.65), and facial pain/pressure with headache (R = 0.72). CONCLUSION: The top three RSTF symptoms were postnasal drip, nasal obstruction, and facial congestion in terms of prevalence and severity. Symptom scores improved after FESS. Of these symptoms, the degree of improvement of facial pain/pressure, facial congestion, nasal obstruction, and headache are highly correlated.     

鼻内镜治疗额、筛窦囊肿的临床分析

目的比较鼻内镜手术和鼻内镜与鼻外联合进路手术治疗额、筛窦黏液囊肿的疗效。方法37例鼻内镜手术和鼻内镜与鼻外联合进路治疗额、筛窦黏液囊肿患者及随访14个月～3年，比较两种术式的治疗效果。结果26例采用鼻内镜手术，11例采用鼻内镜与鼻外联合进路，均能够较好暴露术野，术后囊腔得到充分引流；34例获得满意疗效，无严重并发症发生。结论鼻内镜手术是治疗额、筛窦黏液囊肿安全的有效方法。     

孤立性额窦病变的手术治疗和疗效分析

目的：探讨孤立性额窦疾病或以额窦为主体的疾病的手术方式及预后。方法：诊治27例、29侧额窦内病变,包括阻塞性炎症、化脓性炎症、额窦囊肿、额窦霉菌病、良性肿瘤等,其中16例行鼻内径路鼻内镜手术,11例行鼻内镜下鼻内外联合径路手术。患者均随访1年以上。结果：鼻内镜手术16例中术后1年4例复发,复发率为25％,其中2例行二次手术。鼻外、鼻内联合径路11例中术后1年3例复发,复发率为27．3％,差异无显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：额窦手术尤其是鼻内镜下的额窦手术较为困难,须区别病变特性,以行适当的手术和术中处理。     

Influence of polyps on outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and comparative outcomes for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with polyposis. METHODS: Two cohorts of adult patients with refractory CRS with and without nasal polyps were prospectively studied before and after ESS (minimum follow-up, 12 months) with the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory (RSI). For the non-polyp and polyp cohorts, RSI symptom domains and medical resource utilization were compared in the preoperative and postoperative states. Corresponding effect sizes were computed and compared between cohorts to determine the effect of polyps on prognosis after ESS. RESULTS: A total of 165 non-polyp and 86 polyp patients were enrolled. Polyps were more common in female patients (2:1, P = .025); age (mean, 42.9 years) and follow-up (18.5 months) were similar between groups. Lund scores were significantly higher for polyp patients (13.7, SD 4.8) vs. non-polyp patients (8.1, SD 5.3, P < .001). At baseline, polyp patients reported lower symptom scores for facial, oropharyngeal, and systemic RSI symptom domains (all P < .012); nasal and total symptom domains were similar between groups. Both non-polyp and polyp groups obtained significant symptomatic benefit from ESS with effect sizes for RSI symptom domain improvements ranging from 0.89 to 1.38 and 0.43 to 1.19, respectively (all P < .001). There were no significant differences between groups in symptomatic improvement, excepting oropharyngeal symptoms (better improvement in non-polyp group, P = .024). Non-polyp patients decreased medical resource consumption more significantly than did polyp patients. CONCLUSIONS: Both non-polyp and polyp patients derive similar clinically significant symptomatic improvement after ESS. These similarities suggest that polyp patients do not necessarily have a poorer symptomatic outcome after ESS.     

修正性鼻内镜手术联合中鼻甲切除术综合治疗难治性鼻-鼻窦炎

目的探讨修正性鼻内镜手术联合中鼻甲切除术综合治疗难治性鼻一鼻窦炎的手术效果及应用价值。方法35例难治性鼻一鼻窦炎经CT检查、鼻内窥镜检查、局部用药等规范术前准备,行改良鼻丘径路额窦开放为主修正手术加中鼻甲全部或部分切除,术后凭鼻内镜保健手册进行定期复查,规范随访。26例合并鼻中隔偏曲者其中16例行内镜下传统矫正切除,10例行局限性矫正切除;15例合并变应性鼻炎者对下鼻甲前端、中鼻甲对应鼻中隔等部位黏膜电凝。结果35例患者门诊内镜随诊3～6月以上,治愈11例（31．4％）,黏膜完全上皮化;好转18例（51．4％）,黏膜可以上皮化,但变应性鼻炎发作时,术腔黏膜水肿,经局部处理及药物治疗后可恢复上皮化;无效6例（17．2％）。总有效率82-8％,6例无效均为合并变应性鼻炎及哮喘患者。结论修正性鼻内镜手术联合中鼻甲切除术综合治疗难治性鼻鼻窦炎,疗效较为确切,值得临床推广。