黄芩苷对创伤性脑损伤模型大鼠的治疗作用及Akt/Nrf2信号通路的影响

目的 探讨黄芩苷对创伤性脑损伤（TBI）模型大鼠的治疗作用及蛋白激酶B(Akt)/核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路的影响。方法 建立TBI模型大鼠,按照随机数字表法分成模型组、阳性对照组（单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液14 mg/kg）及黄芩苷低、中、高剂量组（50、100、200 mg/kg）,每组12只;另取12只大鼠设为假手术组。检测大鼠神经功能缺损评分（mNSS）、脑组织含水量、脑组织Akt、Nrf2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平,并观察大鼠脑组织病理结构。结果 假手术组大鼠脑组织细胞结构完整、排列整齐,未见出血及水肿;模型组大鼠脑组织细胞排列松散,且部分细胞点状坏死,大量炎性细胞浸润,出血和水肿明显;黄芩苷低、中、高剂量组大鼠脑组织出血、水肿面积和点状坏死细胞数量逐渐减少;阳性对照组和黄芩苷高剂量组效果相近。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠mNSS评分[（8.43±1.72）分比（0.37±0.04）分,P<0.05]、脑组织含水量[（82.93±2.19）%比（68.72±1.36）%,P<0.05]升高,脑组织Akt、Nrf2 mRNA[Akt mRNA:(0....     

丙烯酰胺对大鼠睾丸的毒性作用及其对增殖细胞核抗原蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察丙烯酰胺(AA)对大鼠睾丸的毒性作用及其对增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白表达的影响.方法 将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(双蒸水)、4 mg/kg AA染毒组、12 mg/kg AA染毒组和36 mg/kg AA染毒组.连续灌胃30 d后,取睾丸行苏木精-伊红染色,观察睾丸组织形态学变化;TUNEL法检测睾丸细胞凋亡情况;化学发光法检测血清中睾酮和雌二醇含量;反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测睾丸组织PCNA mRNA表达;免疫组织化学法和Western blotting技术检测睾丸组织PCNA蛋白表达.结果 12 mg/kg和36 mg/kg AA染毒组大鼠体质量明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).12 mg/kg和36 mg/kg AA染毒组大鼠睾丸组织生精细胞减少,生精上皮萎缩,管腔出现空泡,凋亡细胞显著增多.各染毒组大鼠血清睾酮水平均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);12 mg/kg和36 mg/kg AA染毒组大鼠血清雌二醇水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).与对照组比较,12 mg/kg和36 mg/kg AA染毒组大鼠睾丸组织PCNA mRNA和蛋白表达均明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 AA染毒可引起雄性大鼠性激素分泌减少,睾丸组织发生病理学改变,凋亡细胞增多,PCNA蛋白表达减少,打乱生精细胞增殖与凋亡的动态平衡,导致生殖系统发生不同程度的功能障碍.     

基于VEGF信号通路研究苗药血脉通对脑出血大鼠脑组织细胞自噬与凋亡的作用

【摘要】目的 探讨基于血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）信号通路研究苗药血脉通对脑出血大鼠脑组织细胞自噬、凋亡的作用及其相关的作用机制。方法 选取正常Wistar雄性大鼠50只,将12只大鼠作为假手术组,其余按照Rosenberg法建立脑出血大鼠模型随机分为脑出血组、给药A组和给药B组。给药A组和给药B组分别予以15 mg/（kg·d）、30 mg/（kg·d）苗药血脉通治疗,假手术组、脑出血组予以等量生理盐水,给药方式为灌胃,均连续给药35 d。采用TUNEL法检测各组大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡情况;采用Weatern blot法检测Beclin-1、VEGF、基质细胞衍生因子1（SCDF-1α）、CXCR-4蛋白表达量,免疫组化法检测PI3K、AKT蛋白水平;测定各组大鼠脑出血病灶体积。结果 脑出血组、给药A组和给药B组大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡数、脑出血病灶体积、Beclin-1、VEGF、PI3K、AKT、SCDF-1α、CXCR-4等蛋白表达量均显著高于假手术组（P＜0.05）。与脑出血组比较,给药A组和B组大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡数、脑出血病灶体积均显著降低（P＜0.05）,Beclin-1、VEGF、PI3K、AKT、SCDF-1α、CXCR-4等蛋白表达量均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 苗药血脉通治疗脑出血可通过激活VEGF信号通路调节细胞自噬,抑制细胞凋亡,发挥脑保护作用。     

吡格列酮对胰岛素抵抗骨骼肌细胞PTEN表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察吡格列酮对胰岛素抵抗骨骼肌细胞第10号染色体缺失及与张力蛋白同源的磷酸酶(PTEN)及其磷酸化、蛋白激酶B(Akt)磷酸化蛋白表达、细胞凋亡的影响.方法 传代培养大鼠骨骼肌细胞,棕榈酸作用制备胰岛素抵抗模型.分以下3组:正常细胞组、胰岛素抵抗组、胰岛素抵抗+吡格列酮组.3组细胞各经胰岛素刺激15 min.Western blotting检测各组PTEN、PTEN磷酸化及Akt磷酸化的表达.流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡率.结果 胰岛素抵抗组大鼠骨骼肌细胞PTEN及PTEN磷酸化蛋白表达较正常细胞组增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);胰岛素抵抗组Akt磷酸化蛋白表达较正常细胞组下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);胰岛素抵抗+吡格列酮组PTEN、PTEN磷酸化及Akt磷酸化蛋白表达较胰岛素抵抗组均明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).胰岛素抵抗组与正常细胞组比较凋亡细胞明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);胰岛素抵抗+吡格列酮组与胰岛素抵抗组比较凋亡细胞明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 胰岛素抵抗时PTEN及其磷酸化表达增加,影响细胞凋亡.吡格列酮通过增加PTEN基因的表达,进一步增加骨骼肌细胞凋亡.     

原花青素对脑出血后脑水肿及继发性脑损伤炎症的作用研究

目的 探讨原花青素对脑出血后脑水肿及继发性脑损伤炎症的作用.方法 48只C57BL6小鼠分为4组:Sham+生理盐水组,Sham+原花青素(100 mg/kg)组,ICH+生理盐水组,ICH+原花青素(100mg/kg)组.采用Bederson法检测术后小鼠神经功能评分,干湿比重法检测小鼠脑组织含水量,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察小鼠脑组织细胞形态改变,Western blot法观察小鼠脑组织胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及离子钙结合蛋白受体1 (Iba1)的表达,TUNEL及Western blot法观察小鼠脑组织细胞凋亡情况.结果 12 h后与ICH+生理盐水组相比,ICH+原花青素组的神经功能障碍症状评分明显降低(P＜0.05),脑组织含水量明显降低(P＜0.05).HE染色结果显示,原花青素能减少脑出血小鼠神经细胞病变数量,降低脑组织出血量.Western blot结果显示,原花青素能促进脑出血组织B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)的表达,降低Bcl-2相关X蛋白、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3、GFAP和Iba-1的表达量.TUNEL结果显示,原花青素能抑制脑出血小鼠脑组织神经细胞的凋亡.结论 原花青素可能通过降低GFAP和Iba-1的表达抑制神经毒性物质的产生,防治脑出血后继发性脑损伤.     

基于PI3K/Akt通路豨莶草抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用机制研究

目的:基于PI3K/Akt通路研究豨莶草抗脑缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的作用机制。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组和豨莶草不同剂量(0.45、0.90、1.35 g/kg)组,每组8只,各组给予相应的药物,连续灌胃给药14d。IR 24h后,对各组大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分和病理学检查,ELISA法检测缺血脑组织中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB含量,RT-PCR和Western-blot技术检测缺血脑组织中PI3K、Akt mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠神经功能缺损评分明显降低(P<0.01),梗死灶周围炎性细胞浸润程度和范围显著增加,缺血脑组织中PI3K、Akt的mRNA和蛋白表达明显升高(均P<0.01),IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB含量显著升高(均P<0.01);0.90 g/kg和1.35 g/kg豨莶草能显著降低IR模型大鼠神经功能缺损评分(均P<0.01),梗死灶周围炎性细胞浸润程度和范围显著减少,PI3K、Akt的mRNA和蛋白表达明显减少(均P<0.01),IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB含量明显降低(均P<0.01)。结论:豨莶草抗IR损伤可能是通过调节PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量实现的。     

低浓度铅对大鼠脑组织CaMKⅡ mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响及驱铅丸的干预作用

目的探讨低浓度铅对大鼠脑组织钙离子/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)表达的影响及中药驱铅丸的干预作用。方法 40只大鼠随机分为5组:对照组、模型组、中药高、低剂量组、依地酸钠钙(EDTA)组。除对照组外,其他4组饮水中均添加0.02%醋酸铅,中药高、低剂量组分别按每日3.5g/kg和2.0g/kg的剂量灌服驱铅丸,EDTA组以每日EDTA加普鲁卡因按50.0mg/kg肌肉注射。60d后,检测全血、脑组织铅含量,反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法和免疫组织化学法检测脑组织CaMKⅡ mRNA及其蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,模型组血铅、脑铅含量显著增高(P0.01),脑组织CaMKⅡ mRNA及其蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01);与模型组比较,驱铅丸高剂量组脑铅、血铅含量显著降低(P0.05),脑组织CaMKⅡ mRNA及其蛋白表达显著增高(P0.05)。结论驱铅丸可降低铅中毒大鼠血铅、脑组织铅含量,其机制与增加脑组织CaMKⅡmRNA及其蛋白表达等有关。     

阿司匹林对缺血性脑梗死神经元细胞凋亡的影响及机制

目的:探究阿司匹林对缺血性脑梗死大鼠神经元细胞凋亡的影响及其机制。方法:90 只健康 SD 大鼠随 机分为 3 组,分别为对照组、模型组、阿司匹林组(50 mg·kg-1),每组各 30 例,除对照组外,其余两组均采用颈总动脉 阻断的方法建立大鼠缺血性脑梗死模型。阿司匹林组造模前 5 天连续给予 50 mg·kg-1 剂量的阿司匹林灌胃,第 6 日处死 3 组大鼠,TUNEL 法检测大鼠脑组织神经元细胞凋亡情况;Western blot 技术检测大鼠脑组织神经元 Bcl-2、 Bax 蛋白表达及 Cyt-C 释放情况。结果:TUNEL 法检测结果显示阿司匹林组大鼠脑组织神经元细胞凋亡率明显少 于模型组,Western blot 技术检测结果显示阿司匹林组大鼠脑组织神经元 Bcl-2 蛋白表达量显著高于模型组,而 Bax 蛋白表达及 Cyt-C 释放量显著低于模型组,以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:阿司匹林能够有效减轻因 缺血性脑梗死引发的脑组织神经元细胞凋亡从而发挥神经保护作用,其机制可能与减少线粒体 Cyt-C 释放,同时升 高 Bcl-2 蛋白表达量以及降低 Bax 蛋白表达量有关。     

左西孟旦通过PTEN/Akt通路抑制脂多糖引起的C2C12细胞凋亡

目的 探讨左西孟旦通过PTEN/Akt通路抑制脂多糖（LPS）引起C2C12细胞凋亡的机制。方法 CCK-8法检测不同浓度左西孟旦对C2C12细胞存活率的影响,选择有保护作用的左西孟旦浓度。将C2C12细胞随机分为4组：空白对照组（CON组）、左西孟旦预处理后的对照组（CON+L组）、LPS处理组（LPS组）、左西孟旦预处理后的LPS处理组（LPS+L组）。采用CCK-8法检测C2C12细胞的存活率;hoechst33342染色细胞核观察细胞的凋亡情况;采用实时PCR、Western blotting检测C2C12细胞PTEN/Akt通路凋亡指标的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。siRNA-PTEN转染C2C12细胞,敲除PTEN基因,检测其对凋亡通路蛋白表达的影响。结果 左西孟旦能够提高LPS损伤后C2C12细胞的存活率,降低凋亡率。siRNA-PTEN抑制了PTEN基因的表达,PTEN/Akt信号通路相关mRNA与蛋白发生相应改变,导致C2C12细胞凋亡率下降。结论 左西孟旦可以通过PTEN/Akt通路抑制LPS引起的C2C12细胞凋亡。     

富氢液通过PI3K通路减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨富氢液对大鼠脑缺血再灌注致海马神经元凋亡及PI3K/Akt/FoxO1信号通路表达的影响。方法采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉,建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型,SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)和富氢液处理组(HRS组),每组10只;各组于再灌注后24 h,ELISA检测血清中炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β的变化;HE染色观察海马变化,TUNEL法观察脑组织细胞凋亡情况;Western blot法检测海马p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3和FoxO1蛋白表达变化。结果与Sham组相比,I/R组锥体细胞排列疏松,大量锥体细胞死亡,海马凋亡细胞增多,血清炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、表达显著增加(P0.05),脑组织中pPI3K、Akt、caspase-3表达显著升高,FoxO1蛋白降低,两组间比较均具有统计学差异(P0.05);与I/R组相比,HRS组炎症因子显著降低;p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3表达水平均显著降低,,FoxO1蛋白升高(P0.05)。结论富氢液可以减轻缺血再灌注导致的脑损伤,其机制可能与PI3K/Akt/FoxO1信号通路相关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.