Treatment options for displaced femoral neck fractures in the <60-year-old,active patient

Displaced femoral neck fractures are common injuries that can impart substantial morbidity, disability, and functional limitations to patients. Displacement of the fracture by greater than 50% has been shown to have a higher rate of subsequent osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In younger, active patients, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) may be desirable in order to preserve the patient’s own hip joint. However, in the last decade, arthroplasty technologies and techniques have improved substantially, making total hip replacement a viable option for younger patients. Furthermore, there are numerous clinical studies demonstrating that arthroplasty has superior functional results as compared to internal fixation in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures, namely higher clinical scores and a lower reoperation rate. A higher risk of dislocation has always been the concern with performing total hip arthroplasty in the setting of femoral neck fracture, but fortunately, there are newer technologies such as larger head sizes and dual-mobility bearings that can help reduce the risk of dislocation.     

Displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: outcomes and cost effectiveness

The optimal treatment for displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients is a matter of controversy. Four surgical options are well supported in the orthopaedic literature: reduction with internal fixation, unipolar hemiarthroplasty, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Based on a review of the outcomes literature regarding treatment of femoral neck fractures and a cost-effectiveness analysis, an algorithm for surgical treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients is presented. Cost-effectiveness analysis of these four surgical treatment options shows that arthroplasty is the most cost-effective treatment when complication rate, mortality, reoperation rate, and function are evaluated during a 2-year postoperative period. These data were strongly supported by a two-way sensitivity analysis that varied the effectiveness of the interventions and the costs. Literature derived outcome studies show that elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures achieve the best functional results with a well healed femoral neck without osteonecrosis after reduction and internal fixation. Achieving this result may be difficult, and it is not as cost effective as arthroplasty.     

Surgical treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: a survey of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons

A survey was distributed to the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) membership to evaluate surgical treatment preferences for displaced femoral neck fractures (DFNFXs). Of 718 members, 381 (54%) responded to the 16-question survey that was an adjunct to a multicenter, randomized study (funded by AAHKS/OREF) designed to prospectively evaluate efficacy of hemiarthroplasty vs total hip for treatment of DFNFXs. Hemiarthroplasty (85%) was the most preferred treatment option for DFNFXs (reduction with internal fixation 2%, total hip arthroplasty 13%). Prefracture hip pain/osteoarthritis, poor bone quality, and fracture comminution were the main reasons why arthroplasty was chosen over reduction with internal fixation. Ambulatory status and dislocation risk after arthroplasty were the main factors in choosing between unipolar (48%) and bipolar (52%) hemiarthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is used by 88% of responders. Dislocation risk and ambulatory status were influential factors against performing total hip arthroplasty. Arthroplasty is the preferred method of surgical intervention for the treatment of DFNFXs for AAHKS members.     

Total hip arthroplasty: optimal treatment for displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients

Although internal fixation is recommended for most nondisplaced fractures of the femoral neck, the optimal treatment for displaced fractures of the femoral neck is controversial. Options for operative treatment of displaced fractures of the femoral neck include: reduction and internal fixation; unipolar hemiarthroplasty; bipolar hemiarthroplasty; and total hip arthroplasty. One hundred eighty-six displaced fractures of the femoral neck in elderly patients were treated surgically with internal fixation (in 120 patients), hemiarthroplasty (in 43 patients), and total hip arthroplasty (in 23 patients). One hundred twenty patients with displaced fractures treated with internal fixation were compared with 66 patients with displaced fractures treated with arthroplasty. Criteria for comparison were reoperation, mortality, hospital discharge disposition, functional outcome, living status, and cost effectiveness. There was no difference in rates of reoperation or mortality, but arthroplasty produced a longer interval to reoperation or death. Arthroplasty was associated with more independent living, and arthroplasty was more cost-effective than internal fixation. Total hip arthroplasty was the best treatment for displaced fractures of the femoral neck in elderly patients in this series.     

全髋和半髋置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的比较研究

目的比较半髋关节置换与全髋关节置换治疗老年移位股骨颈骨折的安全性及有效性差异。方法1999年2月至2007年1月在我院行髋关节置换的老年移位股骨颈骨折（GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型）患者共133例,其中全髋关节置换78例,半髋关节置换55例。收集病例资料并进行随访,随访内容包括安全性评估指标及有效性评估指标,具体为术后并发症、术后疼痛率、翻修率及术后髋关节功能评分,统计学分析两种术式的安全性及有效性有无差异。结果8例失访,7例在随访过程中死亡,118例完成随访,随访时间2～10年,平均5．1年。全髋置换组术后并发症发生率高于半髋置换组,翻修率低于半髋置换组,但均无统计学差异;全髋置换组术后疼痛率低于半髋置换组,有统计学差异;术后髋关节功能评分高于半髋置换组,有显著统计学差异。结论全髋关节置换术的安全性和有效性均高于半髋关节置换术,应为首选措施。     

Management of femoral neck fractures in the young patient: A critical analysis review

Femoral neck fractures account for nearly half of all hip fractures with the vast majority occurring in elderly patients after simple falls. Currently there may be sufficient evidence to support the routine use of hip replacement surgery for low demand elderly patients in all but non-displaced and valgus impacted femoral neck fractures. However, for the physiologically young patients, preservation of the natural hip anatomy and mechanics is a priority in management because of their high functional demands. The biomechanical challenges of femoral neck fixation and the vulnerability of the femoral head blood supply lead to a high incidence of non-union and osteonecrosis of the femoral head after internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures. Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation are essentials in achieving the goals of treatment in this young patient population. Furthermore, other management variables such as surgical timing, the role of capsulotomy and the choice of implant for fixation remain controversial. This review will focus both on the demographics and injury profile of young patients with femoral neck fractures and the current evidence behind the surgical management of these injuries as well as their major secondary complications.     

Advances in the treatment of intracapsular hip fractures in the elderly

A review of recent advances in the treatment of intracapsular hip fractures in the elderly patient is offered to provide some guidelines on choosing the appropriate treatment for a given patient. Alternatives discussed include open reduction and internal fixation versus arthroplasty; unipolar versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty; cemented versus cementlless prostheses; and a surgical approach. These recommendations are based upon a review of the substantial literature on the subject and the author's own experience. It is recommended that patients more than 60-years-old with a femoral neck fracture be treated in the following manner: Patients with undisplaced, stable fractures perform an ORIF, patients with displaced fractures, replace the head of the femur, the use of a Moore or Thompson prostheses should be relegated to the medically infirm, minimally ambulatory patient, modular unipolar or bipolar (cemented stem) hemiarthroplasty has the most reliable and predictable outcome in most patients, an uncemented modular hemiarthroplasty should be considered in patients with significant cardiovascular risk factors, THA perhaps recommended for the "active elderly patient". The use of large heads and meticulous capsular repair techniques will reduce the early dislocation rate while still allowing excellent long-term functional outcomes.     

Total hip arthroplasty after prior surgical treatment of hip fracture is it always challenging?

Salvage total hip arthroplasty (THA) presents a viable solution for failed open reduction internal fixation. This study compares salvage THA in patients with prior femoral neck fractures vs patients with prior intertrochanteric fractures. One hundred fifty-four hips in 152 patients underwent conversion from open reduction internal fixation to THA. Eighty-three patients had previous femoral neck fractures, and 69 patients (71 hips) had prior intertrochanteric fractures. Salvage THA in patients with prior intertrochanteric fractures presented a more technically demanding procedure with longer operative times and larger amounts of blood loss. Although conversion THA presents a technically challenging procedure, it is safe and yields relatively few orthopedic complications.     

Endoprosthetic treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in the year 2000

Endoprosthetic treatment of intracapsular, subcapital displaced femoral neck fracture in the elderly patients is widely accepted. According to increase in total number of femoral neck fractures in the last decades, there will be about 5 500 femoral neck fractures in Finland suitable for endoprosthetic treatment in the year 2020. Uncemented or cemented unipolar, bipolar or total hip replacements have been alternatives to internal fixation. For active elderly patients with a much younger physiologic than actual age and living a fully independent life, cemented bipolar or total hip arthroplasty should be preferred to unipolar arthroplasty in the year 2 000.     

移位股骨颈骨折空心钉固定与全髋置换术疗效对比

目的 了解内固定和全髋置换治疗移位股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法 50例65岁以上有移位的股骨颈骨折病人,随机分成两组,一组为透视下闭合复位三枚平行空心螺钉内固定,另一组行全髋置换术。有精神障碍共19例。结果 全髋置换组术后1年内Harris髋关节评分优于内固定组,而病死率两组无差异。有精神障碍者全髋置换术后并发症多与内固定组。分别为32％及5％,在精神正常者则相反,分别为12％和60％。2年病死率在有精神障碍者为8/19,精神正常者为3/31(P<0.001)。结论 对有错位的股骨颈骨折的老年患者,若精神正常或对功能恢复要求较高,应行全髋置换术。     

Prosthetic replacement in femoral neck fracture in the elderly: Results and review of the literature

Background:

Intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur account for a major share of fractures in the elderly. The primary goal of treatment is to return the patient to his or her pre-fracture functional status. There are multiple internal fixation options (screws, dynamic hip screw plate or blade plates) and hemi and total hip arthroplasty. Open reduction and internal fixation has been shown to have a high rate of revision surgery due to nonunion and avascular necrosis. Hip replacement arthroplasty (hemi or total) is a viable treatment option.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty-four elderly patients (age >70 years) with a femoral neck fracture were treated over a five-year period (January 2001 to December 2006). Eighty of the 84 patients underwent some form of hip replacement after appropriate medical and anesthetic fitness.

Results:

We had good results in all the patients in terms of return to pre-fracture level of activity, independent ambulation and satisfaction with the procedure. Patients over the age of 80 years who underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty all progressed well without any complication. Patients in their seventies underwent some form of total hip replacement and barring one case of deep infection, two cases of deep vein thrombosis and three cases of dislocation (which were managed conservatively), there were no real complications.

Conclusion:

Hip replacement (hemi or total) is a successful procedure for the elderly population over 70 years with femoral neck fractures. Return to pre-morbid level of activity and independent functions occur very swiftly, avoiding the hazards of prolonged incumbency. We have proposed a treatment algorithm following the results of treatment of this fracture in our series. We have also reviewed the different contemporary treatment options used (conservative treatment, cancellous screw fixation, Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) fixation, hemi and total hip replacement) used for treatment of an elderly patient with of femoral neck fracture.     

Intracapsular hip fractures in end-stage renal failure

Patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) have metabolic bone disease. This increases the risk of femoral neck fracture and increases the risk of complications associated with fracture fixation such as non-union and avascular necrosis (AVN). We report the results of treatment in a consecutive series of 15 intracapsular fractures of the hip occurring in 13 patients with ESRF over a 5-year period. Six intracapsular hip fractures (of which five were undisplaced) were treated by internal fixation. Five out of these six (mean=83.3%) required conversion to total hip arthroplasty because of non-union or AVN. In all six of these patients, internal fixation was considered adequate post operatively. Of the remaining nine intracapsular hip fractures treated by hemiarthroplasty, only one required conversion to total hip arthroplasty because of stem subsidence (mean=11%). The difference in the revision rate for the two groups i.e. primary fixation versus primary hemiarthroplasty was statistically significant (p-value=0.01). The six patients with undisplaced intracapsular fractures treated by internal fixation required a total of 14 major operations, at an average rate (including initial fracture fixation and revision surgery) of 2.3 per patient. The 9 displaced fractures treated by hemiarthroplasty required just 10 operations in total, at an average rate of 1.1 per patient. (The difference was significant; p-value=0.006.) The 1-year mortality in the whole group (13 patients with 15 fractures) was 44.4%. We suggest that patients with ESRF with an intracapsular fracture of the neck of femur should be treated by replacement arthroplasty irrespective of femoral head displacement because of the high risk of revision surgery associated with internal fixation.     

Arthroplasty versus internal fixation for femoral neck fractures in the elderly

We studied 140 patients with femoral neck fractures treated from January 1999 to December 2006. There were 68 men and 72 women with a mean age of 72 years (range 60–80 years). Seventy patients were treated with closed reduction and internal fixation (group A), and 70 patients with hip arthroplasty (group B). The duration of surgery, length of hospitalization, complications, postoperative Harris hip score, and need for reoperation were recorded. Group B had significantly higher blood loss, increased surgical time and length of hospitalization compared to group A patients. The Harris hip score was significantly higher in group B at the 3, 6, and 12-month follow-up evaluations; however, the differences were no longer significant at the 24-month evaluation. The overall complications rate was 18.6% (13 patients) in group A compared to 25.7% (18 patients) in group B; this was not statistically significant (P = 0.309). A statistically significant difference was found regarding reoperation rate in group A (11.4%, eight patients) compared to group B (1.4%, one patient) (P = 0.016). Arthroplasty compared to internal fixation for displaced femoral neck fractures is associated with a significantly higher functional score and lower risk of reoperation at the cost of greater infection rates, blood loss, and operative time.     

Increased Mortality with the Use of Cementless Fixation for Femoral Neck Fractures: Analysis of 5883 Hip Arthroplasty Cases

BackgroundThe use of cemented fixation for hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures has been advocated to limit the postoperative and intraoperative risk of periprosthetic fractures. However, there are concerns with the potential effects of cementing on patient mortality, particularly at the time of cementation.MethodsThis study examined the mortality rates of cemented compared to cementless hip arthroplasty fixation in a group of 5883 femoral neck fracture patients from 2001 to 2017. The data were derived from large administrative databases and census data. Confounders were identified and controlled with a multivariate analysis. The data were also stratified into 2 time frames, 2001-2008 and 2009-2017, to determine if there was an effect of more recent improvements in patient care or implant technology.ResultsCemented fixation had a statistically significant reduction in mortality rates at 30, 90, and 365 days after surgery. There was no difference in mortality in 0, 1, or ≤7 days after discharge or during the admission. The mortality rate decreased but was still significantly increased with cementless fixation when the subjects were grouped from 2001 to 2008 and 2009 to 2017.ConclusionBased on this evidence, the cemented fixation of hip arthroplasty should be considered for patients with femoral neck fractures.     

加长型PFNA治疗股骨干骨折伴同侧髋部骨折的临床观察

目的探讨股骨干骨折合并同侧髋部骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法分析自2006年10月至2009年6月应用手术治疗资料完整的20例股骨干骨折合并同侧髋部骨折患者,其中男16例,女4例;年龄27~57岁,平均42.6岁。股骨转子间骨折伴股骨干骨折10例,转子间骨折按Evans-Jensen分型,Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型4例;股骨颈骨折按G arden分型,Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型3例。17例患者伴有合并伤。结果本组随访12~24个月,平均21.5个月。所有股骨颈骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间为16周,无一例发生股骨头坏死;股骨转子间骨折平均愈合时间为16.2周;全部股骨干骨折均愈合,2例延迟愈合,平均愈合时间为22.2周。手术并发症4例。按F riedm an-W ym an评分标准评定,优14例,良4例,差2例,优良率90%。结论加长型PFNA是治疗股骨干骨折合并同侧髋部骨折可用的有效方法。     

Die minimal-invasive Schraubenosteosynthese der medialen Schenkelhalsfraktur im höheren Lebensalter

Increasing life expectancy has led to an increase of medial femoral neck fractures. Treatment by hip arthroplasty is a major surgical procedure for geriatric patients and imposes high healthcare costs. Manninger developed a cannulated screw system which allows a joint-sparing, less invasive, and stable internal fixation for the management of intracapsular femoral neck fractures. In a prospective study from January 1998 to August 2002, 63 patients older than 70 years with Garden type I to III fractures were treated by closed reduction and internal fixation with two Manninger screws on a traction table within the first 6 h after trauma. Mean time of follow-up was 21.5+/-16 months. Of the patients examined, 88.5% regained their preoperative stage of mobility. Two patients needed secondary hip arthroplasty. Due to low complication and failure rates and less medical expenses compared to treatment by hemiprosthesis the joint-sparing, less invasive internal fixation with two cannulated Manninger screws presents a safe and cost-efficient surgical technique for geriatric patients.     

不同手术方法治疗中老年移位型股骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的评价不同手术方法治疗中老年移位型股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年6月收治的80例分别采用内固定（A组,25例）、人工股骨头置换（B组,27例）及全髋关节置换（C组,28例）手术治疗的中老年移位型股骨颈骨折患者资料,分析比较其住院时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后Harris评分总分及分类评分等指标。结果 A组手术时间最短,术中出血量最少,C组手术时间最长,术中出血量最多;A组术后并发症发生率较B、C组高;随访结果B组Harris评分最低,C组最高;分类评分中C组的疼痛评分较B组高;功能评分C组最高,B组最低,以上差异均有统计学意义。A组、B组、C组住院时间差异及三组患者间的行走评分、活动度评分差异均无统计学意义。结论空心加压螺钉内固定适于相对年轻,骨质条件好,伤前活动能力较好且术后能耐受晚期负重的中年患者,全髋置换适于外伤前身体状况良好、术前活动量多、预期寿命较长或已有髋关节疾病的老年患者,人工股骨头置换适于一般情况较差、有较严重内科合并症但术前评估能耐受一般手术的患者。     

55岁以下成年移位股骨颈骨折内固定术后失败的研究分析

目的:回顾性研究年龄55岁以下成年患者移位股骨颈骨折内固定治疗失败病例以提高对其治疗的重视。方法:2007年1月至2010年6月治疗55岁以下移位股骨颈骨折内固定术后失败患者18例,男13例,女5例;年龄27～55岁,平均(48.0±6.0)岁;空心钉治疗17例,髓内钉治疗1例。入院时诊断为股骨头坏死16例,骨不连合并股骨头坏死2例。结果:18例患者内固定术后至手术失败时间8～32个月,平均23个月。复位内固定术后Garden指数不佳;入院时髋关节Harris评分33～80分,平均(56.0±12.5)分。8例股骨头坏死病例和2例骨不连合并股骨头坏死病例接受了全髋关节置换术,5例股骨头坏死病例接受了表面髋关节置换术,3例虽然影像学有股骨头坏死征象但临床症状不明显,接受了保守治疗。所有行髋关节表面置换和全髋关节置换的病例术后随访12～53个月,平均34个月,术后Harris评分(94.0±3.0)分(89～96分)。结论:股骨头坏死是55岁以下成年移位股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定术后常见并发症,必须提高对青壮年股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定治疗的重视。     

股骨粗隆间骨折术后骨不连的治疗现状

股骨粗隆间骨折术后骨不连是一种少见而严重的并发症.手术治疗是主要的临床选择.手术方案包括保留股骨头和髋关节置换两大类,前者包括股骨粗隆外翻截骨术和更换内固定术,后者包括全髋和半髋关节置换术.选择治疗方案需考虑多种因素,尤其是首次内固定治疗失败一定程度上破坏了股骨近端结构,这都增加了治疗难度.本文总结了近年来国内外股骨粗...     

Surgical management of hip fractures: an evidence-based review of the literature. I: femoral neck fractures

During the past 10 years, there has been a worldwide effort in all medical fields to base clinical health care decisions on available evidence as described by thorough reviews of the literature. Hip fractures pose a significant health care problem worldwide, with an annual incidence of approximately 1.7 million. Globally, the mean age of the population is increasing, and the number of hip fractures is expected to triple in the next 50 years. One-year mortality rates currently range from 14% to 36%, and care for these patients represents a major global economic burden. Surgical options for the management of femoral neck fractures are closely linked to individual patient factors and to the location and degree of fracture displacement. Nonsurgical management of intracapsular hip fractures is limited. Based on a critical, evidence-based review of the current literature, we have found minimal differences between implants used for internal fixation of displaced fractures. Cemented, unipolar hemiarthroplasty remains a good option with reasonable results. In the appropriate patient population, outcomes following total hip arthroplasty are favorable and appear to be superior to those of internal fixation.