CaMKII plays a part in the chondrogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Aims: The purpose of the study is to observe the functions of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the induced chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: BMSCs was in vitro isolated and cultured for induced chondrogenesis. Western blot was used to ascertain the expression of CaMKII and phosphorylated CaMKII (PCaMKII, activatory CaMKII) in chondrogenic induced BMSCs. MTT method was utilized to observe the impact of CaMKII on the proliferation of BMSCs. The generation of cartilage matrix in BMSCs cells was detected by toluidine blue staining. The levels of cartilage marker genes COL2A1, Aggrecan and SOX9 in BMSCs were gained by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR). Finally, BMSCs proliferation, cartilage matrix generation and the changes of COL2A1, Aggrecan and SOX9 were surveyed after CaMKII being blocked by CaMKII inhibitor KN93. Results: Expression of CaMKII and PCaMKII could be found in chondrogenic induced BMSCs. CaMKII had no significant influence on BMSCs proliferation, but the toluidine blue staining was obviously lighter, indicating a significant decline in the expression of COL2A1, Aggrecan and SOX9. Conclusion: As one of the factors influencing the chondrogenic capacity of BMSCs, CaMKII does not impact on BMSCs proliferation, but it can inhibit the chondrogenic ability of BMSCs by influencing its differentiation.     

C57小鼠脂肪及骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性的比较

背景：研究发现,脂肪源干细胞具有和骨髓间充质干细胞一样的贴壁和形成成纤维样克隆特性,并具有向骨、脂肪、软骨等多系分化的能力。 目的：比较C57小鼠脂肪源间充质干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特点。 方法：在无菌的条件下分别从C57小鼠的脂肪和骨髓中获取脂肪间充质干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞。体外分离、培养并将脂肪间充质干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞传至第3代,进行细胞形态、表面标记、生长动力学分化潜能测定和Notch信号相关基因的检测。 结果与结论：脂肪间充质干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞形态学相似,第3代的脂肪间充质干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞均表达CD29、CD105、Sca-1,不表达CD34、CD133,但骨髓间充质干细胞还表达CD45;生长曲线和细胞克隆分析显示脂肪间充质干细胞的增殖速度明显比骨髓间充质干细胞快;脂肪间充质干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞均可向成骨、成脂、成软骨诱导分化,脂肪间充质干细胞更易向成骨诱导;Notch相关基因检测显示脂肪源干细胞的Jagged-1表达水平明显比骨髓间充质干细胞低,而Hes-1的表达水平脂肪源干细胞明显高于骨髓间充质干细胞的表达水平。提示脂肪间充质干细胞比骨髓间充质干细胞扩增能力更强,更易向成骨分化,可能与Hes-1表达水平有关。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

骨髓间充质干细胞分离培养的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞具有较强的自我增殖能力和多向分化潜能。随着对其细胞免疫学研究的深入 ,目前已建立了多种分离纯化并扩增的方法 ,为其在细胞工程和组织工程上的应用提供了基础     

人骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化成心肌细胞及其在心肌细胞移植术中的潜能性研究

目的培养人骨髓间充质干细胞（human marrow mesenchymal stem cell，hMMSCs），体外诱导分化成心肌细胞（cardiomyocytes，CM），将细胞移植入裸鼠皮下，观察其在细胞移植中有无成瘤改变，是否具有细胞移植的潜能性。方法体外培养扩增hMMSCs，流式细胞仪鉴定其纯度；用5-氮杂胞苷（5-Aza，10μmol／L）体外诱导成CM，并进行鉴定；将诱导成CM的hMMSCs接种于裸鼠皮下，移植后18d分别取接种局部皮下及心肌组织，进行组织化学染色。结果体外培养扩增出hMMSCs，流式细胞检查CD44阳性，表达Vimentin；hMMSCs经5-Aza诱导可分化成CM，表达心肌特异性标记TroponinⅠ及Desmin，透镜观察可见肌丝样结构；进行细胞移植的裸鼠注射局部皮下组织没有形成结节样结构，但发现有表达TroponinⅠ、Desmin及Vimentin的细胞；此外，在心肌组织中也发现有表达这三种抗体的hMMSCs。结论hMMSCs可体外分离培养扩增，具有向CM分化的潜能，体外诱导分化成CM的hMMSCs在细胞移植中并没有成瘤性，且经皮下细胞移植诱导分化成CM的hMMSCs具有向心脏归巢的现象，可用于心肌损伤的细胞移植。     

猪的脂肪和骨髓来源间充质干细胞培养特性比较

目的明确小型猪的脂肪来源间充质干细胞（A_r_MSCs）和猪的骨髓来源间充质干细胞（BM—MSCsl体外培养特性的异同。方法广西巴马小型猪,雌雄不限,猪龄4～6个月,体质量20～30kg。AT-MSCs来源于小型猪腹股沟皮下组织．BM—MSCs来源于小型猪的骨髓组织。培养AT-MSCs和BM—MSCs并观察它们的细胞形态。流式细胞仪检测Arr_MSCs和BM—MSCs的表面标志物（CD29、CD34、CD45、CD90）。分别观察Arr-MSCs和BM—MSCs的细胞生长分化能力;实时聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测基因表达。结果流式细胞仪检测结果表明,A．r_MSCs和BM—MSCs均表达CD29[分别为（99．06±0．30）％、（99．94±0．05）％]、CD90[分别为（97．404-0．40）％、（97．43±1J29）％1阳性,CD34、CD45阴性。AT-MSCs传代需培养5～7d,而BM—MSCs需培养7～10d。与BM—MSCs比较,AT—MSCs具有更强的生长分化能力。实时PCR检测基因表达结果显示．AT—MSCs和BM—MSCs均能分化心肌特异标志物a—skeletalactin和Troponin—I．二者差异无统计学意义．表明AT—MSCs和BM—MSCs均具备多项分化潜能．结论AT—MSCs是小型猪干细胞移植治疗的理想选择．     

The effect of bone marrow‐ and adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on myocardial remodelling in the rat model of ischaemic heart failure

This study aimed to investigate the effect of bone marrow‐ and adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM‐MSC and AD‐MSC respectively) transplantation on left ventricular function and infarct area (IA) in the rat model of ischaemic heart failure. In anaesthetized Wistar rats, the left coronary artery (LCA) was occluded for 40 min with subsequent reperfusion for 7 days. Seven days following surgery, the animals with LCA occlusion/reperfusion were randomized into three groups: (i) Controls received intramyocardial injection of vehicle at three different locations within the peri‐infarct zone, (ii) BM‐MSC: cells were injected in the same way as in previous group (10⁶), (iii) AD‐MSC: using the same protocol as used in the BM‐MSC group. In addition there was also a sham‐treated group that had no injection. Two weeks following MSC transplantation, the hearts were isolated and perfused according to the Langendorff method followed by 30‐min global ischaemia and 90‐min reperfusion. After this IA was determined histologically. During Langendorff perfusion initial and postischaemic LV functions were the same in all groups although LV pressure at the 10th minute of reperfusion was higher in the AD‐MSC group compared to controls. However, LV pressure during 30‐min global ischaemia was significantly higher in BM‐MSC as compared to controls and AD‐MSC. The sham treated animals showed the same results as those seen with BM‐MSC. Thus, BM‐MSC transplantation, in contrast to transplantation of AD‐MSC, resulted in better preservation of the LV ability to contract during ischaemia. Furthermore, IA was significantly smaller in BM‐MSC group as compared to the controls and the AD‐MSC groups. Thus this study has demonstrated that treatment with BM‐MSC both ameliorates LV function and reduces histological scar size.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养扩增及向心肌细胞诱导分化的实验研究

目的:培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(Human mesenchymal stem cell,hMSCs),探讨hMSCs体外向心肌细胞(Cardio-myocytes,CM)定向诱导分化的实验研究。方法:取人的骨髓血,用Percoll(1.073g/ml)密度梯度离心及贴壁筛选结合的方法体外培养扩增hMSCs,并进行流式细胞仪分析鉴定其免疫学表型,以未加一抗只加二抗的hMSCs作为平行对照组。选用生长良好、纯度达到95%的P5代hMSCs,用不同诱导浓度的5-氮杂胞苷(5-Azacytidine)1、5、10和20μmol/L进行诱导,对诱导后的细胞进行心肌特异性标志TroponinⅠ及Desmin的免疫组化鉴定。结果:体外分离纯化培养扩增出hMSCs,其CD44阳性率平均为93.26%±2.48%,与平行对照组(3.42%±1.09%)相比有明显差异(P<0.01)。经5和10μmol/L5-Aza诱导分化的hMSCs表达心肌特异性标记TroponinⅠ、Desmin;10μmol/L5-Aza诱导分化的hMSCs阳性率明显高于5μmol/L组;在20μmol/L组中,诱导后超过50%的细胞脱落死亡。结论:hMSCs可体外分离培养扩增,并具有向心肌细胞分化的潜能,5-Aza最佳诱导浓度为10μmol/L。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞转化的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的特性,在体内特定的微环境中可向肝前体细胞及成熟肝细胞转化,明显改善肝功能;在体外通过肝细胞生长因子等诱导作用可转化为肝细胞样细胞,有望成为肝细胞移植或生物人工肝支持系统的新型种子细胞。就骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞的转化研究进行了阐述。     

微环境对体外间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的作用

目的研究心肌组织中何种细胞对骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向心肌样细胞定向分化起决定性作用。方法分离培养骨髓MSCs、心肌细胞(CM)和内皮细胞(EC)。MSCs经BrdU标记后与CM、EC分别共培养和单独培养,通过形态学、免疫细胞化学和双重免疫细胞化学鉴定。结果分离培养的MSCs、CM和EC纯度高于95%。标记MSCs与CM共培养后,细胞具有心肌细胞样形态。4周时,有44%的细胞BrdU与肌动蛋白(sarcomeric actin)或连接蛋白-43(connexin-43)双重免疫细胞化学染色阳性。与EC共培养以及单独培养时,MSCs形态变化不明显,无双染阳性细胞出现。结论CM对骨髓MSCs向心肌样细胞的定向分化具有重要作用。     

Characterization of human ethmoid sinus mucosa derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESMSCs) and the application of hESMSCs cell sheets in bone regeneration

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively applied in the field of tissue regeneration. MSCs derived from various tissues exhibit different characteristics. In this study, a cluster of cells were isolated from human ethmoid sinus mucosa membrane and termed as hESMSCs. hESMSCs was demonstrated to have MSC-specific characteristics of self-renewal and tri-lineage differentiation. In particular, hESMSCs displayed strong osteogenic differentiation potential, and also remarkably promoted the proliferation and osteogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro. Next, hESMSCs were prepared into a cell sheet and combined with a PSeD scaffold seeded with rBMSCs to repair critical-sized calvarial defects in rats, which showed excellent reparative effects. Additionally, ELISA assays revealed that secreted cytokines, such as BMP-2, BMP-4 and bFGF, were higher in the hESMSCs conditioned medium, and immunohistochemistry validated that hESMSCs cell sheet promoted the expression of BMP signaling downstream genes in newly formed bone. In conclusion, hESMSCs were demonstrated to be a class of mesenchymal stem cells that possessed high self-renewal capacity along with strong osteogenic potential, and the cell sheet of hESMSCs could remarkably promote new bone regeneration, indicating that hESMSCs cell sheet could serve as a novel and promising alternative strategy in the management of bone regeneration.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在肝纤维化中的研究进展

肝纤维化是所有慢性肝病的共同病理基础,严重影响人类健康,大量肝病患者因缺乏理想、有效的治疗手段而死亡。骨髓间充质干细胞因具有可塑性、取材方便、不存在免疫排斥问题以及易于外源基因的转染和表达等优点而被广泛用于疾病研究,为肝纤维化的有效治疗带来希望。就骨髓间充质干细胞的概况和其在肝纤维化中的研究进行阐述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞与纳米羟基磷灰石支架材料的体外相容性研究

目的　探讨兔骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)与纳米羟基磷灰石(nano-HA)支架材料的相容性,进一步验证nano-HA材料作为骨组织工程支架材料的可行性。 方法　将rBMSCs与nano-HA支架材料在体外复合培养,通过倒置显微镜、扫描电镜观察细胞与材料的复合情况,用MTT法、碱性磷酸酶活性检测法检测材料对细胞增殖、分化的影响。 结果　rBMSCs可以在nano-HA支架材料表面及孔隙中良好的黏附、迁移、增殖和分化,复合培养5 d后nano-HA支架材料对rBMSCs的增殖分化表现出一定的促进作用。 结论　rBMSCs与nano-HA支架材料具有良好的生物相容性, nano-HA支架材料可以作为rBMSCs良好的载体。     

动脉移植BMSCs对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脊髓细胞凋亡和caspase-9基因的影响

目的 探讨肾下腹主动脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对缺血再灌注损伤脊髓细胞凋亡、caspase-9表达及功能恢复的影响.方法 将大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、移植组,每组8只.假手术组仅行手术操作;缺血再灌注组阻断肾下腹主动脉120 min后开放,恢复脊髓再灌注5 min后经动脉留置管推注1 mL培养基;移植组恢复再灌注5 min后推注100万BMSCs悬液1 mL.术后1、3和7d对大鼠进行BBB评分;用RT-PCR、Western blot 检测术后7d大鼠缺血节段脊髓内caspase-9基因和蛋白表达,TUNEL观察细胞凋亡.结果 缺血再灌注组和移植组大鼠BBB评分于术后1、3和7d均显著低于假手术组(P＜0.01),移植组术后3、7 d BBB评分高于缺血再灌注组(P＜0.01);移植组和缺血再灌注组损伤脊髓caspase-9 mRNA和蛋白表达水平较假手术组增加(P＜0.01),缺血再灌注组增加更为显著(P＜0.01).缺血再灌注组和移植组损伤脊髓内出现大量凋亡细胞,而移植组凋亡细胞数少于缺血再灌注组(P＜0.01).结论 肾下腹主动脉移植BMSCs可通过抑制缺血再灌注损伤脊髓caspase-9表达,减轻脊髓局部细胞凋亡,改善其神经功能恢复.     

正弦交变电磁场促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨性分化的研究

研究50 Hz不同强度正弦交变电磁场(SEMFs)对体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)增殖与成骨性分化的影响,筛选出最佳磁场强度参数。采用贴壁筛选法培养原代rBMSCs,每天在频率为50 Hz,强度分别为0、1.4、1.6、1.8、2.0、2.2 mT的磁场环境中处理30 min。MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;于处理后的第3、6、9、12 d分别测定细胞碱性磷酸酶活性、钙盐沉积量、钙化结节数以及Ⅰ型胶原表达量,并比较各组间差异;于处理后6、12、24、48 h分别提取细胞总RNA,用RT Real-Time PCR法检测成骨性分化相关基因Osterix和IGF-1表达情况。实验结果显示电磁场干预组的细胞增殖率均低于对照组;但1.4~2.2 mT区间的磁场具有促成骨效应,以1.8 mT促进rBMSCs的成骨性分化更明显,表现在该组的碱性磷酸酶活性、钙盐沉积量、钙化结节数、Ⅰ型胶原表达量以及成骨性分化基因的表达量最高,亦显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可以认为频率为50 Hz、强度范围在1.4~2.2 mT内的SEMFs抑制rBMSCs的增殖;但促进其成骨性分化,以1.8 mT效果最为明显。     

In vitro migratory aberrancies of mesenchymal stem cells derived from multiple myeloma patients only partially modulated by bortezomib

Recent studies indicated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) derived from multiple myeloma (MM) patients were different from those of normal subjects in a variety of aspects. However, it is largely unknown whether BM-MSCs derived from MM patients display any aberrant chemotactic migration. To this aim, we compared the chemotactic migration of BM-MSCs derived from MM patients with those from normal subjects. Our results showed that BM-MSCs derived from MM patients migrated more vigorously to myeloma cell line. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitor bortezomib was showed to suppress chemotactic migration of BM-MSCs whatever their origins. However, although the chemotactic migration of BM-MSCs derived from MM patients to myeloma cell line was more significantly suppressed by bortezomib treatment, migration to SDF-1 or FBS of BM-MSCs was less compromised. Both SDF-1 and TNF-α enhanced phosphorylation of iκ-Bα in BM-MSCs. Although bortezomib significantly inhibited the iκ-Bα phosphorylation by SDF-1, it had little effect on iκ-Bα phosphorylation by TNF-α. Collectively, our results suggested that aberrant chemotactic migration of BM-MSCs derived from MM patients and the possible migration-regulatory role of bortezomib treatment.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺样神经细胞分化

目的探索大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺能样细胞分化。方法全骨髓培养法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞;体外培养至第3代,用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子,抗坏血酸和表皮生长因子诱导分化;免疫荧光法鉴定胞质中的多巴胺神经元相关蛋白的表达;RT-PCR鉴定多巴胺神经元相关基因的表达;ELISA法检测上清及胞质中的多巴胺。结果诱导后,免疫荧光法检测到诱导后的细胞表达多巴胺神经元相关蛋白:酪氨酸羟化酶、多巴胺转运蛋白和神经核蛋白;RT-PCR检测到诱导后的细胞表达多巴胺神经细胞相关基因TH、AADC;ELISA法检测到诱导后的上清及胞质中有多巴胺分泌。结论间充质干细胞具有向多巴胺能样细胞分化的能力。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经干细胞

为了观察骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)分化为神经干细胞(NSCs)的能力,本研究通过贴壁法培养大鼠BMSCs,体外培养扩增纯化后,在细胞传代时用含有表皮生长因子(EGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、N2、B27的DMEM/F12的培养液制成细胞悬液,并进行诱导,观察诱导后细胞的形态及生长情况,用免疫荧光检测形成的细胞球的巢蛋白(nestin)的表达情况;形成的细胞球在含10%血清的培养液中进一步分化。结果显示:BMSCs在含EGF、bFGF、N2、B27的培养液中,逐渐形成nestin表达阳性的细胞球,在含血清的培养液中能分化为神经元样细胞、星形胶质样细胞及少突胶质样细胞。本研究结果提示经纯化的BMSCs能分化为NSCs,并具有进一步分化的能力。     

体外诱导脂肪来源间充质干细胞间质-上皮转换

目的探讨在体外诱导人脂肪来源间充质干细胞(hAD-MSCs)发生间质-上皮转换(MET)的可行性。方法从人脂肪中分离、培养间充质干细胞,流式细胞术鉴定其细胞表面标志。在体外添加激活素A(activin A)、维甲酸(RA)和骨形态发生蛋白7(BMP7)培养后,倒置显微镜下观察hAD-MSCs诱导后的形态变化,采用RT-PCR方法检测间质和上皮细胞相关基因vimentin,E-cadherin,ZO-1和β-catenin在诱导分化过程中表达水平改变。Western blot检测诱导前后间质标记vimentin和上皮标记β-catenin的表达。结果诱导后细胞形态发生改变,由长梭形变为卵圆形,上皮标记基因E-cadherin,ZO-1和β-catenin的mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05),同时间质标志基因vimentin的mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,与未诱导组相比,诱导后细胞开始表达β-catenin,而vimentin的表达明显下降(P<0.05)。结论 Activin A、RA和BMP7联合使用可诱导hAD-MSCs发生MET的过程。     

The immunomodulatory activity of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical settings because of their self-renewal and multipotent differentiative capacity or their immunosuppressive function. However, BM may be detrimental because of the highly invasive donation procedure and BM-MSC decline with age. Therefore, MSC derived from other sources have been considered as an alternative. However, there is only limited knowledge on their immunomodulatory properties. Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells are good substitutes for BM-MSC because of the immaturity of newborn cells. In this study, we successfully isolated MSC from UCB. The morphological phenotypes, cell cycle status, surface markers and differentiation potential of these clonally expanded cells are consistent with BM-MSC. Furthermore, UCB-MSC expanded in vitro retain low immunogenicity and an immunomodulatory effect. Flow cytometry analysis showed that UCB-MSC did not express CD40, CD40 ligand, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. We have demonstrated that UCB-MSC are incapable of inducing allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and have a dose-dependent inhibition of PBMC immune responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and phytohaemagglutinin activation assays, even after interferon-gamma treatment. Additionally, we have found that UCB-MSC can suppress the function of mature dendritic cells. Using transwell systems, we have demonstrated an inhibition mechanism that depends on both cell contact and soluble factors. Based on the findings we conclude that banked UCB could serve as a potential alternative source of MSC for allogeneic application in the future.     

骨髓间质干细胞体外转分化为肌细胞的实验研究

研究骨髓间充质干细胞在体外诱导分化为肌源性细胞的可行性。由新西兰大白兔胸骨获取骨髓间充质干细胞，纯化培养后用不同浓度的5氮杂胞苷(5-azacytidine)诱导，用透射电镜、免疫组化、动作电位、cTnI(肌钙蛋白)检测、Ach(乙酰胆碱)刺激后的反应等鉴定诱导后细胞。结果显示经5-氮杂胞苷诱导后的骨髓间充质干细胞在透射电镜下可以观察到细胞内有明显的肌丝，免疫组化可见细胞被抗肌红蛋白抗体着染显色，电生理检查表明诱导后细胞是可兴奋细胞，可检测到cTnI，Ach刺激后细胞表现为舒张反应。我们认为骨髓间充质干细胞可在体外经5-氮杂胞苷诱导后转分化为肌源性细胞。