MR扩散峰度成像在腹部的研究现状

磁共振扩散峰度成像(DKI)是一种反映体内水分子非高斯分布扩散运动状态的MR成像新技术。近年来DKI已广泛应用于神经系统,并取得良好的效果。目前也逐步被应用于前列腺、肾脏、肝脏等体部脏器成像,其中在前列腺的应用最为广泛,通过应用DKI可提高对前列腺肿瘤诊断与分级的能力。就DKI技术在腹部的应用研究现状予以综述。     

扩散峰度成像的基本原理及其在脑肿瘤中的应用

扩散峰度成像（DKI）是近年发展起来的一项新的MR扩散加权成像（DWI）技术,不同于传统的DWI及扩散张量成像（DTI）,DKI主要是通过描述组织内水分子扩散运动偏离正态分布的程度,评价组织的微结构,间接反映组织生理、病理情况。DKI目前已广泛应用于中枢神经系统的临床研究,尤其在脑肿瘤方面。对DKI的基本原理及其在脑肿瘤中的临床应用予以综述。     

MR扩散峰度成像原理及其在中枢神经系统的初步应用

通过对水分子扩散运动的测量,扩散张量成像（ＤＴＩ）可以无创地对组织结构进行评价,而扩散峰度成像（ＤＫＩ）是以DTI为基础,对生物组织内水分子扩散的非高斯分布特征进行定量分析,揭示组织结构细微改变。DKI较DTI能提供更多关于组织微观结构的信息。综述DKI的原理及其在中枢神经系统的应用,包括神经退行性疾病、创伤性脑损伤、缺血性脑卒中、胶质瘤、多发性硬化、脑发育等。     

DKI对动态增强时间-信号曲线呈平台型乳腺纤维腺瘤及乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨扩散峰度成像(DKI)对动态增强时间-信号曲线呈平台型的乳腺纤维腺瘤和乳腺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法选取DCE-TIC为平台型的20例(20个病灶)乳腺纤维腺瘤患者和61例(64个病灶)乳腺癌患者。测得病变的平均扩散峰度系数(MK)和平均扩散系数(MD)以及ADC值,观察病变形态和强化特征。以病理结果为金标准,采用X²检验比较两类病变间形状、边缘、背景实质强化、内部强化特征、早期强化率的差异;采用两独立样本t检验比较DKI、DWI参数的差异,绘制ROC比较其诊断效能。结果DCE-TIC呈平台型的乳腺纤维腺瘤及乳腺癌,形状、边缘、内部强化特征以及早期强化率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),背景实质强化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MK、MD、ADC值的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),联合MK、MD和ADC,ROC下面积为0.991,敏感度、特异度和准确度分别达0.922、1.000和0.922。结论DKI对DCE-TIC呈平台型乳腺纤维腺瘤及乳腺癌具有良好的鉴别诊断意义,将DKI和DWI联合应用可获得更高的诊断效能。     

A fast schema for parameter estimation in diffusion kurtosis imaging

Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is a new model in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterizing restricted diffusion of water molecules in living tissues. We propose a method for fast estimation of the DKI parameters. These parameters – apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and apparent kurtosis coefficient (AKC) – are evaluated using an alternative iteration schema (AIS). This schema first roughly estimates a pair of ADC and AKC values from a subset of the DKI data acquired at 3 b-values. It then iteratively and alternately updates the ADC and AKC until they are converged. This approach employs the technique of linear least square fitting to minimize estimation error in each iteration. In addition to the common physical and biological constrains that set the upper and lower boundaries of the ADC and AKC values, we use a smoothing procedure to ensure that estimation is robust. Quantitative comparisons between our AIS methods and the conventional methods of unconstrained nonlinear least square (UNLS) using both synthetic and real data showed that our unconstrained AIS method can significantly accelerate the estimation procedure without compromising its accuracy, with the computational time for a DKI dataset successfully reduced to only 1 or 2 min. Moreover, the incorporation of the smoothing procedure using one of our AIS methods can significantly enhance the contrast of AKC maps and greatly improve the visibility of details in fine structures.     

同时多层采集技术在乳腺MR高清扩散峰度成像中的可行性研究

目的:探讨同时多层采集技术在乳腺高清扩散峰度成像(RESOLVE DKI)中的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析行乳腺MRI检查并经病理学证实的46例女性患者(48个病变,其中恶性病变41个,良性病变7个)的临床及影像资料,分别采集常规RESOLVE DKI和采用同时多层采集技术RE-SOLVE DKI序列(SMS RESOL...     

新生猪缺氧缺血性脑病扩散峰度成像的时间进程变化

目的分析新生猪缺氧缺血性脑病扩散峰度成像(DKI)相关参数随时间变化规律,并与扩散张量成像(DTI)相关参数对比。材料与方法选取出生3~5 d内的健康约克种猪20只,分为实验组15只和对照组5只。实验组结扎双侧颈总动脉后放入氧浓度为4%的乏氧箱内,乏氧30 min。对照组仅行分离双侧颈总动脉的假手术。实验组和对照组在模型建立后3、6、9、12、16、24 h分别进行DKI扫描,扫描完成后,实验组和对照组各选3只猪取脑行病理学检查。结果实验组猪缺氧缺血发生后,病变处DKI相关参数平均扩散峰度(MK)、径向扩散峰度(Kr)、轴向扩散峰度(Ka)较对照组逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DTI相关参数平均扩散系数(MD)、垂直扩散张量(Dr)、轴向扩散张量(Da)逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DKI相关参数值变化率大于DTI相关参数值变化率,且平行于轴突方向的变化率均大于垂直于轴突方向的变化率(Ka、Da、Kr及Dr的平均变化率分别为119.75%、55.54%、93.32%、50.51%)。实验组病理结果显示神经元水肿,大量炎症细胞浸润,局部可见坏死。结论与DTI相关参数相比,DKI能够更敏感地评价缺氧缺血性脑病脑组织微结构的变化。     

定量MRI诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移的研究进展

评估直肠癌淋巴结转移对治疗和预后至关重要。常规MRI诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移主要依据淋巴结的短径和形态学特征,诊断效能较低。定量MRI包括动态增强MRI（DCE-MRI）、动态磁敏感增强MRI（DSC-MRI）、单指数模型扩散加权成像（DWI）、扩散峰度成像（DKI）、体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像（IVIM-DWI）等,可以对直肠癌淋巴结及原发灶进行定量分析,从而有助于诊断淋巴结转移。就常规MRI及定量MRI诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移的研究进展予以综述。     

Characterization of Brain Microstructural Abnormalities in High Myopia Patients: A Preliminary Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Study

ObjectiveTo evaluate microstructural damage in high myopia (HM) patients using 3T diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI).Materials and MethodsThis prospective study included 30 HM patients and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) with DKI. Kurtosis parameters including kurtosis fractional anisotropy (FA), mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (AK), and radial kurtosis (RK) as well as diffusion metrics including FA, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity derived from DKI were obtained. Group differences in these metrics were compared using tract-based spatial statistics. Partial correlation analysis was used to evaluate correlations between microstructural changes and disease duration.ResultsCompared to HCs, HM patients showed significantly reduced AK, RK, MK, and FA and significantly increased AD, predominately in the bilateral corticospinal tract, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and left thalamus (all p < 0.05, threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected). In addition, DKI-derived kurtosis parameters (AK, RK, and MK) had negative correlations (r = −0.448 to −0.376, all p < 0.05) and diffusion parameter (AD) had positive correlations (r = 0.372 to 0.409, all p < 0.05) with disease duration.ConclusionHM patients showed microstructural alterations in the brain regions responsible for motor conduction and vision-related functions. DKI is useful for detecting white matter abnormalities in HM patients, which might be helpful for exploring and monitoring the pathogenesis of the disease.     

肾脏MR扩散峰度成像研究进展

MR扩散峰度成像（DKI）基于多项式模型,能够量化组织中水分子的扩散运动与自由高斯运动的偏差。DKI技术可以定量评价组织微环境的复杂性和异质性,近年来已用于评价肾脏功能及相关疾病,在肾脏肿瘤的分级,以及在梗阻性肾病、糖尿病肾病、高尿酸血症肾病等常见疾病的早期诊断中具有一定的应用价值。就DKI成像原理及在正常肾脏和肾脏常见疾病中的研究进展予以综述。     

扩散加权成像在卵巢肿瘤中的应用

扩散加权成像(DWI)是目前唯一能够检测生物组织内水分子扩散运动的无创方法 ,该种扩散运动可以通过表观扩散系数(ADC)来量化分析。扩散峰度成像(DKI)、体素内不相干运动(IVIM)成像、背景抑制扩散加权全身成像(DWIBS)等DWI新技术用于卵巢肿瘤的评估提高了卵巢肿瘤影像诊断的准确性。综述DWI及其新技术在卵巢肿瘤定性诊断、分期、疗效评估、预后判断中的作用及其潜在缺陷。     

扩散峰度成像在肝脏疾病中的应用进展

扩散峰度成像(DKI)序列作为扩散加权成像(DWI)的衍生序列能够显示复杂组织中水分子扩散受限程度,反映组织微观结构信息。其在肝脏主要应用于肝功能储备和肝脏纤维化程度评估、肝内良恶性肿块病变鉴别、及对肝癌经动脉化学栓塞术后复发评估等。就DKI的基本原理、主要技术参数及在肝脏疾病诊断和疗效评估中的研究进展予以综述。     

MRI在子宫肉瘤和子宫肌瘤鉴别诊断中的应用进展

子宫肉瘤与子宫肌瘤的治疗方案和预后管理完全不同,对两者的鉴别诊断至关重要。MRI是诊断子宫肿瘤的重要影像方法,尤其是扩散加权成像（DWI）、扩散张量成像（DTI）、扩散峰度成像（DKI）、灌注加权成像（PWI）、MR波谱成像（MRS）、增强梯度回波T₂*加权血管成像（ESWAN）等功能MRI及影像组学,在子宫良恶性肿瘤鉴别、病理分型分级和分子变化等方面可以进行量化分析,从而提供更多有价值的信息。就MRI在鉴别子宫肉瘤和子宫肌瘤中的应用进展作一综述。     

DWI技术在肝外胆管细胞癌诊断、分期和 疗效评估中的研究进展

肝外胆管细胞癌（EHCC）是第二大原发性肝胆系统肿瘤,其恶性程度高,预后不良。扩散加权成像（DWI）是反映组织水分子扩散运动的常用无创性成像方法。近年来,DWI及体素内不相干运动（IVIM）、扩散张量成像（DTI）及扩散峰度成像（DKI）等衍生技术已广泛应用于EHCC的诊断、病理分期预测和监测以及疗效评估。就DWI及其衍生序列对EHCC应用的研究进展以及局限性和应用前景予以综述。     

Residual tumour detection in post-treatment granulation tissue by using advanced diffusion models in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients

PurposeTo evaluate the detectability of the residual tumour in post-treatment granulation tissue using parameters obtained with an advanced diffusion model in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated by chemoradiation therapy.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively evaluated 23 patients with HNSCC after the full course of chemoradiation therapy. The diffusion-weighted image (DWI) acquisition used single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging with 11 b-values (0–1000). We calculated 10 DWI parameters using a mono-exponential model, a bi-exponential model, a stretched exponential model (SEM), a diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) model and a statistical diffusion model (SDM) in the region of interest (ROI) placed on the post-treatment granulation tissue. The presence of residual tumour was determined by histological findings or clinical follow-up.ResultsAmong the 23 patients, seven patients were revealed to have residual tumour. The univariate analysis revealed significant differences in six parameters between the patients with and without residual tumour. From the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the highest area under curve was detected in the center of the Gaussian distribution of diffusion coefficient (D_s) obtained by the SDM. The multivariate analysis revealed that the D_s and diffusion heterogeneity (α) obtained by the SEM were predictors for the presence of residual tumour.ConclusionDWI parameters obtained by advanced fitting models will be one of the diagnostic tools for the detection of residual tumour.     

Diffusional kurtosis imaging in the lung using hyperpolarized 3He.

Diseases of the small airspaces represent an increasingly important health problem. Asthma is primarily a disease of airway dysfunction, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abnormalities in both the small airways and the alveoli. Conventional diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hyperpolarized noble gases, because of the short T(2)* of the gas, is only capable of monitoring diffusion over short times and hence only short distances. Diffusion imaging is therefore only sensitive to changes in small structures of the lung (primarily the alveoli), and will not adequately interrogate diffusion along the longitudinal axes of bronchi and bronchioles. In this communication we present a new method, termed diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI), that is particularly sensitive to diffusion over longer distances. DKI may therefore be more sensitive to abnormalities in the bronchioles and bronchi than conventional diffusion imaging. Preliminary DKI measurements on healthy human subjects and one patient with symptoms suggestive of small airway disease are presented. Although the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the patient was similar to that in the normal controls, diffusional kurtosis was markedly reduced. This suggests that DKI measurements may be useful for assessing diseases of the small airways.     

磁共振扩散峰度成像在肝脏病变中的研究进展

磁共振扩散峰度成像（DKI）是扩散加权成像（DWI）、扩散张量成像（DTI）的延伸与补充,可进一步揭示生物体内水分子运动的非高斯扩散模型,更适合反映人体内微环境,较DWI、DTI技术可提供更准确、真实、丰富的组织微观结构信息。DKI技术问世以来,逐渐应用于各系统疾病的研究,尤其是在神经系统疾病中取得了显著成果,展现出良好的临床价值。DKI可反映微观信息,具有巨大的应用前景,在肝脏疾病方面的研究也越来越多,笔者就DKI在肝脏疾病中的应用予以综述。     

扩散峰度成像与DWI在卵巢实性病灶良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用

目的:探讨扩散峰度成像(DKI)与DWI在卵巢实性病灶良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析87例卵巢实性病灶的临床及影像资料,患者均行卵巢MRI常规平扫、DWI、DKI检查,分别获取ADC值、平均扩散峰度(MK)和平均扩散率(MD),评估DWI、DKI对卵巢良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。结果:与卵巢恶性病变相比,卵巢良性病变的ADC值、MD明显升高,MK明显降低(均P<0.05)。ADC、MK、MD联合诊断卵巢良恶性病变的AUC较三者单独及MK联合MD诊断诊断的AUC大。结论:与DWI相比,DKI对卵巢良恶性病变鉴别诊断价值略高;DWI联合DKI可提高对卵巢良恶性病变鉴别诊断效能及卵巢实性病灶检出率。     

功能MRI在儿童肾脏疾病诊断中的研究进展

儿童肾脏疾病可导致肾功能持续下降,需及时监测并控制其进展。目前,多种功能MRI（fMRI）技术已逐步用于儿童肾脏研究,不仅能明确肾脏结构有无异常,还可从肾脏水分子扩散、血氧水平等微观角度对肾功能进行评估,包括扩散加权成像（DWI）、扩散张量成像（DTI）、扩散张量纤维束示踪成像（DTT）、扩散峰度成像（DKI）、血氧水平依赖（BOLD）成像、MR灌注成像。介绍儿童肾脏的生理解剖特点,并综述fMRI在肾脏发育异常、慢性肾脏病、感染性病变、肿瘤性病变等多种疾病中的研究进展。