慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV前C区A1896变异和BCP T1762／A1764双变异与临床相关性分析

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)前C区和基本棱心启动子(BCP)突变与HBV-DNA裁量之间的关系,明确检测突变的意义.方法 PCR扩增HBV-DNA前C区序列,进行PCR产物直接测序,测序HBV感染者血清中HBV前C区A1896突变及BCP T1762/A1764双突变例教.结果 31例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV-DNA发生ntl896位核苷酸G-A点突变18例;发生nt1762住A-T 16例;发生nt1764 位G＞A 18例;发生nt1762位A-T与1764位G-A双突变16例;1762位A-T1764住G-A双变异和1896住G-A变异的联合变异频率明显高于单个变异.用SPSS16.0软件分析突变与HBV-DNA载量的关系.前C区A1896变异,BCP T1762/A1764变异均与HBV-DNA戴量差异无统计学意义.结论 HBV-DNA裁量仅能反映实时病毒裁量,HBV前C区A1896变异和BCP T1762/A1764双变异在各种病毒载量感染者中存在,仅依靠血清学指标及HBV-DNA裁量来判断传染性是不够的.检测HBV-DNA前C区A1896变异和BCP T1762/A1764双变异,可辅助判断传染性及制定抗病毒治疗方案.     

乙型肝炎病毒前C区(1896)和BCP区(1762/1764)变异对肝癌发病率的影响

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)前C区(1896)和BCP区(1762/1764)变异对肝癌发病率的影响。方法对520例HBV感染(慢性乙肝)患者进行HBV前C区(1896)和BCP区(1762/1764)变异检测,并观察其继发肝癌情况。结果 520例慢性乙肝患者HBV前C区(1896)变异肝癌发病率为8.3%,BCP区(1762/1764)变异肝癌发病率为30.0%,前C区(1896)和BCP区(1762/1764)同时变异肝癌发病率为10.9%,变异者合计肝癌发病率为22.9%;前C区(1896)和BCP区(1762/1764)均未发生变异(野生型)肝癌发病率为1.1%。变异者肝癌发病率显著高于未发生变异者(P<0.01)。结论 HBV前C区(1896)和BCP区(1762/1764)变异可能与肝癌的发病有关,应加强对此类患者HBV基因变异的检测。     

慢性乙型肝炎乙型肝炎病毒核心启动子区和前核心区基因变异后的预后分析

目的 为了解慢性乙型肝炎患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)核心启动子(BCP)区和前核心(前C)区基因变异后的临床转归及其预后。方法 采用DNA序列分析法检测123例HBV DNA阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV BCP区(nt1762、nt1764)和前C区(nt1896)基因序列,并同步进行乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)、乙型肝炎e抗体(抗-HBe)定量及肝功能检测。结果 123例患者HBV BCP区(A1762T、G1764A)和前C区(G1896A)基因变异检出率为76.42％;其中肝炎肝硬化(HLC)患者双变异(A1762T、G1764A)和联合变异(A1762T、G1764A、G1896A)率最高(52．94％与29．41％);慢性重型肝炎患者终止变异(G1896A)率最高(42．86％);HBeAg／抗HBe转换率分别为：双变异组23.91％,终止变异组75．00％,联合变异组84．00％,无变异组13．79％。结论 HBV BCP双变异、前C终止变异和联合变异均可引起慢性乙型肝炎病情加重及肝硬化的发生,但严重肝损伤与这3种变异之间可能无因果关系,只是HBV减少病毒蛋白的产生,逃避免疫监视的一种方式;推测BCP双变异和联合变异可能是引起HLC的重要病因之一;BCP区变异患者时干扰素治疗敏感。     

乙型肝炎病毒基本核心启动子A1762T／G1764A位点基因多态性检测方法的建立及应用

[目的]建立多聚酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态分析（PCR-RFLP）法检测乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）C区基本核心启动子区（BCP）A1762T／G1764A联合突变并对部分临床标本进行检测。[方法]根据HBVBCP区基因设计引物，在G1764位设计MboⅠ酶切位点，根据PCR产物酶切结果判断该位点为G或A。[结果]测序及序列比较显示本文一株突变株：DT-BCP确为1762T／1764A变异株；HBeAg阳性慢性乙肝A1762T和G1764A位点双突变率为60％（18／30），HBeAg阴性组为53．3％（16／30），两组变异率无显著性差异（X^2=0．271，P=0．602）。[结论]本文建立的方法可用于检测HBV BCP区A1762T／G1764A位点双突变。     

乙型肝炎病毒前C区1896、基本C区启动子区1762／1764变异对拉米夫定抗病毒疗效的影响及其临床意义

目的研究乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）前C区G1896A变异和基本C区启动子（BCP）区A1762T／G1764A双变异对拉米夫定（LAM）抗病毒疗效的影响及其临床意义。方法收集上海及其周边地区34例慢性乙型肝炎患者,单用LAM或LAM＋聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a进行抗病毒治疗共48周,应用TrugeneHBVgenotyping试剂盒测定分析治疗前（0周）、治疗过程中（24周）、治疗结束时（48周）及随访结束时（72周）RT区YMDD变异;采用HBV基因多态性检测芯片试剂盒测定前C区1896、BCP区1762／1764位点的变异情况。结果在治疗前有9例患者检测出前C区G1896A变异,均为HBVe抗原（HBeAg）阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者;9例前C区G1896A变异患者中7例治疗应答（77．8％,7／9）,BCP区A1762T／G1764A变异在治疗应答者与无应答者中差异无统计学意义;3例患者分别在治疗24和48周时检测到YMDD变异,对治疗均无应答。结论慢性乙型肝炎患者治疗前血清HBVDNA变异状态可能影响LAM抗病毒治疗应答及YMDD耐药变异株的复制能力。     

阿德福韦酯与乙型肝炎病毒P区、前C/BCP区变异相关性研究

目的 探讨阿德福韦酯治疗后乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)P区、前C/BCP区的变异情况,为合理进行抗病毒治疗提供理论基础.方法 采用套式聚合酶链反应及核苷酸序列分析技术,将2010年3-8月天津市第三中心医院收治的共计61例临床乙型肝炎患者,根据是否使用过阿德福韦酯分为试验组(33例)和对照组(28例),并进行HBV DNA P区、前C/BCP区的突变点检测,对2组的数据进行统计学比较.结果 HBV DNA前C/BCP区G1896A和A1762T/G1764A突变率最高,尤其以乙型肝炎后肝癌患者表现最高[50.0%(8/16)、25.0%(4/16)],且试验组A1762T/G1764A双突变及G1896A突变率明显高于对照组[39.4%(13/33)比17.9%(5/28),27.3%(9/33)比10.7%(3/28),P<0.05].与核苷酸药物阿德福韦酯密切相关的P区突变点以A18lV和N236T突变率最高.结论 前C/BCP区G1896A突变、A1762T/G1764A双突变以及A181V和N236T的突变与核苷酸药物阿德福韦酯治疗密切相关,对于合理指导抗病毒治疗具有重要参考价值.     

乙肝病毒E抗原和抗体双阳性者中病毒X及前C基因变异热点研究

目的：了解乙型肝炎患者HBeAg和HBeAb双阳性状态下X区及前C区基因热点变异情况，探讨T1762与T1764及A1896热点变异与HBe转换时相的关系。方法：采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析方法定量检测乙肝5项标志物，对HBeAg/HBeAb双阳性标本采用巢式聚合酶链反应扩增，其包括X区及前C区在内的DNA片段，并对阳性的PCR产物直接标记测序，测序结果和Genbank中登录的标准序列相比较。结果：对15例HBeAg和HBeAb双阳性患者血清中HBV DNA进行了检测，阳性11例，测序结果显示，11例HBV DNA阳性者均存在T1762和A1764的突变，但仅有4例患者出现了A1896的突变。结论：在乙型肝炎HBe转换过程中均伴有BCP区T1762和A1764的突变，部分存在A1896位点的突变，T1762和A1764的突变要早于A1896的突变，而A1896的突变主要在E抗体产生过程中或产生以后。     

阿德福韦酯治疗与乙型肝炎病毒P区、C区及BCP区变异相关性研究

[目的]探究阿德福韦酯治疗前后乙型肝炎病毒P区、c区及BCP区的变异情况，为合理进行抗病毒治疗提供理论基础；[方法]采用套式PCR及核苷酸序列分析技术，对天津市第三中心医院共计61份临床HBV血液标本进行了HBVDNAP区、c区及BCP区的突变点检测。[结果]HBVDNA前c区G1896A和A1762T／G1764A突变比率最高，尤其以肝癌组中表现最高，且实验组A1762T／G1764A双突变及G1896A突变的比率明显高于对照组，与核苷酸药物阿德福韦密切相关的突变点以A181V和N236T突变最高。[结论]前c区G1896A变异联合BCPT1762／A1764双变异以及A181V和N236T的检测与核苷酸药物治疗的过程密切相关，对于合理指导抗病毒治疗具有重要参考价值。     

乙肝病毒E抗原和抗体双阳性者中病毒X及前C基因变异热点研究

目的了解乙型肝炎患者HBcAg和HBeAh双阳性状态下X区及前C区基因热点变异情况，探讨T1762与A1764及A1896热点变异与HBe转换时相的关系。方法采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析方法定量检测乙肝5项标志物，对HBeAg／HBeAb双阳性标本采用巢式聚合酶链反应扩增，其包括X区及前C区在内的DNA片段，并对阳性的PCR产物直接标记测序，测序结果和Genbank中登录的标准序列相比较。结果对15例HBeAg和HBeAb双阳性患者血清中HBV DNA进行了检测，阳性11例，测序结果显示，11例HBV DNA阳性者均存在T1762和A1764的突变，但仅有4例患者出现了A1896的突变。结论在乙型肝炎HBe转换过程中均伴有BCP区T1762和A1764的突变，部分存在A1896位点的突变，T1762和A1764的突变要早于A1896的突变，而A1896的突变主要在E抗体产生过程中或产生以后。     

乙型肝炎病毒基本核心启动子区A1762T/G1764A突变检测的意义

目的探讨乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)基本核心启动子区(BCP)A1762T/G1764A联合突变在不同疾病中发生的差异及其与乙肝相关肝癌预后的关系。方法选择慢性乙肝(CHB)患者38例、乙肝肝硬化(LC)患者36例、乙肝相关肝细胞肝癌(HCC)患者74例,用巢式PCR扩增患者血清中HBV BCP区,直接测序法检测HBV BCP区变异,分析A1762T/G1764A突变与HBV复制、HBeAg表达和HBV感染不同阶段的关系,以及与HCC患者预后的关系。结果在148例患者中,A1762T/G1764A突变总体发生率为54.7%,乙肝相关HCC组中A1762T/G1764A突变发生率为79.7%,而CHB、LC患者分别为31.6%、27.8%,HCC组变异的发生率明显高于CHB组(P0.05)和LC组(P0.05);A1762T/G1764A突变组HBV-DNA载量与非突变组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);HBeAg阳性组A1762T/G1764A突变发生率为41.4%,HBeAg阴性组为73.5%,HBeAg阴性组变异发生率明显高于HBeAg阳性组(P0.05);HCC患者A1762T/G1764A变异组与非变异组之间无病生存期及总体生存期差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HBV核心启动子区A1762T/G1764A联合突变与HCC发生具有显著关系,该变异与血清HBV-DNA的复制水平无关,但与血清HBeAg表达水平有关,与乙肝相关HCC预后无显著关系。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.