合肥市1991~2005年15岁以下儿童乙型病毒型肝炎流行病学分析

目的了解合肥市自实行儿童乙肝疫苗预防接种以来15岁以下儿童乙型肝炎的发病情况及占乙型肝炎总发病的构成情况,科学评价儿童乙肝免疫规划在控制乙肝发病方面的作用,为制定乙型肝炎的防治对策提供科学依据。方法利用描述流行病学方法对1991年1月1日至2005年12月31日合肥市法定传染病报告系统和免疫预防的资料进行分析。结果1991~2005年间,全市共报告15岁以下乙肝发病3156例,年均发病率为20.37/10万。1994年为发病率最高年份,报告病例数579例,发病率为56.21/10万;2005年为发病率最低年份,报告病例数32例,发病率为3.31/10万。15岁以下儿童乙肝发病占乙肝总发病的构成比例逐年下降,从1991年的18.23%降到2005年的2.18%。结论1991~2005年合肥市15岁以下儿童乙肝总体流行强度呈现下降趋势,15岁以内人群得到了较好的保护,降低了乙肝的总发病率,乙肝免疫规划是控制乙肝最有效措施之一。     

启东市2005-2014年细菌性痢疾流行病学分析

目的分析细菌性痢疾(菌痢)的流行病学特征,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法根据国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统中的细菌性痢疾报告数据,运用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情。结果 2005-2014年启东市报告菌痢病例415例,年均发病率为3.70/10万;2006年报告病例数最高,为65例,发病率为5.78/10万;2013年报告病例数最低,为15例,发病率为1.34/10万。5-10月为发病高峰,占67.71%。年龄分布以10岁、50~59岁和60~69岁的年龄组居多,分别占22.65%、15.18%、11.81%。职业分布以农民和散居儿童居多,分别占12.53%、52.05%。结论启东市近年来菌痢发病率呈下降趋势,发病时间主要集中在夏秋季。应继续采取综合防治措施。     

清远市1988-2001年细菌性痢疾流行情况分析

对清远市1988-2001年细菌性痢疾（以下简称菌痢）的流行特征进行了分析。1988-2001年全市菌痢平均发病率为49.02/10万，死亡率0.05/10万，病死率0.11%，1993年平均发病率93.71%/10万，是发病率最高的年份；年均发病率最低是2001年为9.88/10万，比1988年下降了86.70%。自1998年以来，已连续4年没有菌痢死亡病例报告。清元市菌痢的发病率，死亡率呈逐年下降趋势，但该病的年发病的年发病率一直居于法定乙类传染病百分构成比前5位。     

2004-2009年商丘市甲型肝炎疫情分析

目的 对2004-2009年商丘市甲型病毒性肝炎疫情分析,为制定有效防控措施提供依据.方法 对全市2004-2009年报告的甲型肝炎病例进行疫情分析.结果 2004-2009年商丘市共报告甲型肝炎病例2 514例,年均发病率为(5.22/10万),发病率最底年份是2006年(1.22/10万),发病率最高的年份为200...     

龙岩市2005-2010年细菌性痢疾流行病学分析

目的 分析2005-2010年龙岩市细菌性痢疾(菌痢)的流行特征,为防制菌痢提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法,对龙岩市2005-2010年菌痢报告资料进行分析.结果 2005-2010年龙岩市菌痢发病率波动在7.53/10万～13.00/10万,年均发病率9.80/10万,呈逐年下降趋势.发病以夏秋季为高峰;男性发病率(12.12/10万)高于女性(7.40/10万),0～4岁组发病率最高(79.60/10万),病例数居前5位的是:散居儿童(40.7％)、农民(22.0％)、托幼儿童(17.2％)、学生(8.2％)、工人(2.4％).结论 龙岩市菌痢的流行有明显地区、季节和人群特征,在高发地区和流行季节,针对高危人群采取防控措施,是防制菌痢的有效策略.     

1995-2005年兰州市红古区法定传染病疫情分析

为了解红古区传染病的发生、流行及变化趋势,分析其流行特点,为今后制定防治措施提供科学依据,现将红古区1995-2005年法定报告传染病发病情况分析如下。1材料与方法1·1资料来源疫情资料来自红古区1995-2005年法定传染病疫情年报汇总资料;人口资料来源于红古区统计局。1·2统计方法计算发病率、构成比等指标。2结果2·1发病概况1995-2005年红古区上报甲、乙类传染病10种,累计6570例,年平均发病率为452·23/10万,报告死亡病例8例,年平均死亡率为0·55/10万。11年来报告发病率波动在256·75/10万~569·56/10万之间,最高发病年份为2004年,占总…     

许昌市2004年~2006年风疹流行病学分析

目的了解许昌市风疹发病情况及流行特征,为制定防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学方法,对2004年~2006年许昌市风疹疫情资料进行统计分析。结果2004年~2006年累计报告623例,发病率为4.84/10万。各年报告发病率分别为2.21/10万、4.91/10万、7.55/10万,不同年份报告发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。鄢陵县报告发病例数占总数的90.21%,年平均报告发病率鄢陵县最高,为31.55/10万,不同地区的报告发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);5月为发病高峰;男女性别比为1.43:1;0岁~15岁组占发病总数的91.17%,不同年龄段报告发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);儿童、学生占报告发病总数的95.98%。结论鄢陵县报告发病率较高,应加强以预防接种为主的防治工作力度。其它县市有必要提高风疹疫情报告质量。     

2013-2015年合肥市瑶海区手足口病疫情分析

目的了解合肥市瑶海区手足口病的流行病学特征,为进一步制定手足口病(HFMD)防治策略及健康教育提供科学依据。方法收集2013至2015年合肥市瑶海区手足口病监测资料,并运用描述性研究对收集到的数据进行三间分布描述。结果合肥市瑶海区2013-2015年共发生手足口病2 751例,年平均报告发病率199.80/10万,无重症病例,无死亡病例。发病高峰集中在4~6月;次高峰为11月。0-5岁人群报告病例数为2553例,5岁以上人群报告病例数为198例,0-5岁人群年平均报告发病率为1 462.22/10万,5岁以上人群年平均报告发病率为16.47/10万,报告病例以0-5岁的幼托儿童及散居儿童为主(χ2=162663.84,P<0.001)。男性发病人数为1 640例,女性发病人数为1 111例,故男女比例为1.48:1,男性年平均报告发病率为232.93/10万,女性年平均报告发病率为165.13/10万,男性发病率高于女性(χ2=79.157,P<0.001)。结论合肥市瑶海区2013-2015年手足口病流行存在明显的季节、人群特征,5岁以下幼托和散居儿童是手足口病防控的重点人群。     

合肥市2004～2006年法定报告传染病疫情分析

目的分析2004-2006年合肥市报告传染病发病情况,探讨合肥市传染病流行规律,为防病工作提供科学依据。方法收集合肥市及所辖3县4区疾病预防控制中心报告的疫情资料,对重点传染病作流行病学分析。结果乙类传染病年均报告发病率为275.32/10万,2006年最低（256.56/10万）,2005年最高（298.74/10万）。呼吸道传染病发病率呈上升趋势。2004年新增病种：传染性非典型肺炎。结论肺结核、病毒性肝炎、菌痢、流脑、麻疹等传染病是合肥市传染病防治工作的重点。     

北京市朝阳区2003—2008年细菌性痢疾的流行特征分析

目的探讨北京市朝阳区2003—2008年细菌性痢疾（以下简称菌痢）的流行特征,掌握其流行规律。方法对6年上报的菌痢病例进行描述性分析。结果 2003—2008年朝阳区共报告菌痢病例43 713例,死亡7例,年平均报告发病率265.11/10万,年均报告病例死亡率0.05/10万。〈5岁年龄组发病率最高为1579.44/10万,尤其1岁以下婴幼儿报告发病率高达3415.56/10万,其次是≥85岁年龄组报告发病率为798.12/10万。当地居民报告发病率为316.65/10万,高于当地常住外埠人群报告发病率（233.09/10万）。结论菌痢仍然是影响朝阳区当地居民的主要传染病之一,而1岁以下婴幼儿和85岁及以上人群是预防菌痢危害的重点人群。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.