DCs单抗对大鼠肾移植后排斥反应时CD40/CD40L表达的影响

目的：观察大鼠树突状细胞（DCs)单抗单独或与甲泼尼龙（MP）联合应用对移植后排斥反应的影响，并结合检测大鼠移植肾CD40／CD40L表达水平，探讨其抗排斥的作用机制，方法：实验共分为5组，同系移植组，不用药实验对照组；MP治疗组：DCs单抗治疗组；DCs单抗＋MP治疗组，利用免疫组织化学方法检测移植肾内CD40／CD40L表达，每一样本采用计算机图像分析定量测定。结果：大鼠DCs单抗单独或与MP联合治疗组受体鼠存活时间较不用药对照组显著延长（P＜0．01），其中DCs单抗＋MP治疗组尤为明显，术后7d，不用药实验对照组移植肾脏组织CD40／CD40L，表达水平显著高于其它各组，DCs单抗＋MP治疗组表达水平显著低于MP组及DCs单抗组（P＜0．01），同系移植组表达水平最低。结论：单独应用DCs单抗或与MP联合应用均显著延长大鼠肾移植存活期，干扰CD40／CD40L共刺激通路信号传导可能是其抗排斥机制之一。     

移植肾CD20~+淋巴细胞浸润的临床意义

目的:探讨CD20+细胞在移植肾排斥反应中浸润程度与移植肾预后的关系。方法:选取93例肾移植后穿刺患者,肾活检组织标本行CD20免疫组化染色。并对病理结果行半定量分析,根据CD20+细胞在肾组织内浸润程度,分为阴性组48例(N组,CD20+细胞浸润占肾小管间质面积<10%)、中度浸润组25例(M组,CD20+细胞浸润占肾小管间质面积≥10%<50%)和重度浸润组20例(H组,CD20+细胞浸润占肾小管间质面积≥50%)。分析CD20+细胞浸润的程度与移植肾预后的相关性。随访内容包括患者穿刺活检后的临床资料,随访内容包括患者的肌酐、蛋白尿变化及移植肾的生存状况等指标。结果:三组患者在年龄、性别、组织活检时间以及移植的次数均没有明显差异(P>0.05);穿刺活检后12个月的肌酐N组[(276.79±240.78)μmol/L]低于M组[(360.16±290.30)μmol/L];M组低于H组[(466.50±330.53)μmol/L],P<0.05;CD20+浸润组的患者的4年生存率明显低于阴性组(P<0.05);穿刺活检后12个月内,N组穿刺后出现蛋白尿的概率明显低于M组和H组(P<0.05)。结论:CD20+细胞在肾移植内浸润的程度与移植肾预后有明显相关性。     

CD40/CD40L和B7-1/CD28在小鼠叶酸性肾病中的作用

目的研究CD40／CD40L、B7—1／CD28在肾小管间质浸润的免疫活性细胞、损伤的肾组织固有细胞上的表达以及其可能的作用。方法一次性腹腔注射叶酸制作CD1小时鼠叶酸性肾病模型。在第1、2、3、7、14、21天分别处死动物，取其右肾进行免疫组织化学染色；取左肾提取蛋白进行蛋白印迹分析；采血检测BUN、Scr。以抗B7—1功能性单克隆抗体（B7-1mAb）联合叶酸应用，观察21d后，采血行BUN、Scr检测，病理图像分析肾病变区域及保护率。结果小鼠在给予叶酸后第1天，CD40、B7-1在肾小管上皮表达上调，并持续至第21天。通过蛋白印迹半定量检测，CD40在各时间点实验组肾组织表达量均增加5倍以上（P均〈0．01），在间质区域浸润的免疫活性细胞上可见CD28和CD40L的表达。经B7-lmAb干预性治疗，小鼠死亡率从47．83％下降到11．01％。P〈0．01；BUN、Scr水平明显降低；肾组织保护率从7．45％上升至66．51％。结论在小鼠叶酸性肾病中．肾组织CD40／CD40L和B7-1／CD28的表达上调并参与了肾小管上皮细胞损伤、免疫活性细胞浸润和肾小管间质纤维化的过程。B7-1mAb干预治疗能减轻上述的肾损害，为肾间质纤维化的特异性免疫治疗提供新的途径。     

供体来源细胞游离DNA鉴别移植肾急性排斥反应类型

目的:探讨血浆供体来源的细胞游离DNA（donor-derived cell-free DNA,dd-cfDNA）片段在鉴别移植肾T细胞介导的排斥反应（T cell-mediated rejection,TCMR）和抗体介导的排斥反应（antibody-mediated rejection,ABMR）中的价值。方法:回...     

肾移植患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞的变化及临床意义

目的观察肾移植患者外周血中CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平的变化，探讨其在诊断移植肾急性排斥反应中的作用。方法采用流式细胞仪检测26例肾移植患者及30例正常对照组外周血中CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平。结果①慢性肾衰竭患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②非排斥组移植后1、2、4、8周CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平明显高于移植前（P〈0．01）。③急性排斥组排斥反应主要发生在术后第7～21d，其CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平明显低于同期的非排斥组（P〈0．01）。结论CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平的测定可以作为肾移植患者移植后急性排斥反应诊断和预测预后的重要指标。     

肾小球内T-bet或GATA3表达可辅助诊断排斥反应类型

T-bet和GATA3分别是促进辅助性T细胞（Th）向Th1和Th2分化的关键转录因子。抗体介导的慢性排斥反应和移植肾肾小球病患者肾小球内T-bet表达为主。那么,T-bet和GATA3表达水平的改变与肾移植后抗体介导的排斥反应（ABMR）和T细胞介导的排斥反应（TCMR）是否有关联？南京大学医学院附属金陵医院肾脏病研究所对此进行了相关研究。     

青藤碱对肾移植大鼠移植肾组织肿瘤坏死因子-α和CD80的影响

目的探讨青藤碱（SIN）对大鼠肾移植术后急性排斥反应免疫抑制作用的分子机制。方法实验动物模型随机分为：生理盐水（NS）组、SIN组、环孢素A（CsA）组、SIN＋CsA组、对照组（Ⅴ-Ⅶ），从每组中随机抽取半数，观察其存活时间，每日尿量及泌尿持续时间，另一半于术后第7天处死，检测血肌酐（Scr）尿素氮（BUN）水平，以及移植肾组织肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、CD80分子表达水平变化。结果N．S组术后9d内死；SIN＋CsA组与NS、SIN、CsA组比较，差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Scr、BUN：N．S组明显高于其他组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；各实验组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义，SIN＋CsA组存在交互效应。外周血TNF-α表达水平、移植肾组织CD80表达：各实验组与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），SIN＋CsA组存在交互效应。结论SIN可能通过下调移植肾组织TNF-α及细胞表面标记CD80分子的表达水平而产生免疫抑制作用。并与CsA存在协同作用。     

体液性排斥反应患者移植物组织C4d沉积和浆细胞聚集性浸润初探

目的检测移植肝及肾组织中浆细胞的浸润和补体C4裂解产物C4d的沉积情况,分析浆细胞浸润、C4d沉积与体液性排斥反应的相关性。方法25例肝移植术后出现不同程度肝脏损害的患者的34次经皮肝脏穿刺活体组织病理检查标本与43例因排斥反应而丧失功能的移植肾组织,进行HE染色和免疫组织化学染色,对排斥反应进行病理分型,检测移植物组织中C4d和CD138的表达,分析二者之间的相关性。同时以10例非排斥反应导致移植肾功能丧失者和供肝术前标本作为对照。结果34个移植肝组织标本病理检查诊断为急性排斥反应16个,慢性排斥反应9个,非排斥反应9个。移植前供肝病理标本中均未见C4d沉积,急性排斥反应和慢性排斥反应标本中分别有9／16（56．3％）和5／9（55．6％）见到C4d沉积现象,非排斥反应标本只有1例非吻合口胆管狭窄患者C4d染色也呈阳性（11．1％）。移植肝排斥反应标本中11／25（44．0％）CD138阳性,8／25（32．0％）标本C4d和CD138均阳性。C4d的沉积与CD138的表达存在相关性（r=0．346,P〈0．05）。43例移植肾排斥反应中,超急性排斥反应5例,急性排斥反应9例,慢性排斥反应29例;43例中,C4d阳性19例（44．2％）,CD138阳性24例（55．8％）;有10例（23．3％）C4d和CD138均阳性,C4d的沉积与CD138的表达亦存在相关性（r=0．5051,P〈0．01）。10个对照标本中,C4d阳性1个,无CD138阳性标本。结论CD138与C4d的沉积存在相关性,提示移植肝和肾组织中聚集性浸润的浆细胞可能通过局部分泌抗体的方式参与体液性排斥反应。     

慢性排斥移植肾浸润细胞亚群及TNFα和IL-2R原位表达

目的探讨移植肾慢性排斥的细胞免疫学机制。方法对１８例肾移植术后慢性排斥病人移植肾进行活检,采用免疫组化技术检测移植肾内浸润炎性细胞亚群及ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ２Ｒ原位表达。结果慢性排斥移植肾间质中呈明显的单核细胞／巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞灶样浸润伴纤维化和小管萎缩,浸润细胞组成分别为ＣＤ＋３细胞（４６８±１９．０）％,ＣＤ＋４细胞（２４１±１７３）％,ＣＤ＋８细胞（２７３±６９）％,ＣＤ＋１４细胞（３３４±１９６）％,ＣＤ＋１９细胞仅（３２±１９）％,以Ｔ淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞为主。移植肾中ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ２Ｒ表达较正常肾脏明显增强,且主要分布于移植肾间质浸润炎性细胞。结论慢性排斥移植肾内浸润淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞处于活化状态,可能通过产生和释放各种细胞因子发挥其生物学作用,从而介导细胞免疫损伤,认为细胞免疫可能在慢性排斥发病中起作用。     

CD40分子在肾癌组织中的表达研究

目的探讨肾癌组织中CD40分子的表达与癌发生浸润转移的关系。方法用免疫组织化学二步法（Envision法）对甲醛固定石蜡包埋的肾细胞癌组织（32例）和癌旁组织（10例）中CD40的表达情况进行研究，并分析CD40分子表达水平与肾癌临床分期、病理分级和发生淋巴结转移的相关性。结果CD40在肾细胞癌组织中表达的阳性率为87．5％，与肾癌癌旁组织组相比，具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；CD40的阳性过度表达与肿瘤临床分期、病理组织学分级和淋巴结转移显著相关（P〈0．05）。结论CD40分子在肾癌中的异常表达可为肾癌的诊断、治疗及指导预后提供实验依据，并为进一步研究肾癌的生物学，尤其是为抑制Fas和TNFR介导的细胞凋亡与基因治疗肾细胞癌打下基础。     

CD 4 and CD 8 monoclonal antibody therapy in canine renal allografts

Abstract Therapy with CD 4 and CD 8 monoclonal antibodies was evaluated in dogs which received double-haplotype MHC-mismatched renal allografts. Neither CD4 nor CD8 monoclonal antibodies given alone prolonged allografts survival (creatinine ≥ 300 μol/l) beyond 7 days. However, combined therapy with CD 4 and CD 8 antibodies given up to day 10 did prolong allograft survival to a median of 14 days. A longer (21 day) course of CD4 and CD 8 antibodies did not extend allograft survival further. The effect of prolonged antibody therapy was restricted by the occurrence of both an antiglobulin response and an anaphylactoid reaction to the monoclonal antibody preparation. When the CD 4 and CD 8 antibodies were combined with a pan-T-cell-depleting Thy-1 antibody, the survival of double-haplotype mismatched allografts was further prolonged (median 16 days). The median survival of single-haplotype mismatched renal allografts on this triple therapy was 21 days, with one surviving to day 36.     

Analysis of Intragraft Gene and Protein Expression of the Costimulatory Molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD154, in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients

CD40-CD154 and/or CD28-CD80/86 costimulatory blockade induces long-term allograft survival in numerous animal models. Studies examining the expression of costimulatory molecules during acute cellular rejection (ACR) have been limited to renal and cardiac allografts. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between intragraft costimulatory molecule expression in OLT recipients and ACR. Forty-five liver biopsies were obtained at reperfusion and day 7. Gene and protein expression of CD80, CD86 and CD154 were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. CD154 protein expression was present in 13 of 18 patients with a RAI score of 4, but in only two of 14 patients with a RAI score of <4. There was a strong association between the RAI score and the presence of CD80 and CD154 immunoreactivity. CD86 protein expression did not correlate with the severity of ACR. In reperfusion biopsies CD154, but not CD80 or CD86, protein expression correlated with the total ischaemic time. There was no association between expression of costimulatory molecule genes and ACR. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an association between CD154 and CD80 protein expression and ACR in orthotopic liver allografts.     

CTLA4Ig基因和CD40Ig基因转染供肾对异种大鼠移植肾存活的影响

目的 探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4融合蛋白(CTLA4Ig)基因和CD40Ig基因转染供肾对异种大鼠移植肾存活的影响.方法 以PcDNA3.1质粒为载体,通过脂质体2000将CTLA4Ig基因和CD40Ig基因转染豚鼠肾脏,再移植(异位肾移植)给SD大鼠.实验分4组进行:第1组供肾以PcDNA3.1空载体脂质体复合物转染(空载体组);第2组供肾转染CD40Ig基因(CD40Ig转染组);第3组供肾转染CTLA4Ig基因(CTLA4Ig转染组);第4组供肾同时转染CTLA4Ig基因和CD40Ig基因(双基因转染组).术后观察各组血清肌酐、移植肾组织病理改变以及移植肾存活时间.结果 空载体组、CD40Ig转染组、CTLA4Ig转染组和双基因转染组受者的存活时间分别为(6.8±1.9)d、(40.7±10.9)d、(49.3±9.5)d和(75.7±8.0)d,3个转染组明显长于空载体组(P＜0.01),其中双基因转染组移植肾存活时间最长,与其他3组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).各组术后血清肌酐水平呈上升趋势,但升高幅度以双基因转染组为最低(P＜0.01).术后第30天,CD40Ig转染组和CTLA4Ig转染组存活大鼠的移植肾组织中可见大量淋巴细胞浸润,而双基因转染组的移植肾组织中仅见少量淋巴细胞浸润.结论 供肾局部同时转染CTLA4Ig基因和CD40Ig基因可明显延长其异种移植后的存活时间.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞对小鼠肝脏移植自发性免疫耐受的影响

目的 研究CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在诱导自发性肝脏免疫耐受中的作用.方法 向受体和供体注射抗CD25抗体(PC61)后进行小鼠原位肝脏移植,观测其生存时间.术后20～30 d切取移植肝脏行HE染色,同时观察CD4+CD25+T细胞对CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞功能的影响.结果 去除受体而不是供体小鼠的CD4+CD25+T细胞可以导致肝移植排斥反应.而且,去除CD4+CD25+T细胞使移植物的白细胞浸润明显增多,组织损伤加重.同时,去除CD4+CD25+T细胞导致CD4+T细胞的增殖活性和CD8+T细胞的细胞毒活性明显增强.结论 受体来源的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在小鼠肝脏移植免疫耐受诱导中起重要作用.

Abstract：

Objective To examine the contribution of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells to liver transplant tolerance. Methods After injection of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb, PC61), mouse orthotopic liver transplantation was performed and survivals were determined. The paraffin-embedded sections of hepatic allografts were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Furthermore, the effect of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells on proliferative response of CD4+ T cells and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells was examined by depleting these regulatory T cells. Results Depletion of these cells in the recipients but not in the donors before liver transplantation caused rejection. Histological analyses of hepatic allografts with PC61 treatment showed extensive leukocyte infiltration and tissue destruction, whereas those in the control group showed minimal changes. Moreover, elimination of CD4+CD25+ T cells resulted in the enhancement of both proliferative response of CD4+ T cells and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells against donor-type alloantigen. Conclusions These results suggest that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells were important for tolerance induction to hepatic allografts.     

Superagonistic CD28 Antibody Induces Donor‐Specific Tolerance in Rat Renal Allografts

The ultimate goal of organ transplantation is to establish graft tolerance where CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role. We examined whether a superagonistic monoclonal antibody specific for CD28 (CD28 SA), which expands Treg cells in vivo, would prevent acute rejection and induce tolerance using our established rat acute renal allograft model (Wistar to Lewis). In the untreated or mouse IgG‐treated recipients, graft function significantly deteriorated with marked destruction of renal tissue, and all rats died by 13 days with severe azotemia. In contrast, 90% of recipients treated with CD28 SA survived over 100 days, and 70% survived with well‐preserved graft function until graft recovery at 180 days. Analysis by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CD28 SA induced marked infiltration of FOXP3+ Treg cells into the allografts. Furthermore, these long‐surviving recipients showed donor‐specific tolerance, accepting secondary (donor‐matched) Wistar cardiac allografts, but acutely rejecting third‐party BN allografts. We further demonstrated that adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, purified from CD28 SA‐treated Lewis rats, significantly prolonged allograft survival and succeeded in inducing donor‐specific tolerance. In conclusion, CD28 SA treatment successfully induces donor‐specific tolerance with the involvement of Treg cells, and thus the therapeutic value of this approach warrants further investigation and preclinical studies.     

Alloreactive (CD4-Independent) CD8+ T Cells Jeopardize Long-Term Survival of Intrahepatic Islet Allografts

Despite success of early islet allograft engraftment and survival in humans, late islet allograft loss has emerged as an important clinical problem. CD8⁺ T cells that are independent of CD4⁺ T cell help can damage allograft tissues and are resistant to conventional immunosuppressive therapies. Previous work demonstrates that islet allografts do not primarily initiate rejection by the (CD4-independent) CD8-dependent pathway. This study was performed to determine if activation of alloreactive CD4-independent, CD8⁺ T cells, by exogenous stimuli, can precipitate late loss of islet allografts. Recipients were induced to accept intrahepatic islet allografts (islet 'acceptors') by short-term immunotherapy with donor-specific transfusion (DST) and anti-CD154 mAb. Following the establishment of stable long-term islet allograft function for 60–90 days, recipients were challenged with donor-matched hepatocellular allografts, which are known to activate (CD4-independent) CD8⁺ T cells. Allogeneic islets engrafted long-term were vulnerable to damage when challenged locally with donor-matched hepatocytes. Islet allograft loss was due to allo specific immune damage, which was CD8- but not CD4-dependent. Selection of specific immunotherapy to suppress both CD4- and CD8-dependent immune pathways at the time of transplant protects islet allografts from both early and late immune damage.     

Prolonged survival of baboon renal allografts using idarubicin‐conjugated anti‐CD4 monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Tolerance to organ allografts in rodents and pigs can be easily achieved. However, tolerance induction in a large primate model has been more elusive. In this study, we have used an anti‐CD4, murine monoclonal antibody as a carrier for the cytotoxic drug idarubicin (IDA) to delete or inactivate alloreactive T‐cells responding to a renal allograft in a baboon transplant model. Fourteen Chacma baboons weighing between 15‐25 kg received heterotopic renal allografts. Recipient and donor pairs were selected on the basis of ABO compatibility. Seven animals were given no immunosuppression and served as the control group. The remaining 7 animals received anti‐CD4 IDA. The first 2 animals in this group received 2 mg IVI intraoperatively and three doses at 48‐h intervals thereafter. The last 5 animals received a larger dose of 1 mg/kg, starting 24 h pre‐operatively and again on postoperative days 2 and 5. The untreated animals promptly rejected their allografts with a mean survival of 10 days. The survival of the 2 animals treated with 2 mg anti‐CD4 IDA was 7 days each. However, the animals treated with 1 mg/kg anti‐CD4 IDA survived 7, 18, 20, 40 and > 40 days. Peritransplant administration of anti‐CD4 IDA prolonged renal allograft survival in a large primate model. This unique immunoconjugate has the potential of tolerance induction.     

CD103分子介导CD8+T淋巴细胞对同种胰岛移植物的损伤

目的 检验CD103分子是否介导了CD8+T淋巴细胞对同种移植胰岛的免疫损伤.方法 用流式细胞仪检测野生型C57BL/6小鼠外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞表达CD103的情况.以Balb/c小鼠为供者,C57BL/6小鼠为受者,制作同种胰岛移植模型.受者分为3组:M290-SAP组小鼠注射CD103免疫毒素M290-SAP;M290组小鼠注射抗CD103单克隆抗体M290;另以仅接受胰岛移植、不注射任何药物的小鼠为未处理组.检测移植胰岛CD3、CD8、CD44和CD103阳性细胞的表达,检测肠系膜淋巴结中CD3、CD8和CD103阳性细胞的表达.移植物功能丧失或观察期结束时获取移植胰岛,行HE染色和免疫组织化学染色.结果 野生型C57BL/6小鼠外周血的CD8+T淋巴细胞中有44.06%表达CD103.未处理组移植胰岛浸润的细胞成分中有29%的CD8+T淋巴细胞表达CD103.M290-SAP组小鼠淋巴细胞不仅丧失了CD103的表达,而且CD8+T淋巴细胞的绝对数量也减少,该组小鼠血糖稳定时间超过100 d(未处理组为13 d,P＜0.05),移植胰岛组织学形态良好.结论 CD8+T淋巴细胞免疫损伤同种移植胰岛必须表达CD103,CD103有可能成为胰岛移植抗排斥反应治疗的新靶点.

Abstract：

Objective To test whether the CD103 molecule mediates CD8+ T lymphocytes on allogeneic islet graft immune injury. Methods By using flow cytometry, the expression of CD103 in peripheral CD8+ T lymphocytes in wild-type C57BL/6 mice was detected. Allogenic islet transplantation models were made using Balb/c donor mice and C57BL/6 recipient mice. Recipients were divided into 3 groups: M290-SAP-treated mice were injected with CD103 immunotoxin M290-SAP; M290-treated mice were injected with CD103 monoclonal antibody M290; untreated mice were only transplanted islet without any drug treatment. CD3, CD8, CD44 and CD103 positive cells were counted in islet allograft infiltrative lymphocytes. CD3, CD8, and CD103 positive cells were measured in the mesenteric lymph node. The islet allografts were removed and subjected to HE staining and immunohistochemical staining at the time of graft loss or the end of the observation period. Results 44. 06% peripheral CD8+ T cells expressed CD103 in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. 29 % CD8+ T cells expressed CD103 in the infiltrative lyrnphocytes of islet allografts in the untreated mice. In M290-SAP-treated mice, the lymphocytes had no CD103 expression and the absolute number of CD8+ lymphocytes was decreased as well The blood glucose was maintained stable for more than 100 days (13 days in untreated group, P＜0.05) in the M290-SAP-treated mice. Moreover, the transplanted islets retained intact. Conclusion CD103 expression is required for destruction of pancreatic islet allograft by CD8+ T cells. CD103 might provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention in islet allograft rejection.