Color Doppler assessment of normal ocular blood flow

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of CDI in the assessment of normal ocular vasculature. Color and pulsed Doppler examinations were performed in 20 healthy subjects. The principal orbital vessels were detected: ophthalmic, central retinal, lacrimal, and posterior ciliary arteries and, in a small percentage, superior ophthalmic, central retinal, and vortex veins; blood flow of arterial vessels was studied by measuring TAV, St, PS, MD, ED, PI, and RI; the morphology of the spectral waveform also was investigated. Our results suggest that duplex color Doppler may be of value in ocular vasculature examination.     

Reference ranges for fetal venous and atrioventricular blood flow parameters.

This cross-sectional study establishes reference ranges with gestation for Doppler parameters of fetal venous and atrioventricular blood flow. Color flow Doppler was used to examine 143 normal singleton pregnancies at 20-40 weeks' gestation. Flow velocity waveforms were recorded from the ductus venosus, right hepatic vein and inferior vena cava. The waveforms are triphasic, reflecting ventricular systole, early diastole and atrial contraction. Peak velocities for these parameters were measured with pulsed Doppler and a new index, the peak velocity index for veins (PVIV), was calculated. Similarly, time-averaged maximum velocities for the whole cardiac cycle were measured and the pulsatility index for veins (PIV) was calculated. Flow velocity waveforms were also recorded at the level of the atrioventricular valves and the ratios of peak velocities at early diastolic filling (E) and atrial contraction (A) were calculated. Regression analysis was used to define the association of each measured and calculated Doppler parameter with gestational age. Blood flow velocities in the fetal veins and velocities and E/A ratios across the atrioventricular valves increased significantly with gestation, whereas PVIV and PIV decreased. Blood flow velocities were highest in the ductus venosus and lowest in the right hepatic vein, and PVIV and PIV were highest in the hepatic vein and lowest in the ductus venosus. In the ductus venosus, there was always forward flow throughout the heart cycle, whereas in the inferior vena cava and hepatic vein during atrial contraction, flow was away from or towards the heart or there was no flow. Pulsatility of flow velocity waveforms in the venous system is the consequence of changes in pressure difference between the venous system and the heart during the heart cycle. The finding that PVIV and PIV decrease with gestation is consistent with decreasing cardiac afterload and maturation of diastolic ventricular function.     

Assessment of variability of renal blood flow Doppler parameters during the menstrual cycle in women.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate variability of renal flow Doppler parameters during the menstrual cycle in young women, and to explore whether the parameters oscillate substantially throughout the cycle. METHODS: The peak systolic, mean, and end-diastolic velocities, pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI) indices, acceleration time (AT) and index (AI) of the right renal artery were measured nine times during the cycle with duplex sonography in 14 healthy women (age range, 23-25 years), and correlated with plasma concentrations of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone. Coefficient of variation (CV), interclass correlation (rho), and repeatability coefficients (RC) were used to measure the variability. RESULTS: The measures of the variability for AI and AT were: CV = 45.4% and 37.3%; rho = 0.25 and 0.15; RC = 10.1 and 99.5, respectively. The CV for flow velocities varied from 24.1% to 25.5%, rho from 0.49 to 0.50, RC from 22.7 for end-diastolic to 63.3 for peak systolic velocity. The respective figures for PI and RI were: CV = 17% and 8.3%; rho = 0.21 and 0.29; RC = 0.53 and 0.15. Fluctuations of the flow parameters, hematocrit, hemoglobin, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure during the menstrual cycle were insignificant, while the diastolic blood pressure decreased by about 7 mmHg (P < 0.01) in the luteal phase. CONCLUSION: The variability of renal flow Doppler parameters during the menstrual cycle in young healthy women is substantial. However, fluctuations of the values of the parameters throughout the cycle were non-significant.     

Side-to-side differences and day-to-day variations of transcranial Doppler parameters in normal subjects

We investigated 35 normal adults to assess variations in cerebral artery blood velocities, hemispheric blood velocity ratios, and pulsatility indices, both with regard to changes between the sides and between days. We found no significant variations between sides or days. Changes from one day to the next exceeding 20% in blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (VMCA), the anterior cerebral artery (VACA), the distal extracranial internal carotid artery (VICA), and in the hemispheric VMCA/VICA, VACA/VICA, or VACA/VMCA ratios, may be considered significant at the 95% level.     

Establishment of the reference intervals of whole blood neutrophil phagocytosis by flow cytometry

ObjectiveTo investigate the reference intervals (RIs) of the whole blood neutrophil phagocytosis by flow cytometry (FCM) and to study the application value of neutrophil phagocytosis in infectious diseases.MethodsPathogens (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) cultured for 18–24 h were labeled by fluorescence probe carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA‐SE), and then incubated with whole blood at 37℃. The phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils was detected by flow cytometry, and a reference interval was established.ResultsIn the healthy adults, the reference interval for the neutrophil phagocytosis to Escherichia coli was 46.91%–83.09% and to Staphylococcus aureus was 33.92%–69.48%. This method showed good reproducibility. Neutrophil phagocytosis was negatively correlated with the neutrophil count, neutrophil percentage, and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR, p < 0.05).ConclusionWe have successfully established the RIs of neutrophil phagocytosis in whole blood in healthy adults by flow cytometry (FCM), which might be of important clinical value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of infectious diseases.     

Variability of thyroid blood flow Doppler parameters in healthy women

The purpose of this study was to estimate variability of flow Doppler parameters in the superior thyroid artery (STHA) during the menstrual cycle in young women and to explore the influence of endogenous 17-b-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PRG) on the velocity waveform. The plasma concentration of these hormones was correlated with flow velocities, pulsatility index (PUI), resistance index (RI) and acceleration index (accI) and time (accT), which were measured with color-coded duplex sonography 8 times during the cycle in 14 healthy women (age range: 23 to 25 years). Coefficient of variation (CV), interclass correlation (ICC), repeatability (repC) and pooled Pearson correlation (r) coefficients were used to estimate the variability of the parameters. The highest variability was found for accI and accT: CV = 48% and 31%; ICC = 0.51 and 0.45; repC = 2.8 and 95; r = 0.37 and 0.4, respectively. The CV for flow velocities varied from 25% to 26%, ICC from 0.53 to 0.56, repC from 8 to 17 and r has a value of 0.46. The respective values for RI and PUI were: 11%, 18%; 0.48, 0.55; 0.15, 0.48; and 0.46, 0.48. The diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly by 7 mmHg (p < 0.01) in the luteal phase, whereas other physiological variables were stable during the cycle. Although the fluctuations of the flow parameters during the cycle were not statistically significant, a weak linear correlation between flow velocities and concentration of E2 was found; for mean velocity r = 0.16, p < 0.05. Impedance indices showed an increasing trend in the luteal phase, along with increase of the pulse pressure index (PPI). The results showed that variability of the flow parameters in the STHA is substantial and that higher flow velocities are associated with increase of plasma concentration of 17-b-estradiol during the menstrual cycle in young women.     

13442例儿童末梢血白细胞及五分类参数参考范围调查

目的对13 442例健康儿童末梢血白细胞及五分类参数参考范围调查分析,为临床诊断提供参考。方法按照健康儿童筛选标准及血液疾病、感染性疾病、服药史等排除标准,选择来自广州市妇女儿童医疗中心保健科进行体检和相关检查均正常的健康者,年龄1个月至7岁的儿童13 442例,采用日本Sysmex XS-800i型全自动血细胞分析仪及配套试剂进行白细胞分析参数检测。结果白细胞及五分类参数均不符合正态分布;经Mann-Whitney检验,不同性别儿童间比较,WBC、BASO#、NEU#参数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而LYM#、MONO#、EOS#参数差异有统计学意义(P0.001),其中LYM#女性显著高于男性,MONO#和EOS#男性显著高于女性;经Kruskal-Wallis检验,不同年龄组进行比较,白细胞及五分类参数差异均有统计学意义(P0.001),其中WBC、LYM#、MONO#、EOS#参数随年龄的增加而降低,NEU#随年龄的增加而不断提高,而BASO#在4岁前随年龄的增加而下降,4岁后随年龄的增加而增加。结论应该在充分考虑性别、年龄等因素的基础上制定1个月至7岁儿童独立的白细胞类参数的参考值范围。     

Normal ranges of ulnar and radial deviation with reference to ulnar variance

We aimed to determine the normal ranges of radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist in relation to the ulnar variance. A total of 102 healthy subjects (204 wrists) were included in the study. The ranges of radial and ulnar deviation of the wrists were measured using a universal goniometer. Ulnar variance was assessed manually or radiographically, and recorded as ulna minus, ulna plus or ulna minus/plus. When the ranges of radial and ulnar deviation were compared with ulnar variance, ulnar deviation was greater in ulna minus subjects and radial deviation was greater in ulna minus/plus subjects. There was no significant difference in the total range of radio-ulnar deviation. The results of this study indicate that ulnar deviation is greater in ulna minus wrists, and we suggest that ulnar variance should be recorded alongside measurements of radial and ulnar deviation.     

彩色多普勒超声对高脂血症患者球后血流动力学研究

目的：研究高脂血症患者眼动脉（OA）和视网膜中央动脉（CRA）的血流动力学改变。方法：应用彩色多普勒超声检测35例正常对照组、43例高脂血症患者OA和CRA的收缩期峰值流速（Vs）、舒张末期流速（Vd）和阻力指数（RI）。结果：与正常对照组比较,高脂血症患者OA和CRA Vs降低（P<0.05）,RI升高（P<0.05）。结论：高脂血症患者OA和CRA的血流速度降低、循环阻力增加,视网膜血液供应不良。彩色多普勒超声对高脂血症患者微血管病变的研究具有实用价值。     

呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族及汉族健康儿童静脉血血细胞参数参考区间的调查分析

目的确立内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族、汉族健康儿童静脉血血细胞参数参考区间。方法使用日本Sysmex公司的XE-5000全自动血细胞分析仪检测698名7~13岁蒙古族、汉族健康儿童静脉血血细胞参数,按性别、民族进行统计分析,并与《全国临床检验操作规程(第4版)》及参考文献中其他民族的相同项目进行比较。结果呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族与汉族男童、女童血细胞参数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);同民族不同性别健康儿童的大部分参数比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童血细胞参数随地域、民族、性别等不同而变化,确立不同地区、民族、性别健康儿童血细胞参数参考区间十分必要。     

白细胞VCS参数参考区间的建立及其在菌血症和白血病中的应用

目的建立健康人群白细胞体积、浆核比例、胞浆颗粒变化的参考区间并探讨其在菌血症和白血病中的应用。方法选取健康体检人群290名,其中男137名,女153名,统计并建立白细胞VCS参数的参考范围。另取经骨髓穿刺符合血液病诊断标准的白血病患者260例,其中男147例,女113例;排除血液疾病的血培养阳性患者42例,其中男23例,女19例。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析挑选出用于筛查菌血症和白血病敏感度和特异度都较高的VCS参数及其相应的cutoff值。结果通过数据分析得到VCS参数的参考区间;淋巴细胞平均传导率(MLC)可以较好地区分正常人群与菌血症及白血病人群;中性粒细胞平均传导率(MNC)可以较好地区分菌血症与白血病;淋巴细胞体积平均分布宽度(MLV-SD)可以较好地鉴别髓系与淋系白血病;单核细胞平均传导率分布宽度(MMC-SD)可以较好地鉴别急性骨髓系白血病(AML)和慢性粒细胞白血病(CML);淋巴细胞平均体积(MLV)可以较好地鉴别急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)和慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)。结论健康人群白细胞VCS参数参考范围的确立可能会给临床判断是否有细菌感染,白血病等提供更早更及时的参考指标。VCS参数不仅能较好地反映外周血幼稚细胞的形态学变化,有效筛选菌血症和白血病,也是一种快速、经济的临床筛选指标。     

全自动血细胞分析流水线网织红细胞参数参考区间在儿科实验室适用性验证

目的验证Sysmex-XN3000全自动血细胞分析流水线网织红细胞参数参考区间是否适合于儿科实验室。方法根据ISO 15189:2012《医学实验室质量和能力的要求》和美国病理家协会对实验室质量管理的要求和实验室认可的要求,参照美国临床和实验室标准化协会C28-A3文件推荐方法,对引用厂家试剂说明书的7项网织红细胞参数的参考区间进行实验验证。结果超过90%参考个体的网织红细胞绝对值、低荧光强度网织红细胞百分率、中荧光强度网织红细胞百分率、高荧光强度网织红细胞百分率和未成熟网织红细胞比率检测值落在厂家提供的参考区间以内,超过10%参考个体的网织红细胞百分数和网织红细胞血红蛋白水平检测值落在厂家提供的参考区间以外。结论厂家提供的网织红细胞参考区间不适合于儿科实验室,应自建儿童参考区间。     

Longitudinal reference ranges for ductus venosus flow velocities and waveform indices.

OBJECTIVES: Serial Doppler measurements of the ductus venosus are used increasingly for monitoring fetuses at risk of hemodynamic compromise, but existing reference ranges are based on cross-sectional studies and thus are less suitable for comparison with serial measurements. We aimed to establish longitudinal reference ranges for ductus venosus flow velocities and waveform indices and to provide the necessary terms for calculating conditional reference ranges for serial measurements. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study of 160 low-risk pregnancies. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound was used to record ductus venosus blood flow velocities at 4-week intervals from 20-22 weeks of gestation onwards. RESULTS: With a success rate of 93%, 547 measurements (four or five in each fetus) were used to establish reference ranges. The time-averaged maximum velocity was 50 cm/s at 21 weeks of gestation, increased to 60 cm/s at 32 weeks, and remained so until term. Similarly, the peak systolic velocity increased from 59 cm/s at 21 weeks to 71 cm/s at 31 weeks and remained so until term. The end-diastolic velocity showed a continuous increase from 31 cm/s at 21 weeks to 43 cm/s at 40 weeks. The pulsatility index for veins decreased from 0.57 at 21 weeks to 0.44 at 40 weeks. When conditioned by a previous measurement, the reference ranges for the next observation became narrower and commonly shifted compared with those of the entire population. CONCLUSION: The new longitudinal reference ranges presented here reflect the development of the ductus venosus flow velocities and velocity indices and are thus appropriate for serial measurements, particularly if conditional terms are included.     

Arterial blood flow of all abdominal-pelvic organs using Doppler ultrasound: range, variability and physiological impact

The pulsed Doppler method theoretically enables human arterial blood flow (BF) to be determined in all of the abdominal-pelvic organs (BF(AP)) by subtracting the bilateral proximal femoral arterial BF from the upper abdominal aorta BF above the coeliac trunk. Evaluation of BF(AP) is a potentially useful indicator of exercise or food intake related flow distribution to organs; however, there is a lack of information regarding the physiological significance of BF(AP), and the measurements are yet to be validated. The aims of the present study are to examine the range in BF(AP) among subjects, monitor physiological day-to-day variability in BF(AP) over three different days and then determine whether mean BF(AP) (averaged over the three different measurement days) is related to body surface area (BSA). Forty healthy males (19-39 years) with a wide range of body weights (51-89 kg) were evaluated in a sitting position following a 12 h fast. The above-mentioned three conduit arteries were measured to determine BF(AP) using pulsed Doppler with spectral analysis. The mean BF(AP) was 2078 +/- 495 ml min(-1) (mean +/- SD) (range, 1153-3285 ml min(-1)), which is in agreement with a previous study that measured the sum of BF in the major part of the coeliac, mesenteric and renal arteries. The physiological day-to-day variability (mean coefficient of variation) was 14.5 +/- 10.0%. Significant (p < 0.05) positive linear relationships were observed between BF(AP) and BSA as well as body weight, which is in good agreement with the results of a previous study. The present data suggest that BF(AP) determined by three-conduit arterial hemodynamics may be a valid measurement that encompasses physiologic flow to multiple abdominal-pelvic organ systems.