中期因子蛋白在肝外胆管癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的　探讨中期因子 (MK)的蛋白表达水平与肝外胆管癌血管生成、生物学特性和预后的关系。方法　采用免疫组织化学方法检测 3 7例肝外胆管癌组织中MK的蛋白表达和微血管密度 (MVD) ,并与临床病理及预后指标作对照分析。结果　肝外胆管癌的微血管密度平均为84.4± 3 3 .2 ,MK表达阳性率 62 .2 %。有淋巴结转移、Ⅲ～Ⅳ期和MVD高的患者 ,MK阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移、Ⅰ～Ⅱ期和MVD低的患者 (P <0 .0 1)。随访结果表明 ,MK高表达患者术后生存时间比MK低表达患者明显缩短 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　MK的蛋白表达水平能反映肝外胆管癌细胞的恶性程度 ,有可能作为肝外胆管癌转移和预后分析的指标。     

中期因子在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨中期因子 (midkine,MK)的蛋白表达水平与胰腺癌血管生成、生物学特性和预后的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测 5 2例胰腺癌组织中MK的蛋白表达和微血管密度(MVD) ,并与临床病理及预后指标作对照分析。结果胰腺癌的MVD平均为 6 4± 18,MK表达阳性率为 73%。有淋巴结转移、Ⅲ～Ⅳ期和MVD高的患者 ,MK阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移、Ⅰ～Ⅱ期和MVD低的患者 (P <0 0 1)。MK高表达患者术后生存时间比MK低表达患者明显缩短 (P <0 0 1)。结论MK的蛋白表达水平能反映胰腺癌细胞的恶性程度 ,可作为胰腺癌转移和预后分析的指标。     

CD105表达与乳腺癌临床病理参数的关系

为探讨CD10 5标记的微血管密度 (MVD )与乳腺肿瘤临床病理和预后的关系 ,作者应用免疫组织化学SP法及CD10 5单克隆抗体测定了 5 3例乳腺癌 ,3 0例乳腺良性肿块 ,2 0例正常乳腺组织中CD10 5标记的MVD ,并对其与临床病理因素和术后生存率进行分析。结果示正常乳腺组织、乳腺良性肿块 ,乳腺癌CD10 5的表达值依次为 3 .12± 1.18,10 .5 0± 3 .41和 5 0 .0 3± 15 .41,乳腺癌组织明显高于前两组 (P <0 .0 1)。用MVD表示的CD10 5值与TNM分期、淋巴结转移等病理因素无关。单、多因素分析结果表明 ,CD 10 5标记的MVD是乳腺癌的独立预后因素。提示CD10 5是乳腺癌血管生成的重要因素 ,它在乳腺癌中的表达较良性肿块及正常乳腺明显增高 ;CD10 5标记的MVD与临床病理因素无关 ,它可作为乳腺癌的一种重要预后指标。     

乳腺癌微血管生成及nm23表达的临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌组织中微血管生成及nm23表达的关系及其临床意义。方法应用SP免疫组织化学染色方法 ,以CD3 4单克隆抗体标记6 5例乳腺癌肿瘤组织中微血管,计数微血管密度(MVD),同时检测肿瘤组织中nm23的表达,分析乳腺癌组织血管生成和nm23的表达及两者与肿瘤生物学行为的关系。结果全部肿瘤标本有不同程度的微血管生成,并表现出明显的异质性。MVD计数为3～33个/400倍视野(平均11.6±7.0),nm23阳性表达率为81.5%。MVD与nm23的表达呈负相关(P=0.011),且两者分别与患者年龄、肿瘤大小无明显关系,而与肿瘤淋巴转移有关(P=0.0 1 4,0.0 0 5)。nm2 3的表达与肿瘤临床分期有关(P=0.0 3 8)。结论乳腺癌肿瘤组织中的微血管生成促进了淋巴转移,而nm23的表达可抑制淋巴转移;联合检测MVD及nm23对评估肿瘤淋巴转移风险具有一定的临床意义,可预测患者的预后。     

保乳术中癌及切缘组织中IDO的表达与T细胞和MVD表达的临床意义

目的探讨保乳术中癌组织、切缘组织中吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)的表达与调节性T细胞(Tregs)、新生血管微血管密度(MVD)表达的关系及与患者预后的关系。方法选取2008年至2011年收集的63例保乳术患者癌组织、切缘组织60例及正常乳腺组织标本30例,采用免疫组织化学法检测三组标本中IDO、Tregs、CD105标记的MVD(MVD-CD105)表达情况,数据分析在SAS 9.3软件包中处理,乳腺组织中IDO、MVD-CD105、Tregs阳性着色指数采用均数±标准差(x珋±s)表示,采用方差分析;IDO、MVD-CD105、Tregs阳性表达率、生存率比较采用卡方检验;相关性分析采用Pearson分析法;P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果乳腺癌组织中IDO、MVD-CD105、Tregs阳性表达率均显著的高于切缘组织和正常乳腺组织(P0.05)。乳腺癌组织中的IDO阳性着色指数与MVD-CD105、Tregs阳性着色指数呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。乳腺癌组织中IDO阳性表达患者的5年总生存率71.11%显著的低于阴性患者的94.44%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.050,P0.05)。结论乳腺癌组织中IDO表达水平显著的增高,并且与MVD形成有关,与患者的预后不良有一定的关系。     

血管内皮生长因子对骨肉瘤的血管生成及转移预后的影响

目的 :研究血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)对骨肉瘤血管生成、生长、转移及预后的影响。方法 :对 69例骨肉瘤患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性研究 ,应用CD3 4、VEGF单克隆抗体对其组织切片分别进行免疫组化染色 ,应用地高辛标记的VEGF探针对 2 7例原发性骨肉瘤进行原位杂交染色。分析研究了VEGF表达与CD3 4染色阳性的血管密度的关系 ,所有上述临床病理资料及染色结果与患者预后情况进行统计学分析。结果 :在 3 9例 (5 6.5 % )VEGF表达阳性的标本中 ,CD3 4染色阳性的肿瘤微血管密度 (MVD)明显较 3 0例VEGF表达阴性的血管密度高 (P <0 .0 5 )。多元回归分析显示 ,血管密度 (MVD)增高及VEGF表达阳性与骨肉瘤患者的远隔转移发生、不良预后密切相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。临床病理资料中 ,外科手术边界微小病灶阳性情况、Enneking外科分期、肿瘤大小和患者年龄与患者预后相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。患者性别、手术方法分类以及病理亚型与预后无相关性。结论 :VEGF在骨肉瘤的血管生成和转移中起到重要作用 ,VEGF是骨肉瘤血管生成的决定性刺激因子 ,骨肉瘤微血管密度 (MVD)和骨肉瘤组织中VEGF表达情况是骨肉瘤患者的独立性预后因素。     

胶质瘤间质血管增生和细胞增殖与环氧化酶-2基因的关系

目的 探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)基因与胶质瘤间质血管增生和细胞增殖的关系.方法 用原位杂交方法 检测胶质瘤组织中COX-2 mRNA的表达;用免疫组织化学检测同等标本中细胞增殖指数(Ki-67LI)及微血管密度(MVD)的表达;并将COX-2 mRNA与Ki-67、CD34作相关分析.结果 胶质瘤中COX-2 mRNA表达阳性率为62.69%,对照脑组织中无阳性表达.COX-2 mRNA阳性着色定位于微血管周围,呈棕黄色园环状表现.C0x-2 mRNA表达阳性率在低度恶性胶质瘤(Ⅰ、Ⅱ级)中为37.14%(14/35),而在高度恶性胶质瘤(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)中为87.50%.在低度、高度恶性胶质瘤中MVD分别为12.54±3.11和20.31±5.49;其Ki-67LI分别为12.29±5.12和23.31±7.14.COX-2 mRNA表达为阴性和阳性胶质瘤中其MVD分别为16.90±6.48和9.46±2.15,其Ki-67LI分别为18.73±8.87和11.10±2.93.结论 COX-2 mRNA在胶质瘤组织中的表达与胶质瘤间质血管增生和细胞增殖密切相关;MVD和Ki-67U在COX-2 mRNA表达为阴性和阳性组织中比较差异有统计学意义.     

前列腺癌PTEN蛋白表达和微血管密度的相关性研究

目的　研究前列腺癌组织中PTEN蛋白的表达和微血管密度(MVD)的相关性及其意义。方法　应用免疫组化SP法检测3 2例前列腺癌及5例良性前列腺增生组织中PTEN蛋白表达及微血管计数,分析其意义和相关性。结果　3 2例前列腺癌中8例PTEN蛋白表达阳性(2 5 % ,8/3 2 ) ,并随病理分级升高阳性表达率下降,高分化组同中分化组间差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 ) ,但高分化、中分化组同低分化组之间差异有显著性(P <0 .0 5 ) ,且在浸润型肿瘤(C D)期与局限性肿瘤(A B)期的差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1)。前列腺癌组织中MVD(5 2 .86±17.87) ,MVD随病理分级和临床分期的升高而升高,并同PTEN蛋白的表达成负相关(r =-0 .65 3 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　PTEN蛋白低表达和微血管的形成在前列腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。检测PTEN蛋白的表达和MVD有助于判断病情及预后。PTEN蛋白的低表达与肿瘤微血管的形成相关。     

新生血管生成与肝细胞癌侵袭、转移和预后的关系

目的　探讨原发性肝细胞癌 (HCC)新生血管生成与临床病理指标的关系及其可否用于预测HCC侵袭、转移和预后。方法　采用免疫组织化学方法 ,检测了 2 0例正常肝组织、2 0例肝硬化组织、85例HCC及癌旁组织中CD34的表达 ,以及HCC的微血管密度 (MVD)。结果　CD34的染色定位在血管内皮细胞上 ,HCC窦样血管CD34表达为强阳性 ;除门管区小血管分支及中央静脉外 ,癌旁肝组织、肝硬化组织、正常肝组织基本不表达CD34 ;HCC的MVD范围 (18～ 36 0 ) / 0 74mm2 、(15 6 5±6 2 4) / 0 74mm2 。HCC的MVD与肿瘤大小、病灶数目、分化程度、门静脉瘤栓形成、包膜状况均有显著关系 (P <0 0 5或 0 0 1) ;与HBsAg是否阳性、术前AFP水平无关 (P >0 0 5 ) ;与预后亦有关 ,少血管组(MVD <15 6 )预后显著优于多血管组 (MVD≥ 15 6 ) ,术后平均无瘤生存期少血管组为 5 3个月 ,多血管组为 14个月 ,(P <0 0 0 1)。结论　CD34的表达反映了HCC的新生血管化 ,与HCC的发展有关。MVD可作为判断HCC侵袭、转移和预后的指标。     

ERβ蛋白在原发性乳腺癌中的表达及其意义

采用免疫组化PV 90 0 0法检测 46例原发性乳腺癌组织中的ERβ蛋白的表达 ,分析ERβ蛋白与乳腺癌临床病理生物学参数的关系。结果示 46例原发性乳腺癌组织中 ,ERβ的阳性表达率为5 8.7% (2 7/ 46) ,ERβ与ERα表达相关 ,在ERα( )组和ERα(-)组中其阳性表达率分别为 71%和3 3 .3 % ,两组差别有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。ERβ的表达与患者的年龄、绝经与否、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状况、组织学分级及PR均无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。ERβ表达与ERα相关 ,提示其在原发性乳腺癌的预后与内分泌治疗耐药中可能有一定价值     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.