2002年美国药品购买渠道与促销分析

美国药品市场增长迅速,1992年美国药品市场药品销售额占世界的市场份额是34%,2002年提高到50%,销售额为192亿美元,是世界上最大的药品市场。美国药品市场有许多特殊性,例如美国的制药企业制定药品价格不受政府干预,可以在药品生命周期中自由定价,药品可以向消费者做广告(包括处方药),药品可以在食品店、综合超市、健康维护组织(HMOs)、家庭护理医疗等各种渠道销售。本文将对2002年美国药品购买渠道和促销进行分析,以利于中国企业更了解美国的药品市场特点。　　1.2002年美国药品购买渠道分析　　1.1美国药品购买渠道种类　　美国药品…     

2002年美国制药业回顾分析

据IMS公布的数字,2002年美国制药工业销售额达到192亿美元,比2001年增长11.8%,与2001年的17%增长率相比却有所下降。美国制药业销售额占世界药品市场分额50.6%,保持世界药品市场“霸主”的地位。本文将对美国2002年药品市场进行回顾性分析,美国药品市场在某种意义上是世界药品市场的缩影,希望对我国的制药工业的发展有所启示。　　1.美国药品市场销售额领先的10家公司占据57.6%的本国市场分额　　美国的制药企业一向以规模著称,拥有世界上最多的跨国制药企业,也可以说是市场集中度最高的药品市场,但从2002年销售额领先的排名前10位的…     

植入式广告在非处方药品牌建设和传播中的应用

的非处方药(OTC)市场十分活跃.预计2010年中国将成为世界上最大的药品市场之一,OTC销售额可以达到全球药品销售额的30%～40%,2020年将成为世界最大的药品市场.由于非处方药的品牌作用明显,市场周期较处方药长,因而其市场销售策略主要是依靠品牌和产品力的较量,而广告宣传则是建立和加强OTC品牌作用的一大营销策略.     

世界药品市场发展状况

根据IMS卫生机构的副总裁格雷厄姆刘易斯博士2003年3月19日在美国纽约召开的药物与化学制剂联合贸易协会(DCAT)大会上预测,今后5年全球药品市场可望以每年9％-11％的速度稳步增长。2003年占世界药品市场84％的10大药品市场的增长将于2002年基本相同。 根据IMS卫生机构的《药品监测》报告,到2002年10月的1年间,在全球13个主要药品市场上,零售药的销售额为2719亿美元。同期,世界最大的药品市场——北美药品市场的销售额增长速度从2002年初的17％下降到12%,其增长降到了2年来的最低水平,这反映出     

美国药品销售额增长分析及展望

据世界最大的医药和卫生信息于咨询公司IMSHEALTH提供的信息表明,自1995年以来,2004年美国处方药销售额的增长首次出现了1位数,为8.3%,达到2354亿美元。相比较,2003年增长为11.5%,达2173亿美元,2002年增长为11.8%,1944亿美元,2001年增长为17%,为1662亿美元。尽管美国药品市场销售额增长速度较慢,以及制药工业在药品安全、定价和非注册药的竞争等方面都有着很大的压力,但由于老年人口的扩大和新产品的大量投放市场,该国药品市场仍呈强劲增长势头。     

2002年全球最畅销的10大类治疗用药和10种药

根据IMS的《世界评论》对全球70多个国家90％的处方药和一些零售药的实际销售额的最新跟踪报道，与2001年全球药品市场10大类治疗用药的销售额占世界经审计药品市场药品销售额32％的情况变化不大，2002年略有降低，占31％(见表1)。其中抗溃疡药仍是销售最多的一类。根据美国市场的销售情况，2003年非注册药将参与世界药品市场的竞争，     

世界药物研发的现状与趋势

2003年全球药品市场销售额创历史新高达到4663亿美元,比2002年增长9%[1].与此形成鲜明对比的是,2003年世界范围内批准上市的新活性物质(New Active Substances,简称NASs)数量创造了1979年以来的历史低点,似乎新药上市对全球药品市场的贡献越来越不明显,通用名药品市场逐渐扩大,药物研发将何去何从呢?本文将介绍世界药物研发的一些现状,并对未来的趋势加以分析.……     

世界药物研发的现状与趋势

2003年全球药品市场销售额创历史新高达到4663亿美元,比2002年增长9%[1].与此形成鲜明对比的是,2003年世界范围内批准上市的新活性物质(New Active Substances,简称NASs)数量创造了1979年以来的历史低点,似乎新药上市对全球药品市场的贡献越来越不明显,通用名药品市场逐渐扩大,药物研发将何去何从呢?笔者将介绍世界药物研发的一些现状,并对未来的趋势加以分析.     

抗生素新制剂

2002年全球抗生素销售额为260亿美元,随着各国卫生预防事业的发展,该市场正以2.4%的年增长率增长,预测至2009年接近310亿美元.推动此市场的因素是人口老龄化、世界传染病发病率上升、免疫妥协患者增多（主要是HIV患者,需长期使用抗生素治疗）和细菌的耐药性增加.该市场增长的其它因素还有：一些畅销药品专利到期和通用名药品的市场激烈竞争.     

2005年世界医药市场药品销售额领先的地区

世界医药市场各地区(国家)排名2005销售额(亿美元)占世界销售额的%与前一年相比的增长%北美$265747.0%5.2%欧洲169530.07.1日本60310.76.8亚洲,非洲和澳洲4648.211.0拉美2404.218.5总计$5659100%6.9 05年世界医药市场药品销售额领先的地区~~     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.