90岁及以上胆总管结石患者内镜疗效分析

目的 探讨经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)及胆道塑料支架置入(ERBD)治疗90岁及以上患者胆总管结石的疗效及安全性.方法 对37例行EST及ERBD治疗胆总管结石的90岁及以上患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 EST 1次取石成功30例;1次取出部分结石4例,经行内镜下鼻胆引流,5 d后再次取石成功;成功率为91.9%.2例因结石大,碎石失败后行ERBD,6个月后结石变小,取出胆管结石;1例因乳头旁巨大憩室插胆管未成功而致取石失败.37例患者中并发出血1例(2.7%),无肠穿孔、胰腺炎等并发症发生.结论 内镜行EST及ERBD治疗90岁及以上老年人胆总管结石安全、有效,具有创伤小、并发症少、操作灵活简便等优点.     

腹腔镜单纯胆囊切除术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的探讨十二指肠镜治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）后胆道并发症的效果。方法胆管结石先行内镜下胆总管Oddi括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）或内镜下乳头气囊扩张术（endosco picpapillary balloon dilatation,EPBD）后取石,胆总管上段狭窄行胆道扩张加支架置入术,胆漏、胆管横断者行内镜下鼻胆管引流术（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD）或内镜下胆管内塑料支架引流术（endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD）治疗。结果69例中,胆总管结石53例（76.7%）,胆总管上段部分狭窄11例（15.9%）,胆管横断2例（2.9%）,胆漏3例（4.3%）。53例胆总管结石患者49例行EST后取石,4例因乳头较小行EPBD后取石。11例胆总管部分狭窄行胆道扩张术后放置内支架引流治疗,3个月后5例拔管造影未见明显狭窄结束治疗,6例狭窄未能完全解除者,再行胆管扩张及重新放置塑料内支架,均于9个月内恢复。2例胆管横断患者行ENBD后开腹手术治疗。3例胆漏患者用医用胶注射封堵漏口后行ENBD或ERBD后症状明显减轻,一周后缓解。结论LC后胆道并发症应早期行ERCP以明确诊断;十二指肠镜对LC后并发症的处理是一种好方法,优于其它检查和治疗。     

超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘术内引流胰腺假性囊肿

[目的]评价超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿的疗效及安全性。[方法]回顾性分析行超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿患者5例的临床资料。[结果]5例胰腺假性囊肿患者,囊肿最大15cm×10cm、最小7cm×5cm,分别位于胰腺头体尾部、体尾部和尾部,巨大囊肿患者胃体窦小弯侧有明显压迹。5例患者均一次性电穿孔造瘘内引流成功,成功率100%,随访6~12个月无复发,治愈率100%。[结论]超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘置管内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿疗效确切,并发症少。     

经内镜治疗大于1.0 cm的胆总管结石

直径≤1．0cm的胆总管结石行经内镜乳头括约肌切开（EST）后可用取石网篮直接取出，操作较简单，取石成功率高，并发症少。而直径大于1．0cm的结石，必须碎石后取出，增加了操作难度、手术风险，并发症的发生率高。本文总结本院近年来37例1．0cm以上胆总管结石患者的治疗结果，报告如下。[第一段]     

经内镜治疗胆总管结石60例临床分析

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）和内镜下十二指肠乳头肌切开术（EST）治疗胆总管结石的临床效果。方法对60例确诊为胆总管结石的患者采用经内镜治疗,其中结石直径〈1．0cm的47例采用取石网篮取结石,泥沙样结石加用气囊取石,结石直径在1．1～2．0cm的8例,用取石网篮,但对稍大、较硬的结石用碎石网篮碎石后取出。结石直径〉2．1cm的5例,用碎石网篮碎石后取出。结果60例经治患者,一次性取净结石者51例,2次取净者6例,共57例取石成功,内镜治愈率95％;出现并发症5例,占8．33％;其中急性胰腺炎1例,其他4例患者为术后轻度的上腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐、及一过性发热和高淀粉酶血症。结论内镜治疗胆总管结石具有创伤小、并发症少、疗效确切、恢复快等优点．是目前胆管疾病较好的微创介入治疗方法。     

内镜下乳头括约肌切开术治疗胰胆管疾病195例分析

目的探讨内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胰胆管疾病的方法、疗效及并发症的防治措施。方法回顾开展ERCP检查258例,其中195例进行了EST治疗,探讨了如何进行EST治疗和提高其成功率及防治并发症的措施。结果EST195例中治疗成功189例,成功率96.9%,其中胆总管结石、胆囊切除术后合并胆总管残石、胆囊结石合并胆总管结石共122例,均经EST切开取石成功;肝内胆管及胆囊并胆总管泥沙样结石13例、总胆管癌6例、胰头癌7例、壶腹部癌7例,均经EST行内镜逆行胆管引流术(ERBD)引流成功;慢性胰腺炎合并化脓性胆管炎6例、胆源性胰腺炎5例,均经EST切开排脓,放置鼻胆管引流治疗痊愈;胆总管下段狭窄7例、单纯性胆总管扩张7例、胆总管扩张伴下段狭窄6例、胆总管狭窄3例,均经EST做网石篮或气囊扩张治疗成功。结论EST适用范围广,尤其适用于老年患者和胆囊切除术后合并胆总管残石患者。对化脓性胰胆管炎及梗阻性胰腺炎的治疗,方法简单,疗效可靠,具有重要的临床意义。     

内镜下取石气囊扩张法治疗胆总管结石

目的　探讨内镜下取石气囊扩张 (EBD)治疗胆总管结石的可能性、有效性及安全性。方法　对 4 7例胆总管结石患者进行了内镜下以取石气囊扩张Oddi括约肌及用气囊、网篮及机械碎石等方法取石治疗。为预防并发胰腺炎 ,术后酌情应用了善得定、鼻胆管引流及十二指肠乳头小切开等措施。结果　本组患者EBD治疗胆总管结石的成功率为 91 5 % ( 4 3 / 4 7)。一次EBD治疗后 4 1例 ( 87 2 % )结石全部取出 ,有 2例 ( 4 3 % )患者经第 2次EBD治疗后将结石全部取出 ,避免了内镜下乳头括约肌切开 (EST)。 4 7例患者中 2 7例 ( 5 7 4 % )结石直径大于 1 0cm ,施行了机械碎石术。 4例 ( 8 5 % )患者因结石太大 (≥ 2 0cm ) ,EBD治疗未成功 ,改行EST取出结石。本组患者无穿孔及出血并发症。 11例 ( 2 3 4 % )术后血清淀粉酶一过性升高 ,其中只有 1例伴有腹痛 ,经内科保守治疗迅速缓解。结论　EBD治疗胆总管结石可行、有效、安全。     

胆胰疾病行治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术811例临床分析

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆胰疾病中的应用价值及其并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析上海中医药大学附属普陀医院2001年9月至2006年9月行治疗性ERCP的811例胆胰疾病患者的临床资料。结果562例胆总管结石患者中行乳头切开术(EST)474例,行乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)88例,结石总清除率为95%;244例恶性胆道梗阻患者中183例行鼻胆管引流(ENBD),61例行胆道内支架引流术(ERBD);5例恶性胆胰管梗阻患者行胆胰管双支架引流术。行胆道内支架引流可使血清胆红素明显下降,胰管支架置入可使上腹部疼痛有一定程度减轻。并发症:乳头切开处出血13例(1.6%),均发生于EST术后;急性胰腺炎43例(5.3%),其中发生于EST术后32例,EPBD术后7例,ENBD术后2例,ERBD术后2例;EST术后发生急性胆囊炎4例(0.5%);全组死亡2例(0.2%)。结论应用十二指肠镜行治疗性ERCP去除胆管结石,控制胆道炎症,解除胆胰管恶性梗阻是一种理想的微创外科方法,熟练的技术与细致的围手术期处理是防治并发症关键。     

ERCP、EST、ENBD治疗胆总管结石391例临床分析

目的 总结应用逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、内镜括约肌切开术（EST）和鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）治疗胆总管结石的疗效.方法 胆总管结石患者391例,常规行ERCP检查,证实胆管内有结石后行EST.然后根据结石情况采取不同方法处理.（1）结石直径小于1.0 cm的315例用取石网篮取石;（2）结石直径大于1.0 cm的61例用碎石篮碎石;（3）6例巨大结石而于胆管内置入支架3个月.术后所有病人常规置入鼻胆引流管.结果 EST成功382例（97.70%）,胆总管结石完全取出367例（96.07%）.发生各种并发症35例（8.95%）,主要为急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎和Oddi扩约肌切口渗血,未成功病例和一例重症胰腺炎转开腹手术治疗治愈.结论 ERCP、EST和ENBD诊治胆管结石特别是胆总管结石,安全、有效,病人痛苦小.     

塑料支架内引流在老年难取性胆管结石中的应用

目的:回顾性分析在老年性难取性胆总管结石患者中胆道塑料支架置入治疗的安全性和有效性.方法:先行常规逆行性胆胰管造影(ERCP)明确诊断,根据胆管扩张及结石大小情况,行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开后经导丝引导放置胆道塑料支架通畅引流.结果:103例取石困难患者在常规ERCP后置入塑料支架.3-6mo后复查ERCP显示有60例(58.2%)结石成为小结石,经内镜应用网篮取出;13例(12.6%)结石未变化,重新更换支架引流;11例(10.6%)最后行腹腔镜胆囊切除胆管探查取石治疗;16例(15.5%)患者因无特殊不适未复查ERCP,长期行内支架引流.结论:对于老年性难取性胆管结石患者,塑料支架内引流是一种十分有效和相对安全的手术方式.     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

Combination of Preoperative EST,Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Choledochotomy,and Postoperative Cholangioscopy in the Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones

A case of common duct stones, successfully managed with a combination of preoperative EST, laparoscopic choledochotomy and postoperative choledochoscopic stone extraction, is reported. A 32-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of jaundice and right hypochon-dralgia of several-days' duration. CT, US and ERCP revealed stones in the gallbladder and common bile duct. EST was performed to remove the stones in the common bile duct prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, the patient developed pancreatitis as a complication of EST, which was successfully managed by conservative therapy. Though some stones remained in the common duct following the first trial of EST, the patient rejected a second round of EST. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were performed to remove the gallbladder and the stones remaining in the common bile duct. A T tube was placed in the incised common bile duct for management of possible retained stones. Twenty days after the surgery, successful postoperative cholangioscopy was performed, and the stones remaining in the common duct were removed. Hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis are relatively common complications of EST occurring in about 7% of cases, but only 3% of these patients experience severe pancreatitis, requiring hospitalization. Conservative therapy is always the treatment of choice. In our particular patient, pancreatitis caused by EST was successfully managed by decompression with ENBD and administration of ulinastatin. Residual stones in the CBD were completely removed by laparoscopic common bile duct exploration following EST and postoperative cholangioscopy through the T tube fistula.     

Extraction of uncovered biliary metallic stent using percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy

In this study, we describe the successful removal of a biliary nitinol metallic stent during percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) after lithotripsy of stones caused by obstruction of a metallic stent placed to alleviate stenosis of the choledochoduodenal anastomotic site in a case of benign biliary disease. Using serrated‐edge forceps, one third of the metallic stent was removed in piecemeal sections and then the remaining portion of the stent was removed in one piece through the percutaneous transhepatic fistula. The endoscope was not damaged because all stent materials were removed through the PTCS fistula, not the channel of the endoscope. There were no procedural complications excluding minor bleeding seen endoscopically and no residual stent wires on cholangiograms. In conclusion, this technique is a useful method for metal stent removal from patients in whom it is to extract metallic stent by peroral endoscopic treatment.     

结肠癌并发肠梗阻经内镜支架置入术临床应用及精细化操作

目的探讨结肠癌并发肠梗阻经内镜支架置入术后的临床应用,通过精细化操作,提高支架置入成功率,减少并发症。 方法收集整理滨州医学院附属医院;淄博矿业集团有限责任公司中心医院2016年1月至2017年8月诊治的结肠癌并发肠梗阻患者26例,其中,男14例、女12例,年龄38～67岁,平均年龄(53.6±3.6)岁。均在X线透视下经内镜置入支架,成功解除梗阻后进行后续治疗。 结果25例患者经内镜成功放入支架,梗阻症状均得到有效缓解或消失,未发生支架脱落、肠道穿孔、大量出血等并发症;1例患者因肠道完全梗阻,导丝不能通过而放弃支架置入。19例患者7～10 d后行腹腔镜下结肠癌根治切除术、6例患者因肿瘤不能手术切除而行永久性内置支架姑息性治疗。 结论通过内镜支架置入术的术前精细准备及术中细致化操作,可以有效避免并发症的发生,为进一步外科手术治疗创造条件,提高患者术后生存率及生活质量。     

治疗性ERCP在78例高龄人群中的临床研究

目的高龄人群(≥70岁)行治疗性逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的疗效观察。方法对78例高龄胰胆管疾病患者行治疗性ERCP,分析诊治经过及并发症的处理。结果 78例患者中成功行治疗性ERCP 74例,其中胆总管结石52例,行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)取石40例,行胆管支架引流术(ERBD)8例(3～6个月再次行ERCP取石治疗),行鼻胆管引流(ENBD)4例;胰胆肿瘤18例,均行ERBD后病情减轻;十二指肠乳头炎症4例,行EST后治愈。术后6例患者出现高淀粉酶血症,2例出现ERCP相关胰腺炎,2例合并胆管炎,1例发生小穿孔。结论 ERCP对高龄患者治疗安全有效。     

ERCP在老年胆胰疾病治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在老年胆胰疾病患者治疗中的应用价值及安全性。方法对2000年1月～2006年10月在我院收治的32例70岁以上的胆胰管疾病患者进行回顾性分析。结果32例老年患者行ERCP治疗36例次,成功率100%。进行单纯EST2例,EST加ENBD2例,EST加取石术19例(23例次),EST加取石术及ENBD2例,ENBD5例,ERBD2例。本组发生内镜有关的并发症4例,无死亡病例。术后各项指标与术前相比有明显好转。结论对胆胰疾病的老年患者行ERCP治疗具有创伤小、安全性好、并发症少、疗效确切等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管巨大结石40例

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管巨大结石的可行性及安全性。方法 40例老年胆总管巨大结石患者完善术前准备,密切监护下经十二指肠镜先行ERCP,发现胆总管结石后行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)和机械碎石(EML)取石,视具体情况留置鼻胆管引流及支架置入引流。结果 40例患者37例取石获得成功,成功率92.5%;其中10例经过二次取石。所有患者腹痛症状明显改善,皮肤巩膜黄染迅速消褪,发热患者48 h内体温趋于正常。术后并发轻型胰腺炎4例,乳头肌切口创面轻度渗血2例,均经内科保守治疗痊愈,未发生肠穿孔、胆道撕脱等严重并发症和死亡。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管巨大结石是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,应考虑作为治疗的首选方案。     

胆管支架治疗疑难胆管结石的疗效评价及随访观察

目的 评价胆管支架对于疑难胆管结石治疗的疗效，探讨胆管支架治疗胆管结石的指征，并对其疗效进行临床分析。方法对外科及十二指肠镜下切开取石困难的38例病人安置了胆管内涵管支架，对近期及较长期的疗效进行评价及随访。结果 38例疑难胆管结石病例，在安置胆管支架后胆汁引流通畅，X线下位置良好，经最长40个月的随访，仅1例发生支架移位，1例发生胆管炎，1例干第13个月支架阻塞而需更换支架，1例干术后2个月死干心脏疾病，23例影像学复查结石缩小或消失，其余病例均正在随访中。结论 胆管支架是治疗疑难胆管结石有效、安全和便捷的方法，在解除胆道结石梗阻的同时，通畅的胆汁引流能使结石不再产生，甚至消融，可望成为疑难胆管结石的根本性治疗方法。     

ERCP AFTER ROUX‐EN‐Y RECONSTRUCTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT USING AN OBLIQUE‐VIEWING ENDOSCOPE WITH AN OVERTUBE

Background: We report that an oblique‐viewing endoscope facilitates endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in Billroth II reconstruction. With this endoscope, we carried out ERCP in Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction. Methods: Fifteen patients with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction were enrolled. Eleven of these patients had undergone gastrectomy, while Whipple's operation or choledochectomy had each been carried out in two patients. Among the 11 post‐gastrectomy patients, eight had bile duct stones, and there was one case each of pancreatic abscess with chronic pancreatitis, bile duct obstruction due to gallbladder, or pancreatic cancer. The remaining four patients suffered from stenotic anastomosis of choledochojejunostomy. All procedures were carried out with an oblique‐viewing endoscope. Results: The papilla of Vater or anastomosis was reached in 10 patients. In these 10 patients, all planned procedures were completed. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD) was carried out in three patients with bile duct stones. The remaining three patients with bile duct stones underwent sphincterotomy with tube stent placement, EPBD after sphincterotomy with biliary tube stent placement, and biliary tube stent placement, respectively. Pancreatic stent placement via the minor papilla was carried out in one patient with pancreatic abscess, and a biliary tube stent was introduced in the patient with gallbladder cancer. Two patients underwent cutting of a stenotic anastomosis with a needle knife, followed by balloon dilatation. None of the patients experienced any complications. Conclusion: The results appear to support the feasibility of using an oblique‐viewing endoscope for ERCP in Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction. Further studies including a large population of patients should be planned to confirm these results.