前置胎盘胎盘附着位置与产妇结局的相关研究分析

目的探讨前置胎盘胎盘附着位置与产妇结局的相关性。方法将414例前置胎盘孕妇按胎盘附着于子宫位置分为前壁组和后壁组,应用Logistic回归分析两组前置胎盘高危因素与孕妇妊娠结局的关系进行比较分析。结果前置胎盘中胎盘主体附着于子宫前壁下段、特别是附着于前次剖宫产切口部位发生大量失血、大量输血、胎盘植入、子宫切除比胎盘附着子宫后壁的发生率明显增高(P<0.05)。结论前置胎盘出血风险不仅与完全性前置胎盘相关,与前置胎盘附着子宫前壁下段、特别是附着于前次剖宫产切口位置密切相关。术前超声确定前置胎盘胎盘主体附着于子宫前壁还是后壁将有助于评定产妇结局,并做术前好抢救准备。     

前置胎盘合并剖宫产患者产后大出血的危险因素分析

目的分析前置胎盘合并剖宫产患者产后大出血的危险因素。方法选取2015年8月至2016年7月期间我院妇产科收治中的97例前置胎盘合并剖宫产且发生产后出血的患者资料,根据统计记录的产后出血量情况进行分组观察产后出血的危险因素,观察组(n=45)的出血量超过500 mL,对照组(n=52)的出血量未超过500 mL,比较分析两组患者的孕产年龄、学历程度、体质量、孕产与流产次数、生产时的孕周、剖宫史、前置胎盘的类型、胎盘粘连或植入、胎盘附着的具体部位、妊娠合并症,将存在统计学差异的危险因素通过Logistic进行回归分析。结果分析比较两组的流产次数、开腹剖宫史、前置胎盘的类型、胎盘粘连或植入、胎盘附着的具体部位、妊娠合并症等方面,统计学差异均有显著的分析意义(P<0.05);但在孕产年龄、学历程度、体质量、孕产次数、生产时的孕周等方面,均无统计学比较意义(P>0.05)。结论经Logistic回归分析,流产次数多、有剖宫史、前置胎盘完全型、胎盘植入以及胎盘附于子宫前壁等因素是造成前置胎盘合并剖宫产患者产后大出血的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。产前对具有上述产后大出血危险因素的产妇应进行详细产检,趁早发现危险因素,积极应对处理,以降低产后大出血的发生率。     

胎盘植入的产前超声诊断及临床应用

目的 探讨产前应用超声诊断胎盘植入的临床价值。方法 选择2011年3月到2013年3月北京市通州区妇幼保健院进行产前超声检查,产后经临床确诊为胎盘植入的40例产后患者为研究对象,分别将患者产前、产后出血情况,胎盘位置是否合并出血等进行分组比较,观察并记录超声诊断结果 及临床预后。结果 本组产妇胎盘增厚2例,胎盘内血窦形成3例,胎盘与子宫肌层分界不清5例,超声显示胎盘近子宫肌层处血流丰富2例。前壁胎盘组与合并中央型前置胎盘组的患者,检出率明显高于非前壁胎盘组与非合并中央型前置胎盘组。合并产前出血的患者产后出血发生率明显高于非合并产前出血患者,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 胎盘植入因缺乏典型的临床表现及检测指标,漏诊率很高。而运用产前超声结合患者产后出血情况及胎盘位置类型可有效提示临床预后。     

前置胎盘产前出血的临床护理探讨

正常胎盘附着处在子宫体部的后壁、前壁或侧壁。若胎盘附着于子宫下段，甚至胎盘下缘或覆盖宫颈内口处，其位置低于胎儿的先露部，称为前置胎盘，前置胎盘多发生于高龄产妇，是妊娠出血的重要原因之一，是妊娠晚期严重并发症。若处理不当，可威胁母儿生命。多见于经产妇，尤其是多产妇。做好前置胎盘产前出血的护理工作是医务工作者的一项重要任务。现将本科近年收治的前置胎盘住院患者产前出血的护理体会报告如下。     

前置胎盘合并胎盘植入20例临床分析

目的探讨前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的高危因素及对妊娠的影响与诊断处理方法。方法我院产科住院分娩的221例前置胎盘孕产妇,其中合并胎盘植入20例作为实验组,其余201例作为对照组,对其临床资料进行分析。结果实验组孕产妇年龄、孕次≥3次、流产2次以上、瘢痕子宫及中央型前置胎盘的发生率均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);实验组产后出血及休克的发生率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论孕妇年龄、孕次、流产、瘢痕子宫以及中央型前置胎盘均是前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的高危因素,前置胎盘合并胎盘植入可引起产时产后出血量增多,重视早期诊断,及时处理,从而降低母婴并发症的发病率。     

安列克联合宫颈钳夹治疗中央型前置胎盘剖宫产术中出血12例

<正>正常胎盘附着在子宫前后壁、子宫底部或者子宫侧壁。若胎盘附着在子宫下段,甚至覆盖子宫颈内口称为前置胎盘,分为中央型、部分型及边缘型前置胎盘。前置胎盘是妊娠晚期及产后出血的主要原因之一,中央型前置胎盘更是严重威胁母婴安全的妊娠晚期严重并发症之一[1]。由于中央型前置胎盘完全覆盖子宫颈内口,是剖宫产的绝对指证。但在剖宫产术中因宫颈肌肉菲薄,对药物敏感性差,且止血较为困     

介入治疗在中央性前置胎盘中期妊娠引产中的应用

目的 探讨中央性前置胎盘中期妊娠引产的合理治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析5例中央性前置胎盘中期妊娠引产的临床资料。结果 动脉栓塞介入治疗可减少中央性前置胎盘中期妊娠引产术中术后出血,并可成功避免子宫切除。结论 中央性前置胎盘孕中晚期易发生产前产后出血,威胁孕产妇生命,通过产前彩超检查早期明确诊断。通过动脉栓塞介入治疗术可有效控制产时产后出血,减少并发症,避免子宫切除,是中央性前置胎盘中期妊娠引产要求保留子宫的首选治疗方案。     

多发性子宫肌瘤合并中央性前置胎盘妊娠1例

正胎盘在正常情况下附着于子宫体部的后壁、前壁或侧壁.孕28周后若胎盘附着于子宫下段,甚至胎盘下缘达到或覆盖宫颈内口,其位置低于胎儿先露部,称为前置胎盘 1临床资料 患者,女,41岁,孕5产0,平素月经规则,末次月经2010年8月25日,预产期2011年6月2日.患者于2010年10月25日检查彩色多普勒超声检查(彩超)早孕,子宫前壁见7.5 cmx6.2 cm稍低回声.未予特殊治疗,孕期无特殊不适.     

前置胎盘发病的相关因素与治疗方案及预后分析

目的研究和探讨前置胎盘发病的相关因素,为临床提出治疗方案、提高预后提供有效依据。方法前置胎盘患者110例,列入研究组;同期健康妊娠妇女120例,列入对照组;分别对两组患者妊娠史、分娩相关因素、胎儿预后进行统计比较;并比较中央型、部分型和边缘型前置胎盘患者发生率及临床平均出血量。结果研究组患者孕次、产次、流产次数、剖宫产次数明显低于对照组,数据经统计学比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者产前出血率、产后出血率、胎位异常发生率、剖宫产率明显高于对照组,数据经统计学比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组胎儿生长受限、宫内窘迫、早产儿、围生儿死亡发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05),新生儿窒息尤其显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。边缘型前置胎盘的发病率相对较高,中央型前置胎盘临床出血量较高。结论前置胎盘的发生与产妇孕产次、流产次数等有关,患者产前产后出血量大、胎儿预后差,临床应详细了解患者孕产史,并密切观察临床出血情况,建议试行阴道分娩,并提前作好转行剖宫产的准备。     

1例完全性前置胎盘、双子宫、高龄初产孕妇的护理

正常胎盘附着于子宫侧壁、前壁、后壁。妊娠28周后，胎盘附着于子宫下段，甚至胎盘下缘达到或覆盖宫颈内，其位置低于胎先露部，称为前置胎盘。宫颈内口全部被胎盘组织所覆盖称为完全性前置胎盘。前置胎盘是妊娠晚期严重的并发症，也是妊娠期出血的常见原因。其发病率国外报道为0．5％，国内报道为0．24％～1．57％。如处理不当，可直接威胁母儿生命安全。完全性前置胎盘出血的发生率为100％。出血时间早．多致早产儿存活率低下。此病例为我院2009年4月15日收治的1例完全性前置胎盘，双子宫高龄初产孕妇。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.