胰体尾切除术后胰瘘发生率及其影响因素分析

背景与目的 胰瘘是胰体尾切除（DP）术后最常见并发症,其与患者的预后及转归有着密切的关系。因此,本研究在探讨DP术后胰瘘发生情况及其影响因素,为制订防治措施提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2021年2月中国人民解放军空军军医大学第二附属医院收治的99例因胰腺肿瘤行DP术患者的临床资料,统计患者术后胰瘘的发生率,对可能导致术后胰瘘发生的相关因素行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 99例患者DP术后生化漏发生率为34.3%（34/99）,B级胰瘘发生率18.2%（18/99）,C级胰瘘发生率1.0%（1/99）。单因素分析结果示,年龄、手术时间、胰管直径及是否联合脾切与胰瘘发生明显有关（均P<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果示,年龄<42岁（OR=0.955,95% CI=0.914~0.998）、手术时间≥253 min（OR=1.013,95% CI=1.005~1.021）及联合脾切术（OR=4.152,95% CI=1.043~16.535）为DP术后胰瘘的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论 DP术后有一定的胰瘘发生率,年龄、手术时间、联合脾切是DP术后胰瘘的独立危险因素。这些危险因素评估对术后胰瘘的风险预测及防范措施的制定提供了一定的依据。     

远端胰腺切除术后发生胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的 探讨远端胰腺切除术（distal pancreatectomy,DP）后发生术后胰瘘（postoperative pancreatic fistula,POPF）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年10月在西南医科大学附属医院肝 胆外科接受诊治的81例胰腺远端肿瘤性病变行DP的临床资料,对可能导致POPF的相关因素进行单因素 分析和Logistic回归分析。结果 81例患者DP术后发生生化漏13例,B级胰瘘9例,C级胰瘘3例。单因 素分析显示POPF可能与手术时间、术中失血量及内脏脂肪面积有关（P＜0.05）;Logistic回归分析显示, 手术时间（OR 1.060,95%CI 1.021～1.102,P=0.003）及内脏脂肪面积（OR 1.116,95%CI 1.046～1.190, P=0.001）是 POPF的独立危险因素。结论 手术时间和内脏脂肪面积是DP术后发生临床胰瘘的独立危险 因素。对内脏脂肪面积较大的患者需采取积极预防措施。     

胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的相关性因素分析

目的探讨胰体尾切除术后胰瘘发生的相关性因素。方法回顾性总结了82例行胰体尾切除的患者术前、术中操作以及术后并发症和死亡率发生的情况,并分析和术后胰瘘发生的相关性因素。结果术后有36名患者出现并发症占43.9%（36/82）。其中胰瘘是最常见的并发症,发生率为37.8%（31/82）。其中是否结扎主胰管和术后胰瘘的发生具有明显的相关性（P=0.010）,而性别、年龄、是否并存糖尿病、胰腺的质地、术中失血量、是否预防性应用奥曲肽、是否用生物胶封闭胰腺断端、术后低蛋白血症和是否联合其它脏器切除均和胰瘘的发生无明显的相关性。结论胰体尾切除术后最常见的并发症仍然是胰瘘,术中单独结扎胰管可以减少胰瘘的发生率。     

Attempts to prevent postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is the most frequent and serious complication after distal pancreatectomy (DP) and often leads to other postoperative complications. Numerous studies have been conducted to clarify the risk factors for POPF after DP, and to also determine effective prophylactic treatments. In this article, we review the current evidence on the risk factors for POPF after DP, and also provide new evidence to support the currently implemented prophylactic measures against POPF after DP. The patient-related and surgery-related risk factors and risk factors specific to staplers are discussed. Several studies have suggested that a thick pancreas is a risk factor for POPF using a stapler and that a higher stapler height or pancreatoenteric anastomosis might be useful for preventing POPF when transecting a thick pancreas. Various methods, such as stapler closure, procedures that may be performed in addition to stapler closure, pancreatoenteric anastomosis, pancreatic transection devices, laparoscopic surgery, pancreatic stenting, stump coverage, and somatostatin analogs, have been tested and in comparison with conventional procedures in case–control studies and randomized, controlled trials. Although some studies have shown the superiority of these methods to the conventional procedures, a consensus on precautionary measures that can be taken against POPF remains to be established. Further investigation is necessary to develop a reliable strategy for preventing POPF and to improve the outcomes of patients after DP.     

Pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy: risk factors analysis

Distal pancreatectomy represents the standard surgical procedure for the body and tail pancreatic tumors. This operation is associated with a high number of postoperative complications, especially pancreatic fistula. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the risk factors that predispose to the pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy and to present the proposed methods of prevention for this complication.     

远端胰腺切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素分析

目的:探讨影响远端胰腺切除术后胰瘘发生的相关性因素。方法:回顾2010年2月—2016年5月所实施的100例远端胰腺切除术患者临床资料,对相关因素进行单因素与多因素分析。结果:100例患者中32例(32%)发生术后胰瘘,包括A级胰瘘(无临床意义)18例(18%),有临床意义的胰瘘14例(14%),其中B级胰瘘8例,C级胰瘘6例。单因素分析中,高体质量指数(≥25kg/m~2)与术后胰瘘发生有关(χ~2=4.128,P=0.042),但与有临床意义的胰瘘发生无关(χ~2=1.545,P=0.214),软胰腺质地与胰瘘及有临床意义的胰瘘发生均明显有关(χ~2=4.569,P=0.033;χ~2=11.374,P=0.001)。多因素分析中软胰腺质地是胰瘘及有临床意义的胰瘘发生的唯一独立危险因素(OR=2.476,P=0.043;OR=8.012,P=0.003)。结论:胰腺质地是远端胰腺切除术后胰瘘发生的重要影响因素,对于胰腺质地软者,应采取积极防治措施。     

Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting: a novel prophylactic measure against pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The prevention of pancreatic fistula is still a major problem in distal pancreatectomy (DP). We have recently adopted preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting with the aim of preventing the leakage of pancreatic juice from the resection plane of the remnant pancreas after DP. We reviewed ten patients who underwent this intervention. METHODS: One to 6 days before surgery, the patients underwent an endoscopic transpapillary pancreatic stent (7 Fr., 3 cm) placement. The perioperative short-term outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting was successfully performed in all ten patients. Two (20%) patients, both with intraductal papillary mucinous tumor, developed mild acute pancreatitis after the stent placement. None of the ten patients developed pancreatic fistula. The pancreatic stent was removed 8-28 days (mean, 11 days) postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting may be an effective prophylactic measure against pancreatic fistula development following DP.     

Endoscopic management of pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy and enucleation

Background

Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy (EPS) has been proposed to prevent postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after distal pancreatectomy (DP) or enucleation (EN). The use of EPS as a curative treatment for POPF has been scarcely reported. We reported 10 consecutive patients who were successfully treated by EPS for a prolonged POPF.

Study design

Ten patients underwent EPS for prolonged POPF (median duration = 40 days, range 20-114; median daily output = 80 mL, range 50-250) after 6 DPs, 2 ENs, and 2 medial pancreatectomies.

Results

EPS was performed in all patients, with stent insertion in 4. No patient developed a specific complication because of EPS. POPF healed within a median delay of 4 days (range 1-12). One patient underwent a repeated endoscopy to treat stent malposition. The median delay of discharge after EPS was 13 days (range 8-15). With a 20-month median follow up, 1 patient developed early transient POPF recurrence because of spontaneous stent migration.

Conclusions

EPS is indicated for prolonged POPF after DP or EN because it is highly feasible, shortens healing, and is well tolerated.     

Transection using bipolar scissors reduces pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Various methods and technique for treating the surgical stump of the remnant pancreas have been reported to reduce pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy (DP). However, appropriate surgical stump closure after DP is still controversial. We aimed to clarify whether using bipolar scissors in DP reduces pancreatic fistula compared to hand-sewn suture of surgical stump closure. METHODS: Between January 1989 and December 2005, handsewn suture of surgical stump closure was performed (n = 49), and bipolar scissors was prospectively performed between January 2006 and July 2007 (n = 26). RESULTS: The overall rate of pancreatic fistula after DP was 22 patients (29%). There were significant differences between the hand-sewn suture group (41%) and bipolar scissors group (8%) concerning pancreatic fistula (P = 0.0164). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that two factors, soft pancreas and hand-sewn suture compared to bipolar scissors, were independent risk factors of pancreatic fistula after DP (P = 0.011 and 0.0361, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar scissors for transection of the pancreas is a useful device to reduce pancreatic fistula after DP.     

Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting for prophylaxis of pancreatic fistula development after distal pancreatectomy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic fistula is a common complication of distal pancreatectomy (DP). Although various surgical procedures have been proposed for DP in an attempt to decrease the high incidence of pancreatic fistula, the prevention of pancreatic fistula remains a major problem in DP. Endoscopic pancreatic stenting for the treatment or prophylaxis of such a fistula has been rarely described. METHODS: We reviewed 9 patients who underwent preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting for the prophylaxis of pancreatic fistula development after DP. RESULTS: Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting was successfully performed with a 7F stent in all the 9 patients. Two patients, both with intraductal papillary mucinous tumor, developed mild acute pancreatitis after the stent placement. None of the 9 patients developed pancreatic fistula. The pancreatic stent was removed from 8 to 28 days (mean 11 days) postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting may be an effective prophylactic measure against pancreatic fistula development following DP in selected patients.     

Risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy using a triple-row stapler

Purpose

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the major complications in patients who undergo distal pancreatectomy (DP). Recently, dividing the pancreas by stapler is a commonly performed technique, however, POPF still occurs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for POPF after DP using a triple-row stapler.

Methods

A total of 75 patients underwent DP using a triple-row stapler (Endo GIA? Reloads with Tri-Staple? Technology 60 mm; COVIDIEN, North Haven, CT, USA) at Yamanashi University from December 2012 to December 2016. The clinical risk factors for POPF after DP using a triple-row stapler were identified based on univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Clinical POPF (ISGPF Grade B and C) was seen in 7 of 75 patients (9.3%). The body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the patients with POPF (26.8 ± 0.5 kg/m²) compared with the patients without POPF (21.4 ± 0.4 kg/m²; a cut-off value; 25.7 kg/m²). In addition, the patients with POPF were significantly younger than the patients without POPF (56.4 ± 5.6 vs 67.0 ± 1.5; a cut-off value was 57.0 years old).

Conclusions

BMI and age were found to be significant risk factors for POPF after DP using a triple-row stapler.

     

胰腺残端处理方式对胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的影响

目的探讨预防胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的胰腺残端处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院1996至2008年186例因胰腺或胰外病变行胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料,胰腺残端处理方法分别为：结扎主胰管、残端结扎、间断缝合、Prolene线连续缝合、胰腺空肠吻合及闭合器钉合六种方式,比较上述六种方式对术后胰瘘的影响并行统计学分析。结果186例患者中围手术期死亡5例（2．7％）,术后总并发症发生率34．9％（65／186）,胰瘘发生率21．0％（39／186）。8例胰腺残端结扎术后4例发生胰瘘,11例胰腺空肠吻合患者无胰瘘发生;17例Endo—GIA关闭胰腺残端者有胰瘘4例;结扎主胰管组、连续缝合组、间断缝合组胰瘘发生率分别为13．9％（5／36）、15．6％（10／64）、32．0％（16／50）,前两者与后者差别具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胰体尾切除术中残端结扎和间断缝合容易发生胰瘘,选择性缝扎主胰管或Prolene线连续缝合能降低胰瘘发生率,尤其后者更简单易行。近端胰管梗阻患者可选用胰肠吻合预防胰瘘;闭合器钉和胰腺残端要根据胰腺大小和质地选择性使用。     

胰体尾切除术后胰瘘防治研究进展

胰体尾切除术(DP)较胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率更高,胰瘘的有效防治是保障胰体尾切除术后安全的关键。诸多危险因素可以导致DP术后胰瘘的发生,具体划分为非技术因素和技术因素两个部分。但目前关于DP术后胰瘘危险因素的分析多为回顾性研究,且研究结果差异性较大,目前尚无统一的DP术后胰瘘的危险因素或预测模型。胰瘘的预防和治疗一直是胰腺外科关注的热点和焦点。预防DP术后胰瘘包括诸多措施,如胰腺断面处理方式及主胰管结扎等,胰瘘发生后的基础治疗主要有抑酸,抑酶,抗炎等。DP术后如何减少胰瘘,仍然是一个挑战。     

胰十二指肠切除和胰体尾切除术后胰瘘预测的研究

目的: 探讨2017年中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组的术后胰瘘预测评分的应用价值。方法: 本研究回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月我院249胰十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD）及156例胰体尾切除术（distal pancreatectomy, DP）病人的资料。对可能与术后胰瘘发生有关的因素进行分析。根据预测评分中胰腺质地、肿瘤病理、胰管直径以及术中出血量4项指标进行评分。同时应用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic, ROC）曲线分析此评分对病人术后胰瘘发生的灵敏度和特异度。结果: 249例PD病人中31例（12.4%）发生术后胰瘘。单因素分析结果显示,胰腺质地、肿瘤病理、胰管直径以及术中失血量是术后胰瘘发生的危险因素。ROC曲线结果显示,曲线下面积为0.894,P<0.001,95%CI：0.839~0.949。预测评分的灵敏度和特异度分别为83.9%和77.1%。156例DP病人中44例（28.2%）发生术后胰瘘。单因素分析结果显示,胰管直径以及术中出血量是术后胰瘘发生的危险因素。ROC曲线结果显示,曲线下面积为0.567,P=0.190,95%CI：0.467~0.668。预测评分的灵敏度和特异度分别为84.1%和27.7%。结论: 2017年中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组术后胰瘘预测评分能准确地预测PD术后胰瘘的发生,但对DP术后胰瘘的预测没有作用。DP术后胰瘘的预测有待进一步研究。     

Stapler sizes optimized for pancreatic thickness can reduce pancreatic fistula incidence after distal pancreatectomy

The purpose of this paper was to identify the optimum-sized stapler cartridges for reducing the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after distal pancreatectomy (DP). The authors retrospectively analyzed 101 patients who underwent DP with a triple-row stapler to identify the clinicopathological factors that strongly influence POPF after DP. The height difference (HD) was defined as the difference between the pancreatic thickness and the height of the closed stapler. POPF occurred in 58 (57%) patients. A multivariate analysis identified HD and pancreatic thickness as independent risk factors for the occurrence of POPF after DP. Akaike’s information criterion for identifying the risk factors was more favorable for HD (115.18) than for pancreatic thickness (118.02). The incidence of POPF was significantly lower (29%) in patients with an HD between 6 and 12 mm than in the other two groups (< 6-mm group: 100%, P = 0.008; ≥ 12-mm group: 84%, P < 0.001). A too-thick or too-narrow pancreas carries a risk of developing POPF after DP when using a triple-row stapler. Selecting staplers to achieve an HD of 6–12 mm may reduce the incidence of POPF following DP.     

Stump closure of a thick pancreas using stapler closure increases pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy

Background

The appropriate surgical stump closure after distal pancreatectomy (DP) is still controversial. This study investigated the benefits and risks of stapler closure during DP.

Methods

The risk factors of pancreatic fistulas were investigated in 122 DPs among 3 types of stump closure: hand-sewn suture (n = 32), bipolar scissors (n = 45), and stapler closure (n = 45).

Results

There was no significant difference in the incidence of pancreatic fistula between the 3 types of stump closure (hand-sewn suture [44%] vs bipolar scissors [37.7%] vs stapler closure [35.5%]). By using receiver operating characteristics curves, 12 mm was the best cutoff value of the thickness of the pancreas for pancreatic fistulas after DP using stapler closure. Three factors (ie, male sex, body mass index >25 kg/m², and stapler closure) were independent risk factors of pancreatic fistulas after DP with a pancreas thicker than 12 mm.

Conclusions

A pancreas thicker than 12 mm significantly increased the incidence of pancreatic fistulas after DP using stapler closure.