进行性脑灰质萎缩（Alper病）_附一家系4例报告

一家系4兄妹,3人均的6-8岁发生腹泻、抽搐。16-20岁出现亚急性头痛、失明、皮层盲、抽搐发作、智能衰退,进行性加重6-8个月因衰竭而死亡。头颅CT扫描显示,双侧枕、颞叶低密度病变;大脑病理学特点为全脑灰质层状神经细胞变性脱失、星形细胞增生,呈海绵状脑灰质萎缩,但白质受累较轻,不累及基底节、丘脑、脑干和小脑。1例存活,临床检查：身材矮小,弓形足,左侧轮替指鼻试验反应差;肌肉活组织检查可见大量不整红边纤维和异常线粒体。根据临床神经病理学特点该病症属于进行性脑灰质萎缩Alper病;而肌肉病理学特征则归于线粒体脑肌病。推测晚发型Alper病可能是线粒体脑肌病的一种类型。     

线粒体脑肌病（附1例报告）

本文报告1例线粒体脑肌病，其临床特征为身材矮小、智能障碍、神经性耳聋和经偏瘫，血乳酸增高，头颅CT显示多数脑梗塞和基底节钙化、脑萎缩。经肌活检组织化学染色及电镜检查证实为线粒体脑肌病。     

原发性线粒体肌病与脑肌病(附53例报告)

本文报道了原发性线粒体肌病与脑肌病53例,均经肌活检组织化学染色,超微结构检查及生化检测线粒体呼吸链酶复合体Ⅰ—Ⅳ的活性证实。临床类型包括线粒体肌病44例,KSS及CPEO8例,MELAS型1例。实验室检查包括神经电生理,血清肌酶谱,血乳酸、丙酮酸最小运动量试验.肌活检形态学和生化检测,以及线粒体形态计量分析。并对本组疾病的临床特点,各种检查的诊断价值及治疗进行了讨论。     

线粒体脑肌病—CPEO征候群(附2例报告)

报告2例线粒体脑肌病之慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪(CPEO)型的临床相关实验室检查及分子遗传学DNA组化分析所见,对线粒体脑肌病之诊断及若干临床有关问题进行讨论。     

线粒体脑肌病的MR诊断与鉴别诊断:附4例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨线粒体脑肌病(ME)的MR诊断与鉴别诊断。方法:分析4例线粒体脑肌病患者的临床`实验室及MRI表现,其中4例行常规MRI扫描,1例行MRA扫描。结果:3例病变主要累及两侧大脑皮层和皮层下,1例主要表现为白质内改变,均表现为长T1长T2信号,2例合并脑萎缩,MRA示1例未见明显改变。结论:MRI对线粒体脑肌病的脑内病变敏感,当年轻患者出现非典型性脑梗死表现,应考虑到线粒体脑肌病的可能。     

反复发作的MELAS型线粒体脑肌病：附1例报告

本文报道１例ＭＥＬＡＳ型线粒体脑肌病，以反复发作的头痛呕吐起病，继以抽搐发作及三次脑血管病样发作，引起偏盲、偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍、失语等症；血清及ＣＳＦ乳酸增高；ＣＴ见不同侧不同部位相继出现可逆的脑皮层＂梗塞＂。结合文献对病例进行了讨论。     

脂质沉积性肌病一家系二例报告

先证者，女性，17岁。以“进行性肢体无力，肌肉变细3年”入院。3年前患者无诱因出现双下肢无力，易疲劳，下蹲站立时困难，双上肢逐渐出现无力，不能举重物，渐出现肌肉萎缩，无晨轻暮重，无肌肉跳动、疼痛。查体：肩胛带肌及四肢肌肉萎缩，颈屈肌肌力Ⅲ级，双上肢近端肌力Ⅳ级，远端肌力Ⅴ级。双下肢近端肌力Ⅲ 级，远端肌力Ⅴ级，无假性肥     

儿童线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作(附Ⅰ例报告)

临床资料 :方×× ,女性 ,7岁 ,因双眼睑下垂 ,四肢无力 3年 ,左侧口角抽搐发作 6天。于 2 0 0 1年 2月 8日第一次住院。患儿入院前 3年开始出现四肢萎软无力 ,不耐疲劳 ,上肢抬举费劲 ,下蹲起立或上楼梯困难 ,不能久立 ,行走慢 ,不耐走远路 ,不能跑步 ,伴双眼睑下垂 ,无视物模糊或成双现象。 6天前出现左侧口角频繁抽搐发作 ,伴两目上翻、小便失禁 ,但神志清醒 ,啼哭不安 ,易激惹。患儿自出生以来智能、语言发育较同龄儿明显滞后 ,身体矮小。系足月顺产 ,无头部外伤、手术史 ,无发热惊厥史 ,家庭成员中无类似病史 ,但其外祖母系近亲结婚。 …     

慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪型线粒体肌病(附3个家系报告)

目的 探讨家族性慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪（CPEO）型线粒体肌病的临床、遗传和病理特点。方法 回顾性分析CPEO型线粒体肌病3个家系21例患者的临床表现、家系调查及5例肌活检病理学资料。结果 患者临床均表现为眼睑下垂和眼球运动障碍,伴或不伴有肌无力。1家系符合常染色体显性遗传规律,另2个家系符合母系遗传规律。病理改变：光镜下为破碎红纤维（RRFs）和细胞色素C氧化酶（COX）缺失纤维;电镜为肌膜下、肌原纤维间线粒体数量增多,嵴内可见电子致密颗粒或晶格样包涵体。结论 3个家系及其亲子代问临床与病理表现相似,提示不同遗传方式所致CPEO型线粒体肌病临床表现是相同的。     

原发性线粒体脑肌病1例报告

原发性线粒体脑肌病１例报告郑军刘学升王永江阎泰山原发性线粒体脑肌病是一组临床与生化均有显著障碍的异质性疾病，其特征为脑和肌肉线粒体结构和（或）功能异常，临床比较少见。现将我科确诊的１例原发性线粒体脑肌病报告如下。患儿，男性，５岁。该患于９４年１２月双...     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床、病理及影像学研究

目的：探讨线粒体脑肌病中ELAS型的临床、影像学、组织病理学特点及 诊断方法。方法：对4例MELAS患者的临床、影像学（CT、MRI）及组织商理学特点进行系统分析,观察3例患者的肌活检及2例患者的脑活检结果。结果：患者主要临床表现为运动不耐受、发作性头痛和呕吐,局灶或全身性癫痫,认知障碍,脑卒中样发作,神经性耳聋、肥厚性心肌病、内分泌功能紊乱,乳酸水平升高及身材矮小等,肌电图示肌源性改变,脑CT及MRI示病灶多位于枕、顶、颞叶脑回处、CT可见基底节及小脑钙化,肌肉组织可见不整红边纤维（RRF）和异常线粒体,脑活检灰质呈分层性坏死,小血管弥漫增生、星形胶质细胞增生及钙沉积,符合MELAS型诊断,结论：根据MELAS的临床及影像学特点,并结合肌肉及脑组织活检可对该病进行早期诊断。     

Progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease ("Alpers' disease"): characteristic neurophysiological features

A clinico-pathological entity of progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease has now been recognised. Onset is in early childhood with intractable fits and progressive dementia. EEG/ERG/VEP studies have been carried out in 12 children with this condition. In most patients the EEG showed strikingly similar and unusual abnormal patterns (high amplitude slow activity together with smaller polyspikes). The flash VEP was usually abnormal and often asymmetrical. In the appropriate clinical setting the neurophysiological features are sufficiently characteristic to aid the clinician in early diagnosis of this autosomal recessive disorder.     

Progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease (Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome): a personal review

Thirty-two autopsied cases of progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease are reviewed. The typical clinical course is intractable seizures and liver failure following a period of developmental delay and failure to thrive in early infancy, but some children first present with seizures. Characteristic changes on the electroencephalogram, loss of visual-evoked potentials, occipital atrophy on computed tomographic scan, and particular changes on liver biopsy may assist diagnosis. Most patients succumb in less than 3 years, but some have a protracted survival into their teens, and very rarely they may present in early adulthood. Liver pathology comprises fatty change, hepatocyte loss, bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, and often cirrhosis. Gradual progression can be followed in sequential biopsies. Macroscopically, the cerebral cortex is variably involved, but usually there is patchy thinning and discoloration, with a striking predilection for the striate cortex. Microscopic changes include spongiosis, neuronal loss, and astrocytosis, which progresses down through the cortical layers. All areas may be affected but the calcarine cortex is usually most affected. Etiology is still obscure, though mitochondrial and slow viral disorders have been postulated.     

Progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease (Alpers'' disease) presenting in young adults.

Two unrelated and previously healthy girls, aged 17 and 18, presented with a subacute encephalopathy, visual and sensory symptoms and signs, and prominent seizures that were difficult to control. Brain MRI showed lesions (high signal on T2 weighted images) in the occipital lobes and thalamus; EEG showed slow wave activity with superimposed polyspikes. Inexorable downhill progression led to death in hepatic failure within eight months of onset. Histopathological findings in both patients ((a) chronic hepatitis with prominent bile duct proliferation, fatty change, and fibrosis; (b) in the brain a patchy destruction of the cerebral cortex, predominantly involving striate cortex) were characteristic of progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease--Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome--a rare autosomal recessive disorder usually seen in infants and young children.     

线粒体脑肌病的临床、MRI及病理学诊断

目的探讨成人线粒体脑肌病（ME）的临床、MRI及病理学诊断方法。方法回顾性分析5例ME患者的临床表现、影像学和组织病理学特征，5例患者均行MRI检查、脑电图、肌肉活检及病理检查，其中2例行脑活检。结果患者主要临床表现为以抽搐为主要特征的癫痫样发作、运动不耐受及发作性头痛和呕吐、视听障碍等。脑电图为广泛中、重度异常。血乳酸水平升高。肌肉活检可见不整红边纤维。脑活检可见大量神经细胞空泡变性、减少和脱失。MRI检查示广泛的大脑皮层及皮层下长T1、长T2异常信号，呈灶状、囊状改变伴有脑萎缩，或者灰质核团对称性长T1、长T2信号，病变均未见强化。结论根据ME的临床及影像学特点，结合肌肉活检可对该病做出早期诊断。     

线粒体脑病:一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨线粒体脑病临床、影像学及病理学特点。方法与结果女性患者,52岁。因发作性肢体抽搐、麻木共3次入院,临床表现为局灶性癫发作、智能障碍,双侧锥体束征阳性。影像学检查均考虑为缺血性卒中及脑萎缩,脑电图显示中至重度异常波形。脑脊液红细胞计数1.04×106/L,中性粒细胞比例、蛋白定量和免疫球蛋白IgG水平升高,氯化物水平降低;血清超敏C反应蛋白和红细胞沉降率升高。组织病理学显示皮质内部分神经元肿胀,星形胶质细胞反应性增生及毛细血管数目增加;肿胀及形态正常的神经元胞质内均有Mito染色阳性颗粒物质存在,反应性星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达阳性。电子显微镜观察,神经元胞质内大量异常线粒体堆积,形态、大小不一,线粒体嵴变平或延长并旋绕成同心圆状,线粒体内出现嗜锇小体和类结晶样包涵体。结论线粒体脑病临床少见,易误诊为缺血性卒中,对线粒体病的诊断需进行临床表现、血清酶学、生化指标、肌肉组织活检及分子生物学等多项检查。     

成年型神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症的临床和病理特征

目的 报道2例成年型神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症(ANCL)临床特点和病理改变。方法 综合分析临床资料和病理结果。结果 患者临床表现为智能障碍、肌阵挛、运动障碍、行为异常及锥体外系症状。电镜下可见神经元及胶质细胞胞浆内有大量脂褐素体沉积。结论 根据起病年龄、临床表现及超微结构特征可诊断为成年型神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症，脑活检电镜检查是确诊本病的可靠方法。     

Membranous lipodystrophy (Nasu disease): clinical and neuropathological study of a case

We report a sibling case of Nasu disease. A 35-year-old housewife, whose parents were consanguineous and whose sister died of the same disease, developed dementia, followed by bone fracture, incontinence and convulsions. She died at age 41. Pathologically, characteristic membranocystic changes of the fat cells in bone marrow and adipose tissues were observed. Neuropathologically, there was demyelination associated with intense gliosis and numerous axonal spheroids in the cerebral white matter. At the electron microscope level, these spheroids were an accumulation of various cell organelles. In addition, some had Hirano bodies. Incontinence was correlated with reduction of the number of nerve cells in Onuf's nucleus of the sacral cord.