长期血液透析患者骨关节影像表现

目的 分析长期血液透析患者骨关节改变的MRI表现,探讨X线平片、CT及MRI对透析患者相关骨关节病的诊断价值.方法 对32例长期血液透析患者的肩、髋、手腕关节及腰椎进行X线平片、CT检查,其中26例行MR检查.结果 32例患者X线检查见骨质疏松28例,骨吸收11例,囊性骨质破坏6例,骨质硬化11例,关节肿胀1例,软组织内钙化19例;32例患者CT见骨质疏松32例,骨吸收9例,囊性骨质破坏12例,骨质硬化11例,关节肿胀3例,软组织内钙化19例;26例患者MRI见骨质疏松6例,骨吸收2例,囊性骨质破坏14例,骨质硬化5例,关节肿胀15例,软组织内钙化1例.结论 X线平片是观察血液透析患者骨改变的首选诊断手段;MRI是观察血液透析患者关节改变的首选诊断手段;在透析患者相关骨关节病的诊断与鉴别诊断方面,CT和MRI是X线平片重要的补充手段.     

长期血液透析患者骨关节影像表现

目的 分析长期血液透析患者骨关节改变的MRI表现,探讨X线平片、CT及MRI对透析患者相关骨关节病的诊断价值.方法 对32例长期血液透析患者的肩、髋、手腕关节及腰椎进行X线平片、CT检查,其中26例行MR检查.结果 32例患者X线检查见骨质疏松28例,骨吸收11例,囊性骨质破坏6例,骨质硬化11例,关节肿胀1例,软组织内钙化19例;32例患者CT见骨质疏松32例,骨吸收9例,囊性骨质破坏12例,骨质硬化11例,关节肿胀3例,软组织内钙化19例;26例患者MRI见骨质疏松6例,骨吸收2例,囊性骨质破坏14例,骨质硬化5例,关节肿胀15例,软组织内钙化1例.结论 X线平片是观察血液透析患者骨改变的首选诊断手段;MRI是观察血液透析患者关节改变的首选诊断手段;在透析患者相关骨关节病的诊断与鉴别诊断方面,CT和MRI是X线平片重要的补充手段.     

Articular cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury

Thirty-nine knees in 39 patients with recent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture (age 14–55 years; with a mean age of 22.8 years) were selected from our cases of ACL reconstruction from July 2005 to June 2006, to take part in a study on articular cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau associated with acute ACL injury and on the correlation between bone bruises depicted on MRI and cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau detected at arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. Using preoperative MRI, we evaluated whether there were bone bruises or not in the lateral compartment of the knee and divided them accordingly into two groups: the bone bruise positive group and the negative group. The differences in the proportions of the lateral meniscus (LM) tears and the cartilage injuries in the two groups were evaluated using Fisher’s exact probability test. Thirty-five cases out of 39 arthroscopic ACL reconstructions (89.7%) were regarded as bone bruise positive in the lateral compartment and four cases (10.3%) were regarded as negative. At arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, 33 cases (84.6%) had tears in the LM posterior horn, 34 cases (87.2%) had articular cartilage injuries in the lateral femoral condyle and 29 cases (74.3%) had articular cartilage injuries in the posterior lateral tibial plateau. From 35 bone bruise positive cases, 32 cases (91.4%) had tears in the LM posterior horn, 33 cases (94.3%) had articular cartilage injuries in the lateral femoral condyle and 28 cases (80%) had articular cartilage injuries in the posterior lateral tibial plateau. Of four bone bruise negative cases, one case (25%) had a tear in the LM posterior horn, articular cartilage injury of the lateral femoral condyle and of the posterior lateral tibial plateau. There was a statistically significant correlation between the proportion of bone bruise and cartilage injury of the lateral femoral condyle (P = 0.004), that of the posterior lateral tibial plateau (P = 0.04) and that of tears in the LM posterior horn (P = 0.008). This current study has demonstrated that we need to pay attention to cartilage damage of the posterior lateral tibial plateau as well as to posterior horn tears in LM, when acute ACL injury is shown. We also have to ensure that we follow the long-term progress of cartilage injuries, with the aim of preventing these injuries becoming osteoarthritis after ACL reconstruction.     

邻关节骨囊肿的影像诊断

目的 探讨邻关节骨囊肿(骨内腱鞘囊肿)的影像表现特征.方法 对经病理证实的54例邻关节囊肿影像表现进行回顾性分析.46例行X线平片检查,30例行CT检查,14例行MR检查.结果 54例邻关节骨囊肿位于踝关节27例(含多发),膝关节16例,髋关节7例,位于肱骨近端、尺骨近端、大多角骨及第1趾骨近节近端各1例;其中多发1例(距骨和胫骨远端).病变位于踝关节及膝关节共43例44个病变,其中位于内侧关节而下29个病变(65.9%).44例为类圆形单房状溶骨病变,10例呈多房状,内有分隔,均有轻度的硬化边.15例关节面有中断,与关节腔相通,1例关节面塌陷,3例病变内见气体密度,1例见液.液平面.具体为:(1)46例47个病灶x线表现为骨内邻近关节面的圆形、半圆形或不规则囊样透亮区,边缘清晰、硬化,6个病灶相邻关节面可见裂隙,关节间隙无改变;(2)30例30个病灶CT表现为19个病灶呈圆形、3个呈半圆1形、8个呈不规则形,边缘骨质硬化,14个病灶相邻关节面可见裂隙,27个病灶密度均匀,3个病灶内可见气体;(3)14例共15个病灶MR T1WI表现为低到中等信号,T2WI为高信号,1例见液-液平面,8个病变近关节而骨质断裂,7例见软组织肿胀.结论 邻近关节的特殊发病部位结合典型影像表现,对邻关节囊肿能够作出正确的影像诊断.     

Radiology of osteoarticular changes in patients undergoing periodic hemodialysis for more than 15 years

Osteoarticular complications, which are characterized by osseous pain, pathologic fractures, and decreased articular mobility, represent one of the major problems affecting long-term (over 15 years) hemodialysis patients. These changes seem to have a multifactorial etiology; they include osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and dialysis-related amyloidosis. Ten patients (5 males and 5 females, mean age 55 +/- 7 years) on long-term (over 15 years) hemodialysis were submitted to X-ray examinations of the skull, spine, shoulders, wrists, pelvis, and knees. Serum calcium, phosphorous, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, and basal aluminium levels were also calculated. Osteopenia was demonstrated in all patients. Seven of them had alterations due to hyperparathyroidism. Six patients exhibited signs related to dialysis spondyloarthropathy; in 9 cases amyloid lesions, geodes, and erosions were present in wrists, humeral heads, or hips. One patient exhibited osteomalacic changes. Most long-term dialysis patients presented multifactorial osteoarticular changes due to hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, and dialysis-related amyloidosis. Clinical symptoms and decreased articular mobility appeared to be due mainly to amyloid osteoarthropathy.     

Diagnostic imaging of gout: comparison of high-resolution US versus conventional X-ray

The aim was to compare X-ray and ultrasound (US) in diagnosing gout. In a prospective study, 105 consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of gout underwent conventional X-ray und high-resolution US in order to help in arriving at a definite diagnosis. X-ray findings suggestive of gout included soft-tissue opacifications with densities between soft tissue and bone, articular and periarticular bone erosions, and osteophytes at the margins of opacifications or erosions. US findings suggestive of gout included bright stippled foci and hyperechoic soft-tissue areas. Fifty-five patients had a definite diagnosis of gout (102 involved sites), 31 patients were diagnosed as having another disease (59 involved sites), and 19 patients were excluded from the study because a definite diagnosis could not be established. X-ray suggested gout with a sensitivity of 31% (32/102) and a specificity of 93% (55/59), whereas US suggested gout with a sensitivity of 96% (98/102) and a specificity of 73% (43/59). US was much more sensitive than conventional X-ray but less specific. Our data show that US often provided additional diagnostic information in patients with clinical suspicion of gout when laboratory findings and X-ray results were negative or inconclusive and should therefore be used in these cases.     

Swyer-James综合征的CT表现

目的 分析Swyer-James综合征（SJS) CT表现，探讨其CT扫描和诊断价值。方法 28例胸部CT扫描患者，均有深吸气状态下胸片，其中5例有深呼气X线片，1例行支气管造影，2例经手术证实为闭塞性细支气管炎并支气管扩张。在常规深吸气后屏气螺旋CT扫描疑为SJS时，即进行深呼气后屏气状态下定位扫描和病变区螺旋扫描，观察病变肺叶容积变化和肺内气体潴留情况。结果 28例共累及56叶肺，CT显示全部肺叶透亮度增高和肺野血管纹理细小，其中51叶（91％）容积缩小，5叶（9％）容积正常；而胸片显示肺叶透亮度增高29叶（52％）、其中容积缩小19叶（66％）；深呼气CT扫描均发现受累肺叶不同程度的气体潴留，而5例深呼气X线片仅发现3例共5叶有气体潴留；同时，CT显示合并支气管扩张24例、肺结核9例、细支气管炎10例和节段性肺不张2例，而胸片发现肺结核6例，细支气管炎4例。结论 深吸气和深呼气CT扫描是诊断和鉴别诊断SJS的最佳方法，明显优于胸片。     

The role of sonography and transhepatic cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation

We retrospectively reviewed the results of real-time sonography in 41 patients in whom biliary complications after liver transplantation were documented by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Abnormalities included bile duct stricture (26 cases), occluded internal biliary stent (six cases), common duct redundancy with resultant functional biliary obstruction (three cases), bile leak (three cases), choledocholithiasis (two cases), and an abscess in a cystic duct remnant (one case). Sonography was abnormal in 22 of the 41 cases (sensitivity, 54%). Bile duct dilatation was the positive sonographic finding in 19 (86%) of the 22 abnormal examinations. In the remaining 19 patients, sonography was normal. Sonography is not a reliable test for the early detection of biliary abnormalities after liver transplantation. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography should be performed in patients with suspected biliary complications after liver transplantation.     

透析相关性淀粉样变骨关节病的影像学表现(附28例分析)

目的分析透析相关性淀粉样变骨关节病的影像学表现,探讨其病理及影像学特点,总结不同影像学检查方法的应用价值。方法对28例长期血液透析、有骨关节改变的慢性肾衰患者的骨关节影像学资料进行回顾性分析,X线检查28例,CT检查28例,MRI检查15例,检查部位包括肩、膝、髋、腕及腰椎。结果 28例患者X线平片主要表现为骨质疏松17例、骨膜及关节软骨下骨吸收13例、关节面下囊样骨质破坏12例、骨质硬化5例、关节肿胀3例及关节旁软组织钙化13例。28例患者在CT上主要表现为骨质疏松28例、骨膜及关节软骨下骨吸收10例、关节面下囊样骨质破坏18例、骨质硬化8例、关节肿胀11例及关节旁软组织钙化17例。15例患者MRI主要表现为骨质疏松7例、骨膜及关节软骨下骨吸收2例、关节面下囊样骨质破坏11例、骨质硬化2例、关节肿胀6例、关节旁软组织钙化4例、关节软骨侵蚀破坏15例、滑膜增厚15例及肌腱韧带损伤9例。结论关节面下囊样骨质破坏、滑膜增厚、关节软骨侵蚀是透析相关性淀粉样变骨关节病的特征性表现,X线平片是观察透析相关性淀粉样变骨关节病患者骨关节改变的基本方法,CT和MR是X线平片的重要补充。     

四肢关节隐性骨损伤的影像学评价

目的 :探讨四肢关节隐性骨损伤的影像学表现并评价X线平片及MRI检查的价值。方法 :搜集 3 4例有外伤史且临床检查提示有四肢关节骨损伤的病例。所有患者外伤后 1天内行X线摄片检查。随后行MRI检查 ,2周内行MRI检查 5例 ,2周后行MRI检查 2 9例。采用矢状位T1WI (TR 45 0msTE 12ms)、矢状位T2 WI加FS (TR 3 0 0 0msTE 96ms)及冠状位ME 2D (TR 775msTE 2 7ms)等序列成像 ,层厚为 4mm ,层间距为 0 .1mm。结果 :所有 3 4例患者 ,常规X线检查结果均为阴性。MRI检查 3 4例患者共发现 44个骨挫伤病灶 ,其中T1WI上 3 1个病灶 ( 70 .5 % )为较低信号 ,T2 WI加FS上 44个病灶 ( 10 0 % )全部表现为高信号 ,ME序列上 44个病灶 ( 10 0 % )全部表现为稍高或高信号。结论 :在隐性骨损伤的诊断中 ,MRI是目前最佳的检查方法。对于外伤后X线平片表现为阴性 ,而临床上仍疑诊为骨损伤者 ,有必要进行MRI检查 ,以T2 WI加FS和ME序列对隐性骨损伤的诊断最具价值。     

膝关节骨挫伤的低场MRI诊断价值探讨

目的探讨低场MRI对膝关节骨挫伤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析72例膝关节骨挫伤的低场MRI表现。结果本组72例X线平片均未见异常。MRI检查72例骨挫伤在T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈高信号或混杂高信号,境界不清,在STIR像上呈显著高信号,境界清晰;其中51例合并半月板损伤,43例合并韧带损伤,19例合并关节软骨损伤,3例合并骺板损伤,64例合并关节积液。结论低场MRI能清楚显示骨挫伤的病变特点及严重程度,准确判断关节其它结构的损伤,可为临床治疗及愈后的评估提供依据。     

初治涂阳肺结核临床治愈后X线动态观察(附2499例报告)

目的探讨初治涂阳肺结核(简称肺结核)临床治愈时肺部尚未完全吸收病灶的X线转归以及化疗方案的远期疗效。方法对2499例临床治愈的肺结核病例分别在治愈后3、6、12、18、24及36个月摄胸部正位片,分别与治愈时胸片进行对比,分析X线变化。结果临床治愈后36个月显示:(1)肺部病灶吸收好转2334例,占93.4%;(2)肺部病灶未见变化101例,占4.0%;(3)肺部病灶增多,总共64例,仅占2.6%。结论肺结核采用标准化疗方案和全程督导短程间歇化疗(DOTS)管理,远期疗效显著;临床治愈早于X线治愈,且可靠有效;X线检查对检测肺结核的治疗效果及预防复发等方面均有重要意义。     

骨纤维结构不良X线表现分析

目的 找出骨纤维结构不良的X线表现特点。方法 对31例已确诊的骨纤维结构不良的病变部位、范围、病变形态和结构变化等X线平片的表现进行分析。结果 31例中,累及四肢骨的有19例,累及肋骨的4例,累及颅面骨的8例;呈多骨型者四肢骨为26％(5/19),而肋骨和颅面骨为100％(4/4;8/8);四肢骨和肋骨多骨型者病变均发生在同一侧,而颅面骨约有50％的人累及双侧;四肢骨病人中89％的人病灶发生在骨干,而颅面骨均侵犯颅底骨和蝶窦。囊状透光区和膨胀改变发生率分别为83.9％和93.5％;硬化型改变只在颅面骨受累的病人中出现;磨砂玻璃样改变在四肢骨的出现率与颅面骨基本相同;虫蚀样改变在本研究中未发现。结论 累及四肢骨的骨纤维结构不良主要为单骨型,病灶主要在骨干;而肋骨和颅面骨主要呈多骨型发病,颅底骨和蝶窦是较容易受累的部位;多个骨骼发生病变时,四肢骨和肋骨有同侧发病倾向性。就病变形态和结构来说,囊状膨胀改变是骨纤维结构不良的最主要表现,但颅面骨以硬化改变为主要表现。骨纤维结构不良随个体不同和累及部位不同,其X线表现呈多样性改变,同一个体多种X线表现可同时存在。因此,进行骨纤维结构不良的X线确诊需要全面分析。     

Sonography for early diagnosis of enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

High-resolution sonography of the neck was performed in 207 patients undergoing renal dialysis to determine the usefulness of sonography in the evaluation of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The sonograms in 62 (30%) of the patients showed enlarged parathyroid glands, with an average of 2.3 glands per patient. Both the number and size of enlarged glands were increased in patients who had been receiving dialysis treatment for more than 6 years. Of the patients who had enlarged parathyroid glands on sonography, only 61% had bone pain, and only 63% had evidence of hyperparathyroidism on bone radiographs. Serum levels of amino-terminal parathormone were within normal limits in 26% of these patients. In 14 patients who underwent total parathyroidectomy, the accuracy of sonography for the detection of enlarged parathyroid glands was 77% (40/52 lesions). Sonography is a valuable technique for the detection of enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal dialysis.     

非骨化性纤维瘤的X线及CT诊断及鉴别诊断(附29例报告)

目的探讨非骨化性纤维瘤的X线及CT诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对29例经手术病理证实的非骨化性纤维瘤的X线平片及CT表现进行分析,其中男22例,女7例,年龄5~59岁,平均21.3岁。29例均做X线平片检查,12例做CT检查。结果发生于长骨27例,其中位于干骺端17例,骨干2例,骨端8例,另2例发生于不规则骨坐骨、椎体各1例。29例中病灶最大径7cm,最小径0.5 cm。病灶多沿患骨的长轴发展,病变多呈圆形或椭圆形,21例边缘有分叶,26例病灶边缘可见硬化边。X线22例有病灶内分隔,CT观察仅2例可见分隔;骨外形膨大13例;2例合并病理骨折。结论非骨化性纤维瘤X线平片及CT表现具有一定的特征性,绝大多数能术前诊断。     

Radiologic search for embolized leaflets of prosthetic heart valves: A report of two cases

In a radiologic search for embolized leaflets of Edwards-Duromedics bileaflet valves in 2 patients, the embolized fragments were localized in the iliac vessels using computed tomography. Sonography was successful in one case and standard X-ray films of the abdomen were negative in both cases.In vitro investigations with Björk-Shiley and Edwards-Duromedics leaflets suggested that standard X-ray films of the abdomen and pelvis should be considered as the first investigational technique. If negative, computed tomography of the lower abdomen should be done.     

职业性氟骨病的X线征象分析

目的分析职业性氟骨病的X线表现及其影响因素。方法89例受试者,其中,可疑氟病60例和确诊氟病29例（观察组）,855名健康工人（对照组）均经骨盆、右前臂及右小腿X线平片检查,并对两组骨骼的X线表现进行对比分析。结果观察组89例受试者的X线平片显示了不同程度的骨质异常改变,其中,以躯干骨、骨盆、髂骨及下部腰椎的骨小梁改变为主者见于56（62．9％）例,以长管状骨骨周改变为主者26（29．2％）例,骨盆及肢体骨均受累7（7．9％）例。腰椎和骨盆损伤在观察组中最常遇见。855名健康对照者骨骼X线平片未见异常。结论职业性氟骨病骨骼X线平片的特征性表现和明确的接触氟作业史是诊断奉病的可靠依据．而骨骼损伤的严重程度与接触氟的作业史及车间空气中的氟浓度呈正相关。     

艾滋病并发软组织骨骼感染的X线和CT表现

目的 探讨艾滋病(AIDS)并发软组织骨骼感染的X线和CT表现.方法 回顾性分析18例AIDS并发软组织骨骼感染的X线和CT表现.结果 18例AIDS并发软组织骨骼感染中,蜂窝织炎1例,CT表现为皮下斑片状密度增高影.软组织脓肿6例,CT表现为类圆形低密度灶,增强后呈环状强化.脓性肌炎1例,CT表现为不均匀低密度灶,增强后病灶边缘强化.脓毒性关节炎4例,其中膝关节病变3例,髋关节病变1例;X线平片示骨质破坏2例,正常2例;CT表现为骨质破坏3例,关节腔积液4例.骨髓炎9例,其中骨结核8例,包括椎体病变6例,X线和CT的主要表现为椎体骨质破坏,骨质增生,死骨形成,椎间隙变窄;肋骨病变3例,CT表现为膨胀性骨质破坏;髂骨、骶骼关节病变1例,X线和CT表现为骨质破坏,死骨形成,关节间隙增宽.股骨慢性化脓性骨髓炎1例,X线表现为骨质破坏,骨质增生硬化,骨膜反应.结论 软组织和骨骼感染是艾滋病常见并发症,影像检查对疾病的早期诊断和治疗具有重要意义.     

Osteoarthropathy of the hand and wrist in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis

Radiographs of the hand and wrist in 81 patients who had undergone hemodialysis for a minimum of 5 years (mean, 7.8 years) were reviewed. In 32 patients arthritic changes were found, consisting of articular erosions, joint space narrowings, periarticular cysts, and osteopenia. Seven of the 32 patients had periarticular calcific deposits. The frequency and severity of the radiographic findings increased with increasing duration of dialysis. It appears that in addition to the well-recognized secondary hyperparathyroidism there is another commonly occurring osteoarthropathy (40% in this series) related to long-term hemodialysis.     

MRI对急性膝关节骨挫伤的临床应用价值

目的：探讨MRI对急性膝关节骨挫伤的临床应用价值。方法：对117例X线平片显示阴性并行MRI检查的外伤性膝关节病例进行回顾性分析,MRI检查时间为外伤后2h．5天,重点观察股骨下端、胫腓骨上端及髌骨的骨质信号,前后交叉韧带、内外侧副韧带、内外侧半月板的完整性和信号情况。结果：急性外伤后骨挫伤的发生率为87．2％（102／117）,合并韧带损伤62例,半月板损伤49例,关节软骨损伤17例,隐性骨折21例。结论：急性膝关节外伤后骨挫伤的发生率较高,MRI能准确显示骨挫伤的部位、范围以及临近结构的损伤,对临床诊断、治疗具有重要意义。