Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: Risk factors for ESBLPE

Objectives

The increasing prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBLPE) requires defining the use of carbapenems in first intention. We analyzed the associations between enterobacteriaceae bacteremia (EbBact) and ESBLPE carriage during 10 years in a 950-bed teaching hospital.

Methods

We analyzed a 10-year (July 2001 to June 2011) prospective collection of bacteremia cases including 2 databases: (1) EbBact and (2) a computerized database of patients carrying EBLSE. Only one episode of EbBact was analyzed per patient and hospital stay. Factors associated with ESBLPE bacteremia were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

Overall, 2355 cases of EbBact were identified, among which 135 (5.7%) were ESBLPE (2001–05: 1.4%, 2006–09: 7.6%, 2010–11: 14.2%). ESBLPE bacteremia was observed in 52 of the 88 (59%) patients carrying ESBLPE and in 83/2267 (3.7%) patients not known to be colonized with ESBLPE. Factors associated with ESBLPE bacteremia in patients not known to be colonized were: female gender (ORa = 0.56, CI95% [0.34–0.91]), hospitalization in the ICU (ORa = 2.51 [1.27–5.05]) or medical/surgical wards (ORa = 1.83 [1.04–3.38]), the period (2006–09, ORa = 4.08 [2.21–8.16]; 2010–11, ORa = 8.17 [4.14–17.06] compared to 2001–05), and history of EbBact (ORa = 2.29 [0.97–4.79]).

Conclusion

In case of EbBact, patients known to be colonized with ESBLPE present with ESBLPE bacteremia in more than half of the cases, requiring carbapenems as empirical antibiotic treatment. The global prevalence of ESBLPE among patients presenting with EbBact not known to be colonized with ESBLPE was 3.7%.     

不同疾病住院患者大肠埃希菌耐药性研究

目的 了解不同疾病患者大肠埃希菌流行病学分布及耐药性.方法 查阅2009年12月-2011年2月细菌培养为大肠埃希菌的住院患者253例,8种疾病各收集40例次,统计不同疾病患者大肠埃希菌的耐药率.结果 不同疾病患者分离的大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药率不尽相同,其中恶性肿瘤患者耐药率最高达70.0％,其次为长期口服糖皮质激素和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者,为65.0％,器官移植患者耐药率也偏高,为62.5％；8种疾病中器官移植的ESBLs检出率最高达80.0％,其次COPD患者为52.5％,外伤患者检出率最低是25.0％；同一例患者基础疾病种类越多,耐药性也越严重.结论 大肠埃希菌的耐药性比较严峻,所以应加强细菌耐药监测,了解耐药变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据,防止耐药菌株的传播.     

French results of the ARESC study: clinical aspects and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in female patients with cystitis. Implications for empiric therapy

Objective

Uncomplicated cystitis is one of the most frequent community infections. We report the French results of the international ARESC study on the clinical aspects, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens.

Patient and methods

Female patients between 18 and 65 years of age, with symptoms of uncomplicated cystitis, were investigated clinically with urinalysis and urine culture. Uropathogens were identified and their susceptibility was tested with nine antimicrobials.

Results

Four thousand and four hundred patients were included, 871 in France, forming the largest national cohort. Urine culture was positive (cfu ≥ 10⁴/ml) in 550 (63.1%); 533 (96.9%) presented with a single bacterium infection. 488 uropathogens, collected from 479 patients, were analyzed. The most frequent were: Escherichia coli (83.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.3%), Proteus mirabilis (3.1%), enterococci (1.2%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.0%). E. coli was highly susceptible to fosfomycin (99.0%) (97.1%), nitrofurantoin (97.3%), and ciprofloxacin (98.3%). The lowest susceptibility rates were found for ampicillin (60.9%) and cotrimoxazole (87.8%). Fosfomycin (97.8%), ciprofloxacin (98.3%), and nitrofurantoin (91.5%) had the highest susceptibility rate. The lowest susceptibility rates were observed with ampicillin (61.4%) and cotrimoxazole (86.5%).

Conclusions

Fosfomycin, pivmecillinam (not available in France), and nitrofurantoin have preserved their in vitro activity and are suitable for empiric therapy. Cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole) and fluoroquinolones are not usually recommended as first intention drugs for the empiric therapy of uncomplicated cystitis, because of increasing resistance rates.     

泌尿外科住院患者尿路感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨泌尿外科住院患者尿路感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 2011年1月—2012年12月对泌尿外科1575例住院患者行中段尿培养,使用全自动微生物分析仪PHOENIX 100进行细菌鉴定及药敏,对结果进行统计分析.结果 1575例标本共检出598株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌379株,占63.38％,革兰阳性菌162株,占27.09％,真菌57株,占9.53％,排名前5位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌,分别占37.63％、9.03％、5.02％、3.85％、3.68％;大肠埃希菌对头孢类、氨苄西林、喹诺酮类、四环素、氨曲南、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素等耐药率较高,＞50.00％;而对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等均敏感,耐药率分别为0、0.89％、4.00％、5.33％;粪肠球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、万古霉素等较敏感,耐药率分别为0、5.56％、7.41％.结论 大肠埃希菌和粪肠球菌为泌尿外科住院患者尿路感染的主要菌种,二者的耐药情况比较严重,依据药敏合理使用抗菌药物非常重要.     

脑膜败血伊丽莎白金菌引发成年患者下呼吸道感染的危险因素及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院住院患者下呼吸道感染脑膜败血伊丽莎白金菌的危险因素及其耐药性,为临床合理用药及预防感染提供参考数据.方法 采用回顾性调查方法收集医院2010年2月-2012年2月下呼吸道感染脑膜败血伊丽莎白金菌的成年患者.结果 共调查60例,其中男性51例,女性9例,平均年龄(65.08±17.7)岁,检出脑膜败血伊丽莎白金菌28 d的死亡率为41.67％;感染患者均有严重的基础疾病、长期住院史[(44.8±62.85)d]和使用抗菌药物史(76.67％);危险因素单因素分析显示患者在人住ICU时间、气管切开、中央静脉插管、血液透析、有无近期手术、有无糖尿病6个因素中28 d死亡率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);进一步进行多因素分析显示,静脉插管、血液透析、使用免疫抑制药物以及有糖尿病4个因素是致死亡率的危险因素;60株脑膜败血伊丽莎白金菌耐药性均较高,仅对环丙沙星等少数药物敏感.结论 脑膜败血伊丽莎白金菌引发的医院感染已日益严重,研究证明感染该菌的患者预后不良,临床医务人员应加强无菌操作规范,严格消毒隔离,做好手卫生,合理用药,减少医院感染的发生.     

卒中后肺炎的危险因素及应用A2DS2评分预测卒中后肺炎的发生

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者肺炎发生的危险因素,评价A2DS2评分对卒中后肺炎预测的准确程度.方法 收集418例急性脑卒中患者资料分别应用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析卒中后肺炎发生的危险因素.应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价A2DS2评分对卒中后肺炎诊断的准确性.结果 卒中后肺炎发生率为23.92％.其中高龄、男性、吸烟史、吞咽困难、肺部基础疾病史、应用质子泵抑制剂或H2受体阻断剂、NIHSS评分中5～15分及≥16分以上、房颤、留置胃管是卒中后肺炎发生的独立危险因素(均有P＜0.05).ROC曲线结果分析,曲线下面积为0.888,在评分为5分时其正确指数最高.结论 高龄、男性、吸烟史、吞咽困难、NIHSS评分中≥5及以上、留置胃管等是卒中后肺炎发生的独立危险因素.A2DS2评分可很好用于卒中后肺炎发生的预测,对于指导卒中后肺炎防治有重要意义.     

2014年四川省部分地区HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗效果和耐药性影响因素分析

目的 了解成都、绵阳、达州、乐山和宜宾HIV/AIDS在治患者治疗效果和耐药性影响因素。方法 2014年对以上地区抗病毒治疗半年以上,年龄≥15岁的HIV/AIDS患者进行血浆HIV病毒载量(VL)及基因型耐药检测,采用统计学卡方检验及logistic回归分析治疗效果及病毒抑制失败患者耐药发生的影响因素,以及各亚型毒株间耐药突变规律。结果 4 087例符合调查标准,其中VL＜400拷贝/ml 3534例(86.47%),VL＞1 000拷贝/ml 510例(12.48%)。多因素logistic回归分析发现患者所在地区、年龄、传播途径及治疗时间对治疗效果的影响有统计学意义。VL＞1 000拷贝/ml患者样本中,389例(76.27%)核酸扩增阳性并获得基因序列,189例(48.59%)发生耐药突变,主要导致核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂和非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂耐药,多因素logistic回归分析初始治疗方案、治疗前CD4水平及感染CRF_01AE亚型毒株对耐药发生率的影响有统计学意义。耐药突变序列中,部分位点耐药突变率在CRF_01AE和CRF_07BC两种亚型毒株间差异具有统计学意义。结论 四川省成都、绵阳、达州、乐山和宜宾地区HIV/AIDS患者中,地区、年龄、传播途径及治疗时间是治疗效果的影响因素;病毒抑制失败患者中,初始治疗方案、基线CD4水平及感染不同亚型毒株是耐药的因素影响;CRF_01AE和CRF_07BC亚型毒株比较,前者更易发生T69、M184、V75、Y181突变,而后者更易发生Q58、A71突变。     

Changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from adult patients in Asia: Emergence of drug-resistant non-vaccine serotypes

This study was performed to investigate the serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries. A prospective surveillance study on S. pneumoniae collected from adult patients (≥50 years old) with invasive pneumococcal disease or community-acquired pneumonia was performed at 66 hospitals in Asian countries (Korea, China, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand) in 2012-2017. Serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of 850 pneumococcal isolates were performed. The proportions of isolates with serotypes covered by 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were 37.0% in Korea, 53.4% in China, 77.2% in Malaysia, 35.9% in the Philippines, 68.7% in Singapore, and 60.2% in Thailand. Major serotypes were 19F (10.4%), 19A (10.1%), and 3 (8.5%) in 2012-2017, with different serotype distributions in each country. Macrolide resistance in pneumococci was high (66.8%) and prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) also remained high (50.8%). MDR non-PCV13 serotypes such as 11A, 15A, 35B, and 23A have emerged in Asian countries. This study showed the persistent prevalence of 19F and 19A with a noteworthy increase of certain non-PCV13 serotypes in Asian countries. High prevalence of macrolide resistance and MDR was also found in pneumococcal isolates. These data emphasize the need for continued surveillance of pneumococcal epidemiology in Asia in the post-pneumococcal vaccine era.