腹腔镜在高位隐睾手术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜在高位隐睾手术中的应用。方法 应用腹腔镜对37例患儿的41侧高位隐睾进行手术。按隐睾的部位分为三组：低位腹腔型隐睾、高位腹腔型隐睾、腹股沟管内隐睾。依睾丸的发育及精索的长度决定行一期睾丸下降固定术、Fowler—Stephen分期手术或睾丸切除术。结果 29侧低位腹腔型隐睾和3侧高位腹腔型隐睾结合腹股沟切口行一期睾丸下降固定术；1侧低位腹腔型隐睾行腹腔镜下睾丸切除术，4侧高位腹腔型隐睾采用Fowler—Stephen一期(1例)、二期(3例)下降固定术；4侧腹股沟管内隐睾2侧行一期睾丸下降固定术，2侧行睾丸切除术；41侧全在腹腔镜下操作完成。结论 腹腔镜手术能成功治疗高位隐睾。     

双侧高位隐睾腹腔镜下一期下降固定22例

目的探讨双侧高位隐睾腹腔镜下一期睾丸下降固定术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析22例双侧高位隐睾患儿的临床资料,平均年龄3．9（1．1～11．7）岁,均于腹腔镜下行一期睾丸下降同定术。结果22例中,除3侧睾丸缺如外,其余41侧均顺利完成一期睾丸下降同定,其中26侧行一期Fowler—Stephens手术。术后随访6～40个月,平均随访22个月,下降的睾丸无回缩、无萎缩。结论双侧高位隐睾行腹腔镜下一期睾丸下降固定术是可行的。     

腹腔镜下高位隐睾Ⅰ期下降固定术的探讨

目的 探讨高位隐睾腹腔镜I期固定术的应用.方法 回顾性研究2005年1月至2008年3月间所收治的35例高位隐睾患儿,年龄1～15岁,平均年龄2.6岁.左侧20例,右侧12例,双侧3例,总计38侧.根据睾丸位置高低,腹腔镜辅助下行精索松解I期睾丸固定或Fowler-Stephens(FS)I期睾丸固定手术.结果 在35例(38侧)患儿中,有33例(34侧)为低位腹腔内隐睾(89.5%),2例4侧(10.5%)为腹腔内高位隐睾.其中的34侧腹腔内低位睾丸及1侧高位睾丸经过松解精索血管或FSI期手术,将睾丸固定于患侧阴囊内;3侧高位睾丸经过松解精索血管I期将睾丸固定于外环口外与阴囊上极之间.手术成功率为92.1%.随访3～24个月(平均6个月),100%睾丸血运好无萎缩.结论 高位隐睾腹腔镜Ⅰ期固定手术效果良好,手术微创.     

腹腔镜一期治疗腹股沟型隐睾伴腹股沟斜疝

目的探讨腹腔镜一期治疗腹股沟型隐睾伴腹股沟斜疝（以下简称为腹股沟型隐睾伴斜疝）的可行性。方法对48例腹股沟型隐睾伴斜疝患儿采取一期腹腔下镜疝囊高位结扎＋睾丸牵引固定术。年龄1—5岁（平均2．3岁）,左侧16例,右侧32例,双侧2例。结果48例获有效随访,B超随访6～12个月,无睾丸萎缩及回缩,无腹股沟斜疝复发。结论腹股沟型隐睾伴斜疝患儿可行腹腔镜一期疝囊高位结扎、睾丸牵引固定术,此手术方法简单,损伤小,恢复快,成功率高,出血量、手术时间、住院时间及并发症少,值得临床推广。     

应用腹腔镜技术治疗腹腔内隐睾

目的探索腹腔镜技术在腹腔内隐睾中的应用。方法2005年~2007年7月,我院收治腹腔内隐睾24例,平均年龄3.37岁(1~15岁)。其中左侧9例,右侧7例,双侧8例,共32只睾丸。根据睾丸位置高低,在腹腔镜辅助下行精索松解、睾丸固定术。结果24例(32只睾丸)均于腹腔镜下确定睾丸位置,其中22例(28只)为低位腹腔内隐睾,占87.5%,2例(4只)为高位腹腔内隐睾,占12.5%。对28只低位隐睾、1只高位隐睾行精索松解一期睾丸固定术,占90.62%;对2只高位隐睾行精索松解分期睾丸固定术;1只高位隐睾行分期Fowler-Stephens手术。全部病例术后均顺利康复,随访1个月~2年,睾丸血供良好,无睾丸萎缩、回缩等。结论腹腔镜辅助精索松解、睾丸固定术是治疗腹腔内隐睾,特别是低位腹腔内隐睾的有效方法。     

腹股沟小切口手术与腹腔镜手术治疗腹股沟区隐睾的对照研究

目的比较腹股沟横行小切口与腹腔镜下睾丸下降固定术在腹股沟区隐睾中应用的优缺点。方法选择川北医学院附属医院小儿外科自2014年3月至2015年9月明确诊断为腹股沟区隐睾症的患儿88例,年龄1.2~4岁,平均年龄2.6岁;按随机分组原则采取两种手术方式:开放手术组采用腹股沟横行小切口经腹膜外游离下降睾丸,阴囊小切口固定;腹腔镜手术组采用腹腔镜下腹腔内游离睾丸,阴囊小切口固定;分别对两组手术时间、睾丸下降后位置、术后并发症、手术前及术后半年双侧睾丸超声随访结果进行对比分析。结果开放手术组平均手术时间为(41.2±2.1)min,腹腔镜组为(55.6±1.9)min。腹腔镜手术组患儿术中出血量较开放组少,经统计学分析差异有意义。术后7 d及6个月查两组患侧睾丸下降位置发现:开放手术组44例睾丸均可降至阴囊内,其中5例位于阴囊入口处;腹腔镜手术组44例睾丸均可降至阴囊内,其中4例位于阴囊入口处;术后6个月患侧睾丸超声显示患侧睾丸发育较对侧稍差。结论在腹股沟区隐睾患儿中,腹腔镜下睾丸下降术在手术时间及术后效果上并无明显优势。建议对于腹股沟区隐睾应严格掌握腹腔镜手术指征,对于内环口及以上部位隐睾首选腹腔镜探查及腹腔镜下隐睾下降术。     

微型腹腔镜下睾丸下降固定术40例

目的 探讨微型腹腔镜下睾丸下降固定术在儿童隐睾中的应用.方法 2010年6月至2011年6月,我们对40例隐睾患儿施行微型腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术.术中行单侧睾丸下降固定术33例,双侧5例,一期Fowler-Stephens手术4例.术中见睾丸萎缩2例,除2例睾丸萎缩病例外,其余病例均行患侧疝囊高位结扎术,对侧疝囊高位结扎术7例.结果 40例患儿均顺利完成手术,无中转开放手术.单侧手术时间30~45 min,平均38 min,双侧手术时间54~78 min,平均64 min.随访12～24个月,平均18个月,无睾丸回缩、睾丸萎缩、腹股沟疝等并发症.结论 微型腹腔镜下睾丸下降固定术治疗儿童隐睾创伤小,睾丸下降完全,安全有效,并发症少,可作临床推广应用.     

经脐入路腹腔镜下高位隐睾Ⅰ期下降固定26例

目的 探讨经脐入路腹腔镜下对高位隐睾的Ⅰ期下降固定的方法 和疗效.方法 2008年12月至2009年7月收治26例(35侧)高位隐睾患儿,年龄1.1～6.3岁,平均1.9岁,其中左隐睾12例,右隐睾5例,双侧隐睾9例,单纯经肚脐入路行腹腔镜下睾丸探查和Ⅰ期下降固定.结果 探查发现6侧睾丸缺如,余29侧均在腹腔镜下行Ⅰ期睾丸下降周定,其中22例游离精索血管和输精管后将睾丸Ⅰ期下降固定,其余7侧睾丸行Ⅰ期Fowler-Stephens手术.术后随访6～13个月,平均9.6个月,下降的全部睾丸无回缩、无萎缩;脐部瘢痕隐藏于脐窝内不显露.结论 高位隐睾采用单纯经肚脐入路的腹腔镜技术,完成Ⅰ期下降固定是可行的,既能达到满意的治疗效果也能符合无瘢痕的美容要求.     

非腹腔型隐睾的腹腔镜手术治疗

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在非腹腔型隐睾手术中的意义。方法2001年12月～2005年12月,应用微型腹腔镜治疗小儿非腹腔型隐睾53例,年龄10个月～12岁,左侧23例,右侧25例,双侧5例。其中腹股沟隐睾47例,异位睾6例(包括横过异位睾2例)。术中发现内环口已闭合者16例。结果53例全部在腹腔镜下完成手术;50例一期行睾丸下降固定术;2例因精索过短,行分期Fowler-Stephens手术;1例因睾丸发育不良行睾丸切除术。结论腹腔镜技术治疗非腹腔型隐睾,直观明了,解剖位置清楚,并发症少,微创美观,可作为隐睾手术的首选术式。     

腹腔镜下Fowler—Stephens分期睾丸固定术在高位隐睾中的应用

目的观察腹腔镜下Fowler-Stephens分期睾丸固定术治疗高位腹腔内隐睾的效果。方法对8例11侧高位隐睾患儿采用腹腔镜下Fowler-Stephens分期睾丸固定术,术后随访所有病例,观察睾丸血运,测量睾丸大小。结果所有病例睾丸均达到阴囊正常位置,无睾丸萎缩及睾丸回缩,睾丸明显增大。结论腹腔镜下Fowler-Stephens分期睾丸固定术治疗高位腹腔内隐睾疗效可靠。     

经腹腔镜辅助分期Fowler-Stephens手术治疗高位隐睾的随访分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助分期Fowler-Stephens（F-S）的实用价值.方法 回顾性分析2003年6月至2009年5月分期F-S手术治疗的26例腹腔内高位隐睾患儿的临床资料.26例患儿年龄1岁6个月至10岁,平均54个月.左侧11例,右侧15例.F-S一期手术在腹腔镜下完成,二期手术经腹股沟开放手术完成,两期手术间隔时间6个月,平均随访时间29.6个月.手术前后检查睾丸位置,超声测量睾丸大小,将患睾术前术后体积与健睾比较.结果 26例患儿睾丸均无张力降入阴囊内,术后16例获随访,其中1例睾丸萎缩,15例术后不同时段（术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1～4年、＞4年）彩超血流信号无异常,对应时段患睾与健睾体积之比分别为0.77、0.57、0.73、0.72、0.66,而术前相应的患睾与健睾体积之比分别为0.65、0.54、0.63、0.47、0.47.显示术后不同时段患睾与健睾平均体积之比较术前变大.二期术后6个月至1年获得集中随访9例,患睾术前体积0.297 mL,术后为0.603 mL,经配对t检验,P=0.01,差异有统计学意义.结论 经腹腔镜探查证实睾丸位于腹腔内、无萎缩、精索血管长度不足以保证将睾丸无张力降至阴囊内理想位置者,可采用分期F-S手术,疗效可靠.     

Laparoscopic classification and treatment of the impalpable testis

Laparoscopic orchiopexy has gained popularity in recent years. However, the decision when to perform one-stage laparoscopic orchiopexy without division of the spermatic vessels versus initial ligation of the spermatic vessels followed later by orchiopexy is not clear. A new laparoscopic classification to facilitate decision-making during laparoscopy, according to the position of the impalpable testis and the relation of the spermatic vessels and vas deferens to the internal ring, with a management protocol based on this classification is presented. Over a 2-year period, a total of 37 boys with 52 impalpable gonads underwent a laparoscopic procedure. Four laparoscopic types of testis were noted: type I: no testis visualized; type II: a testis seen at the internal ring with the vas and vessels looping to the internal ring; type III: testis at the internal ring, with vas and vessels going to the testis directly; and type IV: intra-abdominal testis not related to the internal ring. Of the 52 gonads, 19 (36.5%) were type I, 13 (25%) type II, 6 (11.5%) type III, and 14 (27%) type IV. Thirty-three testes were followed up (mean follow-up 8 months); 3 showed atrophy (11%) and 4 were retracted at the scrotal neck after staged, laparoscopic-assisted orchiopexy (LAO). Laparoscopy is of great value for both diagnosis and management of impalpable testes. A classification based on laparoscopic findings will help in planning further surgical action, and LAO is a safe and effective form of operative management for impalpable testes. Accepted: 6 January 1999     

Inguinal approach for the management of unilateral non-palpable testis: Is diagnostic laparoscopy necessary?

ObjectiveDuring the last decade laparoscopy has increasingly been advocated as the primary investigative procedure for the management of the non-palpable testis. We reviewed the medical records in a consecutive series of boys with non-palpable testis to examine the contribution of the initial inguinal approach in the management of unilateral non-palpable testis.Materials and methodsAmong the 183 consecutive patients with cryptorchidism from 2003 to 2012, there were 21 patients with unilateral and three with bilateral non-palpable testes. All unilateral patients then underwent inguinal and scrotal exploration through an inguinal incision. For those patients with an intra-abdominal peeping testis, the gonad was placed into the scrotum after meticulous cranial mobilization of the spermatic cord.ResultsPatient age ranged from 11 months to 144 months (mean age: 23 months). Among the 21 unilateral cases, testicular absence or atrophy was confirmed in seven patients with a scrotal nubbin in six, and blind-ending vas and vessels at the external inguinal ring in one patient. Among the remaining 14 patients with sizeable testes, 12 testes were intra-abdominal peeping testes and two testicles were seen within the distal inguinal canal, which may be missed on physical examination owing to patient obesity. The intra-abdominal peeping testicle had the opened processus vaginalis entering the internal ring in which testicle was found. These were fixed into the scrotum successfully by cranial mobilization of spermatic vessel sometimes cutting the internal oblique muscle and by Prentiss and Fowler-Stephen's maneuver. Diagnostic laparoscopy was done on three patients with bilateral cases.ConclusionsGiven the result that most of nubbins are within the scrotum and testes with intra-abdominal peeping testes are fixed down safely into the scrotum, the inguinal approach may suffice for the management of unilateral non-palpable testis. Laparoscopy should be reserved for patients with bilateral non-palpable undescended testes.     

Minimal-invasive Chirurgie bei Kryptorchismus und Varikozele

The use of laparoscopy is a valuable addition for diagnosis and therapy of the impalpable testis.After exclusion of intersex in the case of bilaterality diagnostic laparoscopy should be the first operative intervention.The identification of blind ending spermatic vessels and vas deferens establishes the diagnosis of abdominal vanishing testis and no further therapy is required.The finding of a regular entry of the vas and vessels in the internal inguinal ring indicates groin exploration to remove atrophic testicular tissue or germ rudiments because of their risk of malignant degeneration.At the same anesthesia intraabdominal testes may be removed or the first stage of Fowler-Stephens repair can be performed laparoscopically. In addition to that more recently one-stage laparoscopic orchidopexy has been described. The open techniques of varicocelectomy are also increasingly replaced by primary laparoscopic approach.The retroperitoneal ligation of the spermatic vessels described by Palomo 1949 and the subsequent modification by Bernardi can be easily performed laparoscopically with less postoperative pain and decreased length of hospital stay. All laparoscopic procedures can be safely employed with a low morbidity and the long term results do not show significant disadvantages compared to the traditional open techniques so far.     

Laparoscopic orchidopexy for the intra-abdominal testis

The role of laparoscopy in the management of the impalpable testis has been largely as a diagnostic tool only. Its therapeutic application as a single or two-stage Fowler-Stephens procedure for the intra-abdominal testis is assessed and a management algorithm derived. A retrospective review was performed of 26 children with 33 intra-abdominal testes (IAT) who were operated upon between 1992 and 1997; 5 had a single-stage (6 testes) and 21 had a staged approach. All children had the operated testis located in an acceptable scrotal position on review. Six operations were performed as a single-stage procedure. Four testes were palpably smaller at follow-up: 2 in the single-stage (33.3%) and 2 in the two-stage group (7%). Of the 26 children, 24 were day-case admissions. Minor self-limiting complications were observed in 5 cases. Laparoscopic localisation and Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy can be safely employed in the definitive management of the IAT. Accepted: 24 November 1998     

Effects of laparoscopic division of spermatic vessels on histological changes of testes: long-term observation in the model of prepubertal rat

Laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens and Palomo procedures are now commonly performed in children with high positioned intra-abdominal cryptorchidism and varicocele, respectively. During the procedures, the spermatic vessels are ligated and therefore the question of risk related to testicular atrophy is often raised. The long-term follow-up of the histology after the procedures is rare. In this study, we simulated a laparoscopic spermatic vessels clipping and division (SVCD) in a prepubertal rat model, and examined the histological alterations of the testes with regard to spermatogenic arrest between prepuberty and middle age. Thirty-day-old Wistar rats divided randomly into three groups underwent laparoscopic sham operation, unilateral SVCD and unilateral SVCD with additional contralateral orchiectomy, respectively. Histological investigations observed on semithin and paraffin sections were performed at seven different postoperative intervals between day 9 and day 540. We defined partial, most and complete spermatogenic arrest of the seminiferous tubules to correspond with mild, severe spermatogenic arrest and atrophy, respectively. Laparoscopic SVCD induced testicular spermatogenic arrest in a total of 85% of the operated testes with different severity; 27% of operated testes with mild or severe spermatogenic arrest were seen between puberty and middle age (day 45–540 postoperative), and their size was only slightly reduced. Of the operated testes, 51% showed atrophic signs with a striking decrease in size, and their contralateral testes revealed in all cases mild or severe spermatogenic arrest started as early as day 45 postoperatively. Parallel to the spermatogenic arrest, Leydig cell hyperplasia developed frequently in impaired testes, especially in those without contralateral testes, finally reaching a typical adenoma size. Laparoscopic SVCD in prepubertal rats could disturb spermatogenesis with differing severity in most cases. This impairment could persist from peripuberty to middle age, and even involve the contralateral testes, in the case of operated testes and show complete spermatogenic arrest. This study showed that laparoscopic SVCD may have high risk in compromising the operated testis.     

A novel mutation in the anti-müllerian hormone gene as cause of persistent müllerian duct syndrome

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome is a relatively rare inherited defect of sexual differentiation characterised by failure of regression of the müllerian ducts in males. In affected individuals, uterus and tubes are present because of defects of synthesis or action of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), normally produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis. Patients are normally virilised, although mono- or bilateral cryptorchidism may be present. We observed two brothers (chromosomes 46 XY), aged 11 years and 2 months and 8 years and 3 months respectively, with bilateral cryptorchidism. The diagnosis of persistent müllerian duct syndrome was made on the basis of laparoscopic evidence of uterus and tubes, undetectable plasma levels of AMH and a 23 base pair duplicative insertion in exon 5 of the AMH gene, causing the introduction of a premature stop codon, homozygous in the two brothers. The surgical correction of the genital abnormalities was successfully carried out by laparoscopic orchidopexy according to Fowler-Stephens. CONCLUSION: Persistent müllerian duct syndrome should be taken into consideration in all cases of bilateral cryptorchidism. Laparoscopy is the elective procedure for diagnosis of this disease and laparoscopic surgery for orchidopexy of intra-abdominal testes. Mutation analysis of the anti-müllerian hormone gene in these patients helps to understand the structure-function relationship of the anti-müllerian hormone protein, although it is not clear at present whether anti-müllerian hormone is necessary to maintain normal testicular function.     

Experience with laparoscopy in nonpalpable testis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and benefits of diagnosis and interventional laparoscopy in those paediatric patients with nonpalpable testes (NPT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 1999, 75 patients with NPT (mean age 3 years, range 6 months to 14 years) were treated. 86 testes were evaluated. RESULTS: According to the laparoscopic findings 4 groups of testes were identified: Vanishing testis (n = 32), low abdominal testis (< 2 cm to the internal ring) (n = 26), high abdominal testis (> 2 cm to the internal ring) (n = 24) and intersex patients (n = 4). Of the first group, 19 testes (one bilateral) had blind-ending spermatic cord and vessels and if an atrophic testicular tissue was identified, it was removed laparoscopically. For those with spermatic cord and vessels beyond the internal ring (13 testes), atrophic testes were removed through a high scrotal incision. 19 testes of the second group had a laparoscopy-assisted orchidopexy. In the same group a laparoscopic orchidopexy was performed on 7 testes. 24 testes in the 3rd group had a Fowler-Stephens (FS) stage 1 and 18 testes had a laparotomy performed for FS stage 2 procedure (laparotomy and orchidopexy) after 6 months. At laparotomy there was no evidence of testicular atrophy in all but one testis, which was removed and the FS stage 2 procedure was completed in 17 testes. The follow-up period was between 6 months and 4 years, and two more testicular atrophies were noted after FS stage 2. The results were satisfactory in 15 out of 18 testes (83%). In the intersex group, the patient with testicular feminization underwent laparoscopic orchiectomy. The other patient with bilateral nonpalpable testis was identified as having an uterus and two intraabdominally located gonads on laparoscopy and gonadal biopsies were obtained for diagnosis. Histology demonstrated bilateral ovotestes, confirming the diagnosis of a true hermaphrodite. CONCLUSION: We are of the opinion that laparoscopy decreases the number of laparotomies in NPT, allows a single-stage procedure in low abdominal testis, and facilitates clip ligation of the testicular artery in high abdominal testis. Laparoscopy also provides diagnostic and therapeutic options for vanishing testis and intersex patients.