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1.
Jerel P. Calzo Aaron J. Blashill Tiffany A. Brown Russell L. Argenal 《Current psychiatry reports》2017,19(8):49
Purpose of Review
This review summarized trends and key findings from empirical studies conducted between 2011 and 2017 regarding eating disorders and disordered weight and shape control behaviors among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (i.e., non-heterosexual) populations.Recent Findings
Recent research has examined disparities through sociocultural and minority stress approaches. Sexual minorities continue to demonstrate higher rates of disordered eating; disparities are more pronounced among males. Emerging data indicates elevated risk for disordered eating pathology among sexual minorities who are transgender or ethnic minorities. Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs may hold promise for sexual minority males.Summary
Continued research must examine the intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and ethnic identities, given emergent data that eating disorder risk may be most prominent among specific subgroups. More research is needed within sexual minorities across the lifespan. There is still a lack of eating disorder treatment and prevention studies for sexual minorities.2.
Assessment of attachment disorder symptoms in foster children: comparing diagnostic assessment tools
Josephine D. Kliewer-Neumann Janin Zimmermann Ina Bovenschen Sandra Gabler Katrin Lang Gottfried Spangler Katja Nowacki 《Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health》2018,12(1):43
Background
Standardized methods for assessing attachment disorders are scarce but needed for research and practice.Methods
In the current study, several assessments for attachment disorder symptoms are used within a German sample of foster children after being exposed to neglect and maltreatment in their biological families. The symptoms were assessed with four established assessment methods based on both parents’ report and behavioral observation: The Rating for Infant Stranger Engagement, the Stranger at the Door, the Disturbances of Attachment Interview and the Reactive Attachment Disorder Questionnaire.Results
The foster care sample showed symptoms of both the inhibited and the disinhibited attachment disorder. The degree of symptoms is comparable to previous findings. The results of the different tools investigating the disinhibited type of attachment disorder are correlated to each other, but do not overlap.Conclusions
Although all approaches are based on the clinical criteria of the DSM-IV, the assessments do not coincide. Each tool provides a different point of view on the symptoms, so a multi methodical approach for assessing attachment disorder symptoms should be implemented. Furthermore, the inhibited and the disinhibited symptoms represent separate categories, as reflected in the DSM-5, requiring separate assessment.3.
Background
Diet-related environmental and policy interventions are being advocated at a population level because individual change is more likely to be facilitated and sustained if the environment within which choices are made supports healthful food options.Purpose
This study aims to review research that examines factors having an influence on food choices in social environments, physical environments, and macroenvironments.Methods
A snowball strategy was used to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies and reviews, with a focus on research completed in the US and published within the past 10 years.Results
Research has identified a number of environmental factors associated with dietary intake; however, the majority of completed studies have methodological limitations which limit their credibility to guide interventions and policy changes.Conclusions
Future research will need to emphasize multilevel investigations, examine how associations vary across population subgroups, develop a standard set of measures for assessing food environments and policies, and improve dietary assessment methodology.4.
Purpose of review
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a 4R tau neuropathologic entity. While historically defined by the presence of a vertical supranuclear gaze palsy and falls in the first symptomatic year, clinicopathologic studies identify alternate presenting phenotypes. This article reviews the new PSP diagnostic criteria, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies.Recent findings
The 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society PSP criteria outline 14 core clinical features and 4 clinical clues that combine to diagnose one of eight PSP phenotypes with probable, possible, or suggestive certainty. Evidence supports the use of select imaging approaches in the classic PSP-Richardson syndrome phenotype. Recent trials of putative disease-modifying agents showed no benefit.Summary
The new PSP diagnostic criteria incorporating the range of presenting phenotypes have important implications for diagnosis and research. More work is needed to understand how diagnostic evaluations inform phenotype assessment and identify expected progression. Current treatment is symptomatic, but tau-based therapeutics are in active clinical trials.5.
Michael J. Sagherian Tania B. Huedo-Medina Jennie A. Pellowski Lisa A. Eaton Blair T. Johnson 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2016,50(6):920-934
Background
Evidence-based, single-session STI/HIV interventions to reduce sexual risk taking are potentially effective options for implementation in resource-limited settings and may solve problems associated with poor participant retention.Purpose
The purpose of the study is to estimate the efficacy of single-session, behavioral interventions in reducing unprotected sex or increasing condom use.Methods
Data sources were searched through April 2013 producing 67 single-session interventions (52 unique reports; N?=?20,039) that included outcomes on condom use and/or unprotected sex.Results
Overall, participants in single-session interventions reduced sexual risk taking relative to control groups (d + ?=?0.19, 95 % CI?=?0.11, 0.27). Within-group effects of the interventions were larger than the between-groups effects when compared to controls.Conclusions
Brief, targeted single-session sexual risk reduction interventions demonstrate a small but significant effect and should be prioritized.6.
Purpose of Review
There is evidence showing an increasing prevalence of mental illness in those in conflict with the law. However, there are many factors affecting the detection, treatment, and management of criminals who are mentally ill.Recent Findings
Sex offenders with major mental illness present many challenges to those providing treatment and management services. For example, it is important to consider whether sexually offensive behavior is the cause of criminal behavior or whether it is reflective of an antisocial orientation. Recent evidence suggests it may help better understand and inform risk assessment and management.Summary
This paper will review the literature on mental illness among sexual offenders, present a typology to aid in the assessment, treatment, and management of sexual offender with mental illness, and highlight important considerations when providing treatment to sexual offenders with mental illness.7.
Background
The symptom “delusions” is a central psychopathological symptom in psychiatric diseases. Since the beginning of psychiatry various disciplines have attempted to explain and understand delusions but even now no generally accepted definition of this phenomenon exists.Aim
A comprehensive review of current psychopathological and neurobiological theories of delusions is given.Material and methods
PubMed and Google scholar searches were performed using the keywords “delusion”, “psychodynamic” and “neurobiology”, both in English and German. Relevant German textbooks of psychiatry were also included.Discussion
A differentiated perspective of the phenomenon of delusions appears to be necessary to approach this complex and fascinating symptom. A one-dimensional approach does not do justice to the complexity of delusions. The various explanatory approaches can increasingly be linked to each other and are no longer considered to be mutually exclusive.8.
Purpose of Review
Case formulations (CF) have been the cornerstone of effective practice in clinical psychology since the 1950s and now form one of the core competencies in clinical and forensic assessment. The use of CFs within forensic settings is becoming more relevant when working with offenders who have experienced significant trauma, suffered from personality disorder, and have displayed sexually abusive behavior. Furthermore, most North American and European jurisdictions insist that expert witnesses adopt an idiosyncratic approach to risk assessment and consider the characteristics of the individual as part of a wider formulation of the problem behavior. This article focuses specifically on CF incorporating risk assessment procedures of sexual offenders.Recent Findings
While empirical support for the use of risk analysis and formulation in managing offending behavior generally, and sexual offending behavior in particular, is limited, there is mounting evidence to suggest that CF can improve understanding of an individual’s problem sexual behaviors. We argue that by integrating risk formulations into the CF provides a conceptually robust link between the etiologically development of the problem sexual behavior and effective assessment and risk management of sexual offenders. As forensic treatment programs increasingly moved toward strength-based approaches, in keeping with the Risk-Need-Responsivity principles Andrews and Bonta (2004), and the Good Lives Model Ward and Stewart (Prof Psychol Res Pract 34:353–60, 2003) of offender rehabilitation, the use of CFs in the assessment, treatment, and management of sexual offenders is indispensable.Summary
We present an etiological framework for understanding risk in an individual sexual offender by integrating a case formulation model to include the use of (static, stable, and acute) actuarial and clinical risk assessment measures as well as protective risk factors, referred to as the CAse Formulation Incorporating Risk Assessment (CAFIRA) model.9.
Background
Few trials have tested physical-activity interventions among sexual minorities, including African American men who have sex with men (MSM).Purpose
We examined the efficacy and mediation of the Being Responsible for Ourselves (BRO) physical-activity intervention among African American MSM.Method
African American MSM were randomized to the physical-activity intervention consisting of three 90-min one-on-one sessions or an attention-matched control intervention and completed pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month post-intervention audio computer-based surveys.Results
Of the 595 participants, 503 completed the 12-month follow-up. Generalized estimating equation models revealed that the intervention increased self-reported physical activity compared with the control intervention, adjusted for pre-intervention physical activity. Mediation analyses suggested that the intervention increased reasoned action approach variables, subjective norm and self-efficacy, increasing intention immediately post-intervention, which increased physical activity during the follow-up period.Conclusions
Interventions targeting reasoned action approach variables may contribute to efforts to increase African American MSM’s physical activity.Clinical trial registration
The trial was registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02561286.10.
Atsushi Fukunaga Ken Washio Mayumi Hatakeyama Yoshiko Oda Kanako Ogura Tatsuya Horikawa Chikako Nishigori 《Clinical autonomic research》2018,28(1):103-113
Purpose
The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the epidemiology, physiopathology, categorization, and management of cholinergic urticaria. We specifically focused on several subtypes of cholinergic urticaria and investigated the relationship between cholinergic urticaria and idiopathic anhidrosis.Methods
Using an integrative approach, we reviewed publications addressing the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approach, physiopathology, subtype classification, and therapeutic approach to cholinergic urticaria.Results
Multiple mechanisms were found to contribute to the development of cholinergic urticaria. This disorder should be classified based on the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of each subtype. Such a classification system would lead to better management of this resistant condition. In particular, sweating function should be given more attention when examining patients with cholinergic urticaria.Conclusions
Because cholinergic urticaria is not a homogeneous disease, its subtype classification is essential for selection of the most suitable therapeutic method.11.
Valentina Postorino Connor M. Kerns Giacomo Vivanti Jessica Bradshaw Martina Siracusano Luigi Mazzone 《Current psychiatry reports》2017,19(12):92
Purpose of Review
This review aims to synthesize the most recent research on anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and discuss the relationship between these conditions and challenges for assessment. Furthermore, implications for treatment and future directions are discussed.Recent Findings
Research suggests that anxiety disorders and OCD are highly prevalent in individuals with ASD. However, the significant overlap of ASD features with anxiety and OCD symptomology makes differential diagnosis of these disorders particularly challenging. Though several treatments for anxiety have been adapted for youth with ASD (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy), pharmacological treatments and treatments for adults are still marked undeveloped.Summary
Despite the high prevalence of anxiety disorders and OCD in ASD and some recent advances in assessment and treatment, research is needed to clarify the multifaceted relationship of these conditions and develop tailored assessment and treatment approaches appropriate for a full range of individuals with ASD.12.
Galyna Ivashchuk Fabian N. Fries Marios Loukas David Paulson Stephen J. Monteith Jens R. Chapman Rod J. Oskouian R. Shane Tubbs 《Child's nervous system》2016,32(6):1093-1100
Introduction
Neurosurgical approaches often involve the atlas. Therefore, the arterial relationships and anatomical variations are of paramount importance to the neurosurgeon.Methods
Using standard search engines, a literature review of arterial variants near the first cervical vertebra was performed.Conclusions
Arterial variations around the atlas are surgically significant. Awareness of their existence and course may provide better pre-operative planning and surgical intervention, potentially leading to better clinical outcomes. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D CTA) is an important tool for identifying and diagnosing such abnormalities and should be used when such vascular anomalies are suspected.13.
Bahar Hashemi Sara Ali Rania Awaad Laila Soudi Lawrence Housel Stephen J. Sosebee 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2017,52(1):27-33
Background
War-torn populations are often hard to screen for mental health disorders. Classical data collection approaches, such as paper-based, online, or SMS-operated, are either infeasible or lack accuracy due to a variety of challenges associated with dynamics and consequences of war.Methods
In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for accurate and fast screening using free open-source software, Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile application. This approach was developed by the Palestine Children’s Relief Fund (PCRF) to assess the mental health symptoms of 986 Palestinian children (age 6–18) in the aftermath of Israel’s Operation Protective Edge (OPE) in 2014. The organization developed assessment questionnaires and trained local field workers on the use of the mobile application, and on recruiting and interviewing war victims.Results
War-affected children were found to suffer from several alarming symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatic symptoms. Children with highest number of psychological symptoms were referred for further evaluation and treatment.Conclusions
The use of ODK mobile technologies facilitated efficient screening of affected children in war zones. The offline data collection capability was crucial for handling the difficult conditions associated with war-torn areas, enabling timely intervention for urgent cases. Further applications of the novel mobile technology are to be explored.14.
Objective
The aim of this study is to review the evidence on the role of the autonomic nervous system as a determinant of brain volume. Brain volume measures have gained increasing attention given its biological importance, particularly as a measurement of neurodegeneration.Methods
Using an integrative approach, we reviewed publications addressing the anatomical and physiological characteristics of brain autonomic innervation focusing on evidence from diverse clinical populations with respect to brain volume.Results
Multiple mechanisms contribute to changes in brain volume. Autonomic influence on cerebral blood volume is of significant interest.Conclusion
We suggest a role for the autonomic innervation of brain vessels in fluctuations of cerebral blood volume. Further investigation in several clinical populations including multiple sclerosis is warranted to understand the specific role of parenchyma versus blood vessels changes on final brain volume.15.
Background
Young Black men living in resource-poor rural environments are disproportionately affected by both adverse childhood experiences and HIV/STIs. The influence of childhood adversity on sexual risk behavior remains to be examined among this vulnerable population.Purpose
In this study, we investigated the influence of overall adversity as well as three subcomponents, abusive parenting, parental neglect, and witnessing family violence, on men’s engagement in sexual risk behavior. We hypothesized that adverse experiences would predict engagement in sexual risk behaviors including multiple sexual partnerships, inconsistent condom use, frequent sexual activity, and concurrent substance abuse and sexual activity. We tested formally the extent to which defensive relational schemas mediated these associations.Methods
Hypotheses were tested with data from 505 rural Black men (M age?=?20.29, SD?=?1.10) participating in the African American Men’s Health Project. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Self-report data were gathered from participants via audio computer-assisted self-interviews.Results
Bi-factor analyses revealed that, in addition to a common adversity factor, neglect independently predicted sexual risk behavior. Men’s defensive relational schemas partially mediated the influence of the common adversity factor as well as the neglect subcomponent on sexual risk behavior.Conclusions
The present research identified a potential risk factor for sexual risk behavior in an understudied and vulnerable population. Adverse childhood experiences in general, and neglect in particular, may place many young Black men at risk for engaging in sexual risk behavior due in part to the influence of these experiences on men’s development of relational schemas characterized by defensiveness and mistrust.16.
Purpose of Review
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) of antipsychotic drug response is an active area of research in the past few years. We reviewed recent PGx studies with an emphasis of development of new methodologies and new research directions.Recent Findings
Traditional candidate gene approach continues to generate evidence to support the associations of antipsychotic response with genes coding for drug targets such as DRD2. Genome-wide association studies have found a few novel genes that may be associated with drug efficacy and adverse events. Recent application of polygenic risk score makes it possible to combine many genetic variants to predict clinical response. Finally, epigenetic research including DNA methylation is emerging and promises new findings that potentially can be applied in clinical practice.Summary
New methodologies may advance PGx closer to clinical application. Multiple genes and epigenomic markers can be used in prediction of clinical phenotypes.17.
Purpose of Review
The goal of this paper is to review the research literature regarding the needs of preschoolers in the context of disasters and terrorism with the aim of understanding the existing methods for assessment, prevention, and intervention to provide recommendations and point out required research and development.Recent Findings
We differentiate between screening tools that provide initial evaluation and assessment tools for diagnosing preschooler children’s pathology and review possible interventions that address the preschool child’s needs before, during, and after the incident itself. We also emphasize the lack of dissemination and research of prevention programs and mass interventions for preschoolers.Summary
Programs for community mass prevention and intervention for preschoolers should be developed and evaluated and interventions should be adapted for individual and group delivery. Moreover, the increase in the number of children refugees requires cultural adaptations of assessment measures and interventions.18.
Lara Hilton Susanne Hempel Brett A. Ewing Eric Apaydin Lea Xenakis Sydne Newberry Ben Colaiaco Alicia Ruelaz Maher Roberta M. Shanman Melony E. Sorbero Margaret A. Maglione 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(2):199-213
Background
Chronic pain patients increasingly seek treatment through mindfulness meditation.Purpose
This study aims to synthesize evidence on efficacy and safety of mindfulness meditation interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in adults.Method
We conducted a systematic review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyses using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random-effects models. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Outcomes included pain, depression, quality of life, and analgesic use.Results
Thirty-eight RCTs met inclusion criteria; seven reported on safety. We found low-quality evidence that mindfulness meditation is associated with a small decrease in pain compared with all types of controls in 30 RCTs. Statistically significant effects were also found for depression symptoms and quality of life.Conclusions
While mindfulness meditation improves pain and depression symptoms and quality of life, additional well-designed, rigorous, and large-scale RCTs are needed to decisively provide estimates of the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for chronic pain.19.
Background
The number of empirical studies in the field of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has increased enormously especially in the last 10 years and as a result has led to improved knowledge concerning HRQOL itself and also how to measure it. In the context of evidence-based decision-making, the question practitioners as well as researchers are confronted with is no longer whether they should measure HRQOL as a patient-reported outcome (PRO) but rather which method should be applied.Aim
The aim of the article is to give an overview of possible methods for measurement and assessment options in order to facilitate the selection of an individually tailored best practice model for research and practice.Material and methods
This article discusses the quality of different methodological and statistical approaches and gives a concise overview of this complex research field. Important mediating variables of HRQOL associated with epilepsy are examined in the context of the biopsychosocial model for measuring HRQOL. A special focus lies on cognition, which can play a central role in diseases affecting the central nervous system. Finally, modern statistical approaches for data analysis which are increasingly being used in the field of HRQOL are introduced.Results and conclusion
A comprehensive consideration of the HRQOL of a person necessitates a multidimensional measurement model, multidimensional measurement methods and a multidimensional assessment method in ordert to develop a suitable therapy and care program.20.