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1.
Timothy J. Williamson Annette L. Stanton Heiddis B. Valdimarsdottir Lisa M. Wu Jennifer L. Krull Christine M. Rini 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(5):683-693
Background
A randomized experiment by Rini et al. (Health Psychol. 33(12):1541–1551, 2014) demonstrated that expressive helping, which involves three expressive writing sessions regarding hematopoietic stem cell transplant, followed by one writing session directed toward helping other stem cell transplant recipients, reduced psychological distress and bothersome physical symptoms among stem cell transplant recipients with elevated survivorship problems, relative to a neutral writing control condition.Purpose
The current study evaluated whether word use reflective of emotional expression, cognitive processing, and change in perspective mediates the effects of expressive helping.Method
The essays of 67 stem cell transplant recipients with high survivorship problems were analyzed with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Multiple mediation modeling was used to test the hypothesized mechanisms of expressive helping on distress and bothersome physical symptoms.Results
Relative to the control condition, expressive helping produced significant reductions in psychological distress and marginal reductions in physical symptom bother in the analyzed subset of participants from the parent study. Results indicated that positive emotion word use significantly mediated effects of expressive helping on reduced distress, but only for participants who used average (compared to above or below average) rates of negative emotion words. Cognitive processing and change in perspective did not significantly mediate benefits of expressive helping.Conclusions
Expressive helping carried its positive effects on distress through participants’ higher expression of positive emotions when coupled with moderate rates of negative emotions. Findings highlight the benefit of expressing both positive and negative emotions in stressful situations.2.
Background
Social disadvantage is often associated with worse child psychological adjustment which itself is implicated in educational failure and poor adult social position. The family stress model holds that the association between social disadvantage and psychological adjustment stems from the impact of economic pressure on parental mental health mediated through the parent/child relationship.Methods
We take advantage of a natural experiment offered by the ‘great recession’ in Ireland between 2008 and 2012. Structural equation models using causal modelling and Longitudinal data from the Growing Up in Ireland cohort study are used to test whether the experience of recession in families impacts on children’s psychological adjustment and whether this occurs directly or is mediated by the processes identified in the family stress model.Results
More than 70% of families experienced a reduction in income between 2008 and 2011 and 26% reported cutting back on basics such as clothing and food. Family experience of recession was significantly associated with negative change in all of the components of the family stress model, particularly parental mental health. However, less than half of the effect of recession was mediated by the processes of the family stress model. Tests showed that a model with a direct effect of recession on child psychological adjustment provided a better fit to the data.Conclusions
Recession and economic pressure had a significant effect on child psychological adjustment, but only a minority of this effect was indirect via the mental health of parents and parent/child relationship. The family stress model only offers a partial account of the mechanisms through which economic hardship impacts on families and children.3.
R. Barnes B. Giles-Corti A. Bauman M. Rosenberg F. C. Bull J. E. Leavy 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):86-94
Background
Mass media campaigns are widely used in Australia and elsewhere to promote physical activity among adults. Neighbourhood walkability is consistently shown to be associated with walking and total activity. Campaigns may have different effects on individuals living in high and low walkable neighbourhoods.Purpose
The purpose of this study is to compare pre- and post-campaign cognitive and behavioural impacts of the Heart Foundation’s Find Thirty every day® campaign, in respondents living in high and lower walkable neighbourhoods.Methods
Pre- and post-campaign cross-sectional survey data were linked with objectively measured neighbourhood walkability. Cognitive and behavioural impacts were assessed using logistic regression stratified by walkability.Results
Cognitive impacts were significantly higher post-campaign and consistently higher in respondents in high compared with lower walkable neighbourhoods. Post campaign sufficient activity was significantly higher and transport walking significantly lower, but only in residents of lower walkable areas.Conclusions
Cognitive impacts of mass media physical activity campaigns may be enhanced by living in a more walkable neighbourhood.4.
Background
Incentive interventions have gained popularity to motivate health behavior change, but some psychological theorists caution that they may have deleterious effects on factors that potentiate behavior maintenance. Importantly, no empirical study has tested whether incentives indeed have iatrogenic effects on key psychological constructs associated with health behavior change and maintenance.Purpose
The study aims to explore the effects of monetary incentives on theoretically informed psychological constructs and fruit and vegetable consumption.Methods
Individuals reporting insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption were randomly assigned to receive either daily monetary incentives, delayed monetary incentives, or no incentives for their fruit and vegetable consumption during a 3-week intervention period. Behavior engagement and psychological factors were measured at baseline, at the end of the intervention, and 2 weeks following the cessation of the intervention.Results
Participants in the daily incentive condition demonstrated the greatest increase in self-reported consumption during the intervention and at the follow-up. Moreover, increases in consumption during the intervention period were associated with increases in attitudes and self-efficacy, which, in turn, predicted behavior maintenance at follow-up. Intrinsic motivation to consume fruits and vegetables increased over time across the entire sample but did not differ between groups.Conclusions
Monetary incentives can alter health behavior engagement without decreasing intrinsic motivation or other relevant cognitive and motivational constructs. Further, although incentives may serve as a vehicle to initiate behavior change, increased experience with the behavior may then lead to enhancements in key psychological constructs that serve as mechanisms to potentiate behavior maintenance following the cessation of incentives.Trial Registration Number
The trial was registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT02594319) https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02594319.5.
Background
Children and adolescents with ADHD treated with central stimulants (CS) often have growth deficits, but the implications of such treatment for final height and stature remain unclear.Methods
Weight and height were assessed multiple times in 410 children and adolescents during long-term treatment with CS, which lasted between 0.9 and 16.1 years. Weight and height measures were converted to z-scores based on age- and sex-adjusted population tables.Results
CS treatment was associated with (1) a relative reduction in body weight and a temporary halt in growth, (2) a weight and height lag after 72 months compared with relative baseline values. No relation to early start of medication (<6 years), gender, comorbid ODD/CD or emotional disorders was observed.Conclusions
Treatment with central stimulants for ADHD impacts growth in children and adolescents, and growth should be continuously monitored in patients on chronic treatment with these medications.6.
Marcy Yonker 《Current neurology and neuroscience reports》2018,18(9):61
Introduction
Headaches are a common occurrence in childhood and adolescence. Most children presenting with a chief complaint of headache have a self-limited infectious disorder or primary headache syndrome that should not require extensive workup.Purpose of Review
Differentiating these conditions from other more serious causes of headache in children can sometimes be difficult. This article aims to provide information regarding “red flags” that should indicate a need for concern for disorders that require more urgent evaluation.Recent Findings
Long-held beliefs about specific “red flags” that have been analyzed in recent years as to their validity and new criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension have been elaborated based on study. These publications are reviewed in this article.Summary
Knowledge of past and current literature on secondary headache in children, combined with thorough history taking and examination, should help determine when there is concern for a serious secondary cause for headache in children and adolescents and direct workup.7.
Kathryn M. Parker Janet Rice Jeanette Gustat Jennifer Ruley Aubrey Spriggs Carolyn Johnson 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):101-107
Background
Incorporating cycling into daily life is one way to increase physical activity.Purpose
This study examined the impact of building new bike lanes in New Orleans to determine whether more people were cycling on the street and with the flow of traffic after bike lanes were built.Methods
Through direct observation of one intervention and two adjacent streets, observers counted cyclists riding on the street and sidewalk, with and against traffic, before and after installation of the lanes. Data were tallied separately for adults, children, males, females, and by race for each location.Results
There was an increase in cyclists on all three streets after the installation of the bike lanes, with the largest increase on the street with the new lane. Additionally, the proportion of riders cycling with traffic increased after the lanes were striped.Conclusions
Bike lanes can have a positive impact in creating a healthy neighborhood.8.
Ben Wisner Douglas Paton Eva Alisic Oliver Eastwood Cheney Shreve Maureen Fordham 《Current psychiatry reports》2018,20(9):73
Purpose of Review
To identify strategies for communicating with youth and children pre- and post-disaster in the context of a broader survey of child participation in disaster risk reduction as well as methods for communication with children.Recent Findings
Youth and children are capable of peer and community education and activism concerning disaster issues and such participation benefits the young actors. Family and sibling support are important in easing the impact of trauma on children. Contemporary forms of psychological first aid appear to do no harm and in line with current evidence. Generally, more evidence from evaluations is necessary to guide the development of communication strategies.Summary
Children are growing up in increasingly urban environments with less contact with nature and greater reliance on techno-social systems. Thus, young people may misunderstand natural hazards. Schools and conscious parenting can play important roles in building understanding and psychological resilience.9.
Purpose of Review
This review examines factors thought to be associated with posttraumatic growth (PTG) (demographic variables, exposure, and family and social processes) among youth exposed to natural disasters, describes the relationship between PTG and posttraumatic stress, and discusses psychological processes (rumination and coping) linked to PTG.Recent Findings
Guided by PTG theory and the literature on PTG in adults, research has revealed relationships between PTG and child, environmental, and family and social factors among youth though the results are mixed. Youth’s subjective exposure to disasters, their level of posttraumatic stress following the disaster, and the type of psychological processes they employ to cope with the disaster appear to be associated with PTG.Summary
Research has garnered preliminary support for PTG in children exposed to natural disasters but additional research is needed to fully explicate these relationships and to understand how these relationships change over time.10.
Purpose of Review
This paper reviews the empirical literature on psychosocial factors relating to children with disabilities in the context of disaster or terrorism.Recent Findings
Research indicates adults with disabilities experience increased exposure to hazards due to existing social disparities and barriers associated with disability status. However, studies on the psychological effects of disaster/terrorism on children with pre-existing disabilities are exceedingly few and empirical evidence of the effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies for this population is limited. Secondary adversities, including social stigma and health concerns, also compromise the recovery of these children post-disaster/terrorism. Schools and teachers appear to be particularly important in the recovery of children with disabilities from disaster. Disasters, terrorism, and war all contribute to increased incidence of disability, as well as disproportionately affect children with pre-existing disabilities.Summary
Disaster preparedness interventions and societal changes are needed to decrease the disproportionate environmental and social vulnerability of children with disabilities to disaster and terrorism.11.
Background
Little is known about the long-term course of disability in relation with disease severity in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).Objective
To explore changes in a broad spectrum of disability over 10 years in relation with disease severity in PwMS.Methods
We conducted a longitudinal study of 155 PwMS who attended the MS Centre at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm. Disease severity was determined by the use of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and classified as mild MS (EDSS score 0–3.5) or moderate/severe MS (EDSS score 4–9.5). Ten-year changes in perceived physical and psychological impacts of MS, walking, cognition, manual dexterity, participation in social/lifestyle activities, and signs of depression were compared between PwMS with mild and moderate/severe MS at baseline.Results
Although walking, manual dexterity, and cognition declined in both groups, only the moderate/severe group demonstrated that long-term increased physical impact of MS, increased wheel-chair dependency, and reduced participation in social/lifestyle activities. Perceived psychological impact of MS declined in both groups, while signs of depression were experienced by fewer in the mild group and remained unaltered in the moderate/severe group.Conclusion
We found a more pronounced increase in disability across 10 years in individuals with moderate/severe MS compared to mild MS. These findings accentuate the importance of developing a variety of interventions that can be applied across the spectrum of disease severity.12.
L.B. Dehn 《Zeitschrift für Epileptologie》2015,28(2):140-147
Background
Epilepsy has an impact on not only the affected child, but also the whole family, especially the parents.Aim of the study
To give an overview of the psychosocial impact of a child’s epilepsy on his/her family.Methods
This overview is based on a selection of primary studies, which were mainly identified by a PubMed search.Results
Besides various worries, high support needs, and mental health problems on the part of the parents, the epilepsy of a child also leads to stress for their siblings and strains in the relationships within the family. Furthermore, there are several limitations both in everyday life and in the social activities of the affected families. The presence of additional behavioral or health problems in children has been found to be an important factor influencing the impact of epilepsy on families.Conclusion
In a comprehensive treatment approach for children and adolescents with epilepsy, the disease-related burdens of the family should be taken into account and psychosocial support should be provided.13.
Amy E. Richardson Geraldine Tennant Randall P. Morton Elizabeth Broadbent 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(5):629-641
Background
Research is yet to investigate whether psychological interventions delivered early after diagnosis can benefit patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a brief self-regulatory intervention (targeting illness perceptions and coping) at improving HNC patient health-related quality of life (HRQL).Methods
A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted, in which 64 patients were assigned to receive three sessions with a health psychologist in addition to standard care or standard care alone. Participants completed questionnaires assessing HRQL, general distress, and illness perceptions at baseline and again 3 and 6 months later.Results
Compared to the control group, patients who received the intervention had increased treatment control perceptions at 3 months (p = .01), and increased social quality of life at 6 months (p = .01). The intervention was particularly helpful for patients exhibiting distress at baseline.Conclusion
A brief psychological intervention following HNC diagnosis can improve patient perceptions of treatment and social quality of life over time. Such interventions could be targeted to patients who are distressed in order to confer the greatest benefit.Trial Registration Number
12614000813684.14.
Yukiyo Nagai Kayo Nomura Masako Nagata Tetsuji Kaneko Osamu Uemura 《Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health》2018,12(1):36
Background
It is important for children to maintain high self-perceived competence and self-esteem, and there are few measures to evaluate them through elementary to junior high school days in Japan. To evaluate psychometric properties of the Children’s Perceived Competence Scale (CPCS).Methods
Data were collected from 697 elementary school and 956 junior high school students. Some of these students completed measures for construct validity, whereas others repeated the CPCS.Results
The results demonstrated the three-factor structure of the CPCS: cognitive (nine items), social (eight items) and physical (nine items). Factorial invariance was confirmed between elementary and junior high school students, as well as between boys and girls. Construct validity was excellent. Scores on the cognitive, physical and general self-worth domains declined with increasing age. Boys scored significantly higher than girls on physical and general self-worth domains.Conclusions
The CPCS is a valid and reliable measure of perceived competence in Japanese children aged 6–15 years. The CPCS may be applied to students from elementary through junior high school days as a measure of self-perceived and psychological state in Japan.15.
Bahar Hashemi Sara Ali Rania Awaad Laila Soudi Lawrence Housel Stephen J. Sosebee 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2017,52(1):27-33
Background
War-torn populations are often hard to screen for mental health disorders. Classical data collection approaches, such as paper-based, online, or SMS-operated, are either infeasible or lack accuracy due to a variety of challenges associated with dynamics and consequences of war.Methods
In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for accurate and fast screening using free open-source software, Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile application. This approach was developed by the Palestine Children’s Relief Fund (PCRF) to assess the mental health symptoms of 986 Palestinian children (age 6–18) in the aftermath of Israel’s Operation Protective Edge (OPE) in 2014. The organization developed assessment questionnaires and trained local field workers on the use of the mobile application, and on recruiting and interviewing war victims.Results
War-affected children were found to suffer from several alarming symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatic symptoms. Children with highest number of psychological symptoms were referred for further evaluation and treatment.Conclusions
The use of ODK mobile technologies facilitated efficient screening of affected children in war zones. The offline data collection capability was crucial for handling the difficult conditions associated with war-torn areas, enabling timely intervention for urgent cases. Further applications of the novel mobile technology are to be explored.16.
Eric S. Kim Laura D. Kubzansky Jackie Soo Julia K. Boehm 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(3):337-347
Background
Although higher psychological well-being has been linked with a range of positive biological processes and health outcomes, the prospective association between psychological well-being and physical activity among older adults has been understudied.Purpose
We tested whether higher baseline psychological well-being predicted higher levels of physical activity over time.Methods
Prospective data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative sample of English adults over the age of 50. Our sample included 9986 adults who were assessed up to six times across an average of 11 years.Results
After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, each standard deviation increase in baseline psychological well-being was associated with higher median physical activity in linear regression models that examined physical activity across all six waves (β = 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18–0.21) and in linear mixed effect models that examined repeated measures of physical activity over the entire follow-up period (β = 0.20; 95% CI 0.19–0.21). Further, higher baseline psychological well-being was associated with a slower rate of decline in physical activity among people who were active at baseline (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79, 95% CI 0.76–0.82) and increasing physical activity among people who were inactive at baseline (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.22–1.35). Findings were maintained after adjusting for baseline health status and depression.Conclusions
Psychological well-being was independently associated with attaining and maintaining higher physical activity levels over 11 years, suggesting that it may be a valuable target for interventions aimed at helping older adults acquire more physical activity.17.
Christie D. Warren Ken Fowler David Speed Anna Walsh 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(8):815-821
Introduction
Individuals with bipolar I disorder (BD-I) and bipolar II disorder (BD-II) are at higher risk for experiencing high levels of psychological distress and low levels of social support.Objectives
The primary objectives of this study were to examine perceived social support and psychological distress among Canadian adults with self-reported BD-I or BD-II as diagnosed by a health professional and explore the relationship between types of social support and psychological distress within this sample.Methods
Using a cross-sectional, national datafile, 563 Canadian male and female adults (20–64 years) who reported being diagnosed with BD-I or BD-II were investigated using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS), and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).Results
It was observed that while the BD-I or BD-II sample had significantly lower SPS scores and significantly higher K10 scores than the overall Canadian sample, age and support in the form of reassurance of worth and social integration were associated with decreased psychological distress. Further, a diagnosis of BD-I and BD-II was found to moderate the effect of social support on psychological distress.Conclusions
Despite the limitations, which include self-reported diagnosis of BD-I and BD-II and potential exclusion of those who are not diagnosed but have BD-I or BD-II, these findings suggest that reassurance of worth and social integration may act as protective factors for psychological distress among individuals with BD-I or BD-II.18.
District and School Physical Education Policies: Implications for Physical Education and Recess Time
Monica A. F. Lounsbery Thomas L. McKenzie James R. MorrowJr. Shannon M. Monnat Kathryn A. Holt 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):131-141
Background
The relationship between physical education (PE) policies and children’s PE and recess time is not well understood.Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess the association of district and school PE policies, the PE environment, and PE and recess time.Methods
Key informants in 65 schools from 9 states completed instruments assessing district and school PE policies, the school PE environment, and time in PE and recess.Results
Few significant associations were found between PE policies and PE or recess minutes; no policies were associated with both. A number of PE environmental variables were associated with both policies and time in PE and recess.Conclusions
PE policies, their implementation, and PE environmental variables can have important implications for recess time. Some school PE environment measures designed to improve PE may result in PE time limitations. Deficiencies in PE and recess time are not likely to be effectively addressed through policy adoption alone.19.
Background
Diet-related environmental and policy interventions are being advocated at a population level because individual change is more likely to be facilitated and sustained if the environment within which choices are made supports healthful food options.Purpose
This study aims to review research that examines factors having an influence on food choices in social environments, physical environments, and macroenvironments.Methods
A snowball strategy was used to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies and reviews, with a focus on research completed in the US and published within the past 10 years.Results
Research has identified a number of environmental factors associated with dietary intake; however, the majority of completed studies have methodological limitations which limit their credibility to guide interventions and policy changes.Conclusions
Future research will need to emphasize multilevel investigations, examine how associations vary across population subgroups, develop a standard set of measures for assessing food environments and policies, and improve dietary assessment methodology.20.
A. Paul C. Gallot C. Lelouche M. P. Bouvard A. Amestoy 《Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health》2018,12(1):48