直肠癌壁外血管侵犯影像学评价的研究进展

直肠癌壁外血管侵犯是影响直肠癌病人预后的重要因素,术前准确诊断壁外血管侵犯,可指导治疗方案的制订,从而改善病人预后和远期生存。MRI检查和CT检查是术前评估直肠癌的主要检查手段。笔者将对影像学检查在直肠癌壁外血管侵犯评价的作用进行综述。     

Persistent extramural vascular invasion positivity on magnetic resonance imaging after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy predicts poor outcome in rectal cancer

BackgroundIn rectal cancer, extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is the presence of tumour cells in blood vessels outside the muscular layer, which is associated with poor prognosis. Regression of EMVI on MRI following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or its persistence may have prognostic implications.MethodsThis retrospective study included 52 patients with rectal cancer who underwent total mesorectal excision following long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). EMVI assessments were done on previous pelvic MRIs obtained before neoadjuvant CRT and eight weeks after the completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in initially EMVI positive cases.ResultsPersistently EMVI positive patients had worse overall survival and disease-free survival compared to initially EMVI negative patients and patients who returned to negative (p < 0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis identified persistent EMVI positivity after neoadjuvant treatment (HR, 102.9; p = 0.003) as significant independent predictor of worse overall survival; and persistent EMVI positivity (HR, 17.0; p = 0.002), mesorectal fascia involvement after neoadjuvant treatment (HR, 8.0; p = 0.017), and poor differentiation (HR, 10.3, p = 0.012) as significant independent predictors of worse disease-free survival.ConclusionPersistent EMVI positivity after neoadjuvant therapy appears to be an independent factor for poor overall survival; and persistent EMVI positivity as well as mesorectal fascia involvement on post neoadjuvant therapy MRI and poor differentiation appears to be important predictors of poor disease-free survival in rectal cancer patients.     

Prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in surgically cured rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Surgery is considered curative in Dukes' B rectal cancer; however, many patients present with early relapse. To identify additional staging information, venous and lymphatic invasion were evaluated as potential prognostic factors. METHODS: Patients with Dukes' B or C rectal disease treated between 1976 and 2001 at a single institution were compared. Patient and treatment characteristics and vascular invasion were documented. The impact of vessel invasion was determined using Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There were 256 Dukes' B patients and 74 Dukes' C cases without vascular invasion. Five-year survival was 76.5% for Dukes' B and 57.1% for Dukes' C patients. Vessel involvement increased the risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.27, P = .0003) and death (HR = 3.11, P = .002) in B2 patients. The magnitude of these associations were comparable to that of C1 patients for recurrence (HR = 2.81, P = .004) and death (HR = 3.05, P = .005), as well as C2 patients for recurrence (HR = 3.45, P = .0008) and death (HR = 3.87, P = .0005). CONCLUSION: Vascular invasion may be useful in characterizing patients with aggressive Dukes' B disease, who might benefit the most from adjuvant systemic therapy.     

Significance of pelvic retroperitoneal pneumography in the assessment of extramural invasion of rectal carcinoma

Pelvic retroperitoneal pneumography (PRP) and barium enema were performed simultaneously in 34 patients with rectal carcinoma in an attempt to assess whether there was extramural cancer invasion. In 9 patients, no free air was visualized in the retroperitoneal cavity surrounding the mass, and histological evaluation of the excised specimens showed extramural invasion in all 9. The mean maximum diameter was 4.1 cm. In 25 patients, free air was seen around the mass, and 10 had tumors limited to the rectal wall, the remaining 15 manifested extramural invasion, however, the mean diameter was small (2.0 cm). In a mass whose center was located along the anterior rectal wall, it was difficult to assess from the free air findings whether there was extramural invasion. Based on the present findings, we concluded that PRP is useful in determining preoperatively whether there is extramural invasion in cases with rectal carcinoma involving the posterior and lateral walls.     

新辅助治疗在直肠癌脉管癌栓中的临床意义

目的 研究新辅助治疗后直肠癌脉管癌栓在中低位直肠癌组织中的分布规律,探讨脉管癌栓对直肠癌预后评价的意义.方法 按照入选标准收集2002年8月至2005年8月北京大学临床肿瘤学院连续收治的接受根治性切除的中低位直肠癌患者297例,根据是否接受术前辅助治疗将患者分成新辅助治疗组和对照组,观察两组患者术后病理标本中的脉管癌栓并根据术后随访资料研究脉管癌栓与预后的关系.采用x2检验分析其相关性,Kaplan-Meier生存法分析无病生存率和总生存率.结果 脉管癌栓总体阳性率为23.9%(71/297),新辅助治疗组阳性率为21.5%(31/144),对照组阳性率为26.1%(40/153),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.872,P＞0.05).新辅助治疗组和对照组的脉管癌栓均与病理T、N分期及组织学分化程度有关(x2=13.490,27.401,7.323;16.188,21.623,16.534,P<0.05).新辅助治疗组脉管癌栓与局部复发无关(x2=0.000,P＞0.05),对照组的脉管癌栓与局部复发有关(x2=4.010,P<0.05).两组的脉管癌栓均与远处转移有关(x2=4.950,14.332,P<0.05).脉管癌栓阳性者比阴性者的无病生存率和总体生率低,分别为46.4%(26/56)和75.1%(148/197)、56.7%(34/60)和79.4%(166/209),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=16.720,12.660,P<0.05).结论 新辅助治疗并未使脉管癌栓减少,但脉管癌栓在生物学行为上已经发生了变化,且脉管癌栓阳性的患者有可能从新辅助治疗中获益.     

Prognostic significance of vascular invasion in patients with bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine whether vascular invasion (i.e. lymphatic and blood vessel invasion) could be a useful prognostic predictor in patients with locally invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder who underwent radical cystectomy. METHODS: This series included 114 consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy for primary TCC of the bladder between November 1989 and July 2003. Several clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were analyzed, focusing on the association between vascular invasion and disease recurrence after radical cystectomy. RESULTS: Lymphatic and blood vessel invasions were detected in 55 (48.2%) and 33 (29.8%) specimens, respectively. Lymphatic invasion was significantly associated with pathological stage, tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, blood vessel invasion and disease recurrence, whereas blood vessel invasion was significantly related to pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and disease recurrence. Recurrence-free survival in patients with lymphatic invasion was significantly lower than that in those without lymphatic invasion, and a similar significant difference in recurrence-free survival was observed between patients with and without blood vessel invasion. However, multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that only pathological stage and lymph node metastasis could be used as independent predictors for disease recurrence after radical cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a significant association between several prognostic parameters, vascular invasion was not an independent predictor of disease recurrence; therefore, if there are other conventional parameters available, there might not be any additional advantage to considering the presence of vascular invasion when predicting the prognosis of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for TCC of the bladder.     

Adjuvant therapy decisions based on magnetic resonance imaging of extramural venous invasion and other prognostic factors in colorectal cancer

Introduction

There remains a lack of high quality randomised trial evidence for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II rectal cancer, particularly in the presence of high risk features such as extramural venous invasion (EMVI). The aim of this study was to explore this issue through a survey of colorectal surgeons and gastrointestinal oncologists.

Methods

An electronic survey was sent to a group of colorectal surgeons who were members of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. The survey was also sent to a group of gastrointestinal oncologists through the Pelican Cancer Foundation. Reminder emails were sent at 4 and 12 weeks.

Results

A total of 142 surgeons (54% response rate) and 99 oncologists (68% response rate) responded to the survey. The majority in both groups of clinicians thought EMVI was an important consideration in adjuvant treatment decision making and commented routinely on this in their multidisciplinary team meeting. Although both would consider treating patients on the basis of EMVI detected by magnetic resonance imaging, oncologists were more selective. Both surgeons and oncologists were prepared to offer patients with EMVI adjuvant chemotherapy but there was lack of consensus on the benefit.

Conclusions

This survey reinforces the evolution in thinking with regard to adjuvant therapy in stage II disease. Factors such as EMVI should be given due consideration and the prognostic information we offer patients must be more accurate. Historical data may not accurately reflect today’s practice and it may be time to consider an appropriately designed trial to address this contentious issue.     

Prognostic significance of microscopic bladder neck invasion in prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prognostic significance of microscopic bladder neck invasion (BNI+) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From January 1988 to December 2006, 1480 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were surgically treated at one tertiary university hospital. The risk of biochemical progression, defined as a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level after RP of >0.2 ng/mL, was assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses for clinical and pathological variables. We compared the biochemical progression‐free survival (bPFS) of patients with BNI+ vs stages pT2, pT3a, pT3b and positive lymph nodes (N+). In a second analysis, we evaluated the bPFS of patients in different stages associated with BNI+ and compared them with those in the same stages with no BNI.

RESULTS

BNI+ was found in 132 (9%) patients; the 5‐year bPFS was 86%, 54%, 26% and 10% for stages pT2, pT3a, pT3b and N+, respectively, while it was 30% for BNI+ (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the 5‐year bPFS between stage pT2 and pT2 + BNI (P = 0.32). Stages pT3a and pT3b had a better 5‐year bPFS than stage pT3a + BNI (P = 0.003) and pT3b + BNI (P = 0.001), respectively. In the univariate analysis all variables were associated with BP. In the multivariate analysis, only BNI+ had no association with BP (odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.70–1.85; P = 0.59).

CONCLUSIONS

Microscopic BNI+ in prostate cancer is not an independent risk factor for biochemical progression and should be regarded as a factor that worsens the prognosis of the underlying tumour stage. A longer follow‐up is necessary to confirm these findings.     

细胞周期蛋白E对直肠癌预后判断的价值及与血管侵袭的相关性

目的研究细胞周期蛋白（cyclin）E表达与直肠癌预后的相关性及其对血管侵袭（BVI）的影响。方法蛋白质印迹法检测130例Ⅰ～Ⅲ期直肠癌组织eyelinE的表达：抗CD34单克隆抗体免疫组化反映BVI。结果全组直肠癌组织中eye[inE高表达率为23．1％（30／130）。除病理大体类型、BVI外。eyelinE表达与其他临床病理因素无明显相关性。eyelinE高表达的患者发生BVI的危险性为低表达者的3．145倍（P=0．001）；eyelinE高表达者生存率低。其5年生存率29．2％。与低表达者的70．5％相比。P=0．001。COX回归多因素分析显示。eyelinE是影响全组直肠癌术后预后的独立因素[RR值（95％CI）3．544（1．528～8．215）。P〈0．05]；分层分析显示。eyelinE是Ⅰ～Ⅱ期直肠癌预后的主要影响因素之一[RR值（95％CI）4．066（1．217～13．39）。P〈0．01]。联合检测时．eyelinE高表达及BVI阳性的患者死亡危险度是eyelinE低表达及BVI阴性患者的6．693倍（95％CI2．539～17．646）。结论CyclinE是影响直肠癌预后的重要分子生物学指标。CyclinE高表达者易发生BVI。eyelinE与BVI联合检测有助于提高对直肠癌预后判断的准确性。     

Prognostic significance of lymphovascular or perineural invasion in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer

Background

This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the positivity of lymphovascular (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer.

Methods

From January 1999 to December 2009, 1,437 consecutive patients who underwent curative surgery for stage II or III colorectal cancer were analyzed. Patients were then categorized into 4 groups: LVI−/PNI− (n = 850), LVI+ only (n = 178), PNI+ only (n = 271), and LVI+/PNI+ (n = 138).

Results

With a median follow-up period of 56 months, the 5-year overall survival rates of patients with LVI−/PNI−, LVI+ only, PNI+ only, and LVI+/PNI+ were 82%, 73%, 71%, and 56%, respectively (P < .001), and the 5-year disease-free survival rates of patients with LVI−/PNI−, LVI+ only, PNI+ only, and LVI+/PNI+ were 80%, 70%, 65%, and 46%, respectively (P < .001). In multivariate analysis, LVI+/PNI+ was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (P < .001) and disease-free survival (P < .001).

Conclusions

Positivity of both LVI and PNI is a strong predictor of overall and disease-free survival in patients with stages II and III colorectal cancer.     

直肠癌神经周围浸润的临床研究

目的 探讨直肠癌神经周嗣浸润（PNI）的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析郴州市第一人民医院2003年1月至2005年1月间行直肠前切除低位吻合术（Dixon）的204例直肠癌患者的临床资料,标本常规石蜡切片后行苏木精-伊红染色,以肿瘤细胞浸润神经束或神经束膜判定为PNI阳性.分析PNI与直肠癌临床病理特征和预后的关系.结果 204例直肠癌患者中PIN阳性65例（31.9%）.PNI与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期、肿瘤生长方式、分化程度、肿瘤切除情况有关（P＜0.05）.PNI阳性组患者术后生存时间为（43.8±1.5）个月,明显短于PNI阴性组的（57.2±1.5）个月（P＜0.01）.PNI阳性的Ⅱ期患者术后平均生存时间为（46.5±3.2）个月,显著低于Ⅲ期患者的（55.7±1.2）个月（P＜0.05）.结论 PNI可作为直肠癌的预后判断指标.     

Pre-operative assessment of extramural invasion and sphincteral involvement in rectal cancer by magnetic resonance imaging with phased-array coil

OBJECTIVE: Pre-operative staging of rectal cancer should identify patients with extrarectal spread, who might benefit from pre-operative radiotherapy, and patients with minimal sphincteral involvement, who can avoid permanent colostomy. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to predict tumour stage and sphincter status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with a rectal tumour were pre-operatively assessed by MRI with a phased-array coil. Imaging results were correlated with the final pathological findings. RESULTS: The overall accuracy of pre-operative staging with MRI was 88% (k = 0.75) for extramural tumour invasion and 59% (k = 0.26) for lymph node metastases. MRI correctly evaluated the infiltration of the anal sphincters in 87% of patients (7 of 8 patients with low rectal tumour). CONCLUSION: MRI provides the surgeon with valuable information regarding extramural tumour spread and sphincteral involvement, enabling appropriate selection of patients for pre-operative adjuvant therapy or sphincter-saving surgery.     

Prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens

Study Type – Prognosis (systematic review) Level of Evidence 1a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Prognostic factors such as serum PSA, tumor T stage, and Gleason grading are commonly used to predict disease progression and mortality in prostate cancer and to guide treatment decision‐making. These markers are combined to define risk strata that are commonly accepted in practice. Despite the assignment of patients to a specific risk stratum (e.g. intermediate‐risk disease), however, within‐stratum survival duration varies considerably, suggesting that many other factors, including lymphovascular invasion (LVI) may influence prognosis. LVI is currently a recognized prognostic factor in the management of some cancers (e.g. in early‐stage breast cancer) and prostate cancer is known to spread via lymphatic channels. Furthermore, the reporting of microscopic lymphovascular invasion is now considered part of the standard pathologic report of prostatectomy specimens. Nevertheless, scientific studies in this area have produced conflicting conclusions regarding the utility of LVI as a prognostic indicator in prostate cancer. This paper provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of the recent literature. Although a number of studies examining the role of LVI as an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer have been reported, the characteristics, quality and results of these studies vary considerably. The value of using LVI as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer remains unclear. This study provides a systematically‐performed synthesis of the results of recent research including lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in the multivariate analyses of potential prostate cancer prognostic factors. Not only do we report on the results of these studies, we assess the heterogeneity of the study populations, disease characteristics, and quality of the studies. Ultimately, we determined that meta‐analysis of the existing data is not possible, and thus, there is no ‘best estimate’ of the strength of association between LVI status and disease recurrence after prostatectomy. Most studies, but not all, reveal a weak or statistically insignificant association between LVI status and recurrence. We therefore conclude with a recommendation to clinicians that they should not overweight the importance of LVI status on clinical prognostication. The use of LVI status as a strong predictor of clinical outcomes is not recommended.

OBJECTIVES

• ? To synthesize the results of studies including lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in the multivariate analyses of potential prostate cancer prognostic factors.
• ? To determine the role of LVI as an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? We performed a comprehensive systematic literature review of studies examining the association between LVI in prostatectomy specimens and prostate cancer recurrence.
• ? Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects (DARE) and Google Scholar were searched from January 2000 to February 2009.
• ? The primary outcome of interest was biochemical recurrence measured by serum prostate specific antigen (PSA).

RESULTS

• ? One thousand two hundred and forty‐eight papers met our search criteria. Of these, 19 articles meeting our selection criteria reported results of a multivariate analysis to evaluate LVI as an independent prognostic factor of biochemical recurrence.
• ? Eleven (58%) of these studies concluded that LVI was an independent prognostic factor.
• ? Significant heterogeneity in the study population, disease characteristics and quality of the studies prevented meta‐analysis of the results.
• ? In the nine studies in which the magnitude of independent association of LVI with recurrence was reported, it ranged from an odds ratio or relative risk of 1.37 to 4.39.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? The existing literature is conflicting and of insufficient homogeneity to definitively establish LVI as an important independent prognostic factor of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer prostatectomy specimens.
• ? Additional adequately powered studies are required to determine the clinical value of reports of LVI involvement.
• ? In the meantime, the use of LVI status as an independent prognostic factor for clinical prognostication and medical decision making is not recommended.